學術英語寫作課件-Academic-writing

1、學術英語寫作課件-Academic-writing學術英語寫作課件-Academic-writing學術英語寫作課件-Academic-writingResearch PaperResearch Report Dissertation / ThesisResearch PaperResearch Report Dissertation / ThesisGeneral Format:IMRADIntroduction, Materials and Methods, Results and DiscussionPreparing for a Research PaperChoosing a Top

2、icPreparing the ReferencesAnalyzing the DataMaking the OutlineThe Structure of a Research PaperTitle AbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementReferencesCharacteristics of Academic WritingCreativityScientificityStandardization RequirementsFormatLanguage expressionAvoid

3、ance of PlagiarismAbstractThe types of Abstract Informative IndicativeSamples on P.238Samples on P.240Four basic units of an abstractObjectives of the research paper(論文所研究的具體對象 )Methodology you used in the research(運用的具體方法 )The findings from the research(得出的具體結果 ) Conclusions induced from the findin

4、g or experiments(結果進行剖析而得出的具有創(chuàng)新性的結論 )以上述四要素為依托，找出每部分專指度高的主題概念詞，然后正確地組織好這些反映主題內容的主題概念詞，用邏輯性強的關聯詞將其貫穿起來，就構成一篇完整的摘要，再以表現論文的主題內容為主旨，以主題詞為工具，經過耐心地推敲、簡化，力求使摘要簡明扼要，邏輯性強，結構完整。uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone. 英文摘要的寫法除了具有中、英文摘要的共性外，還有自己

5、獨特的個性，一般應符合以下幾點要求：1. 盡量用簡、短的句子，避免句形單調，組織好句子，使動詞盡量靠近主語，盡量用簡短、詞義清楚并為人熟知的詞； E.g. the paper explores 2. 用過去時態(tài)敘述作者所做的工作，用現在時態(tài)敘述作者得出的結果、結論，盡量用主動語態(tài)代替被動語態(tài)；（不出現人稱主語，客觀事實作主語表態(tài)時，要用被動） I induced three findings () / the experiment induced three findings() Three findings are induced from the experiment 3. 可用動詞的情況

6、下盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式； E.g. the findings of these investigations suggests (make a suggestion ) transient adaptation refers to the rapid (is the reference to the )4. 避免使用一長串形容詞或名語為修飾名詞，可將這些詞分成幾個前置短語，用連字符連接，作為單位形容詞（一個形容詞）； E.g. he asked with a father-knows-best tone 不使用俚詞外語表達概念，慎用行話和俗語，應用標準英語；對那些已經為大眾所熟悉的縮寫詞，

7、可以直接使用，對于那些僅為同行所熟悉縮略語，應在題目、文摘或關鍵詞中至少出現一次全稱。Suggestions on writing abstractsMake your abstracts informative, not descriptive. That is, make your abstracts short summaries of your paper, including especially any conclusions you may have drawn or recommendations you may have made. A good informative ab

8、stract may state the problem you are examining or the procedure you have carried out, your purpose in doing it, your results, and your conclusions or recommendations. Most abstracts are limited to one paragraph and must therefore be constructed with care. An abstract consists of 3 parts: purpose, re

9、sult/conclusion, and recommendation.The present tense, past tense and the present perfect tense are often used in an abstract; the third person should be used in writing an abstract. Avoid using “first person” like “I studied” “we think that” “I / we concluded”you need to watch on “donts ”Do not com

10、mence with this paper”, this report or similar. It is better to write about the research than about the paper. Avoid sentences that end in is described, is reported, is analyzed or similar. Useful expressions In the first part of an abstract (1) the author tells about the writer describes the paper

11、explores looks at refers to (2) the purpose of this paper is to V( presents, ) an investigation was designed to V( prove, generalize ) the concept of is used to determine (3) the paper deals with 2如果需要簡略回顧歷史，然后再說明自己文章的內容，則可參考采用下面的句子：The problemwas first treated byand laterimproved by. The purpose of

12、 this paper is to prove that it holds in a more general case. first raised the problem which was later partly solved by . We now solve this problem in the case of In the second part of an abstract (1) It is found that The author concludes that +S+V The paper concludes (2) It is seen from Fig.4 that

13、the results are given in Fig.4 In the last part of an abstract (1) It is suggested It is recommended + that +S+V (2) The results suggest/show that It is recommended that Task Discuss with your partner and translate the following abstract本文首先從嚴復的著名翻譯三原則出發(fā)，對當今的中國翻譯研究現狀做出批評性描述，然后就中英互譯中的一些問題做出新的范式。作者認為，

14、由于中英兩種語言屬于不同的文化傳統，因而不存在決對的對應，但是通過認真的比較研究，相對的對應仍可獲得。 The article presents a critical survey of the state of the art of contemporary Chinese translation studies by questioning Yan Fus famous principle regarding literary translation. It offers a new paradigm in regard to translation from English into Chinese and vice verse, namely that, to an author, there is no such thing as absolute equivalence in the context of Chinese-English or