《語言學應用于翻譯》PPT課件

1、Linguistic Approaches to Translation StudiesZhang Yu, Li Lei, Zhang XiaomiaoIntroductionAfter the centuries of circular debates around literal and free translation, theoreticians in the 1950s and 1960s began to attempt more systematic analyzes of translation.The new debate revolved around certain ke

2、y linguistic issues. The most prominent of these issues were those of meaning and equivalence.Key figures and their theories in this new debateRoman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalenceEugene Nida: formal and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalence effectPeter Newm

3、ark: semantic and communicative translationWerner Koller: korrespondenz and quivalenzRoman JakobsonAbout Roman JakobsonInterlingual translation: linguistic meaning and equivalenceAbout Roman Jakobson:Roman Osipovich Jakobson (October 11, 1896 - July 18, 1982) was a Russian linguist and literary theo

4、rist. As a pioneer of the structural analysis of language, which became the dominant trend of twentieth-century linguistics, Jakobson was among the most influential linguists of the century . Influenced by the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jakobson developed, with Nikolai Trubetzkoy, techniques for

5、 the analysis of sound systems in language Main works: On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, Jakobsons Communication ModelRoman Jackobsons three kind of translation: Intralingual translation(語內(nèi)翻譯） Interlingual translation(語際翻譯） Intersemiotic translation(符際翻譯）Here we focus on his interlingual transla

6、tionInterlingual translationInterlingual translation referring to translation between two different written languages.Key issues of Interlingual translation: linguistic meaning and equivalence Linguistic meaning Here Jackobson follows the relation set out by Saussure between the signifier(能指）and the

7、 signified (所指），the relationship between them is arbitrary.E.g.: cheeseThe English word cheese is the acoustic signifier which denotes the concept food made of pressed curds (the signified), although there is no inherent reason for what to be so.Equivalence (equivalence in meaning between different

8、languages)Jakobsons points: Here is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units(代碼單位之間通常不存在完全的對等） The problem of meaning and equivalence focus on differences in the structure and terminology of language.（意義和對等的問題主要在于語言結構和語言用語之間的差異。） Cross-linguistic differences centre around obligatory grammat

9、ical and lexical forms, they occur at: the level of gender, the level of aspect, the level of semantic fields (跨語言的差異主要集中在一定的語法詞匯形式,體現(xiàn)在性別層面上，形貌層面上和語義領域層面上）The questions of meaning, equivalence and translatability became a constant theme of translation studies in the 1960and were tackled by a new sci

10、entific approach followed by one of the most important figures in translation studies, the American Eugene Nida.Eugene A. Nidathe “science” of translatingContentIntroductionThe nature of meaning: advances in semantics and pragmaticsThe influence of ChomskyFormal and dynamic equivalenceThe discussion

11、 to translation theories of NidaIntroductionToward a Science of Translating - (Brill, 1964) The Theory and Practice of Translation - (Brill, 1969, with C.R. Taber) Eugene A. Nida (born November 11, 1914) has been a pioneer in the fields of translation theory and linguistics. His most notable and mos

12、t controversial contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence. This approach to translation aims to reproduce the intention of the original text in the translation, rather than reproducing the actual words of the original. The nature of meaning:advan

13、ces in semantics and pragmaticsThe origin of Nidas approachThe aim of Nidas researchClassification of meaningTechniques to determine referential and emotive meaningThe origin of Nidas approachNidas more systematic approach borrows theoretical concepts and terminology both from semantics and pragmati

14、cs and from Norm Chomskys work on syntactic structure which formed the theory of generative-transformational grammar.(奈達較具系統(tǒng)的研究方法，是從語用學和語義學的理論概念和術語以及諾姆喬姆斯基的句法結構著作借鑒而來的，這種句法結構形成了轉換生成語法理論。)The aim for Nidas research from the semantic and pragmatic angle Central to Nidas work is the move away from the

15、old idea that an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning which a word “acquires” meaning through its context and can produce varying responses according to culture.(奈達的研究旨在擺脫那種認為每個單詞都有固定意義的陳腔，提倡對意義進行功能定義，詞要通過語境才能“得到”意義，并可依據(jù)不同文化產(chǎn)生不同反應。)Classification of me

16、aningMeaning is broken down into :linguistic meaning(語言意義),referential meaning(指稱意義), Emotive (or connotative )meaning(情感或內(nèi)涵意義).Techniques to determine referential and emotive meaningTechniques to determine referential and emotive meaning focus on analyzing the structure of words and differentiating

17、 similar words in related lexical fields.(決定指稱意義和情感意義的技巧，主要集中于分析詞的結構，以及區(qū)分相關詞匯領域中的近義詞。)These techniques include:1,Hierarchical structuring(層級結構法)，which differentiates series of words according to their level.以層級來區(qū)分詞組。(superordinate and hyponyms)2,Componential analysis(成分分析),which seek to identify and

18、 discriminate specific features of a range of related words.旨在識別和區(qū)分一組相關詞語的特性。(relationship terms)3,Semantic structure analysis(語義結構分析)，which encourage the trainee translator to realize that the sense of a varies and most particularity is conditioned by its context.鼓勵受訓翻譯人員意識到一種語義復雜的用語其意思變化多端，最為其語境所制

19、約。(e.g. spirit，bachelor)The influence of ChomskyIntroduction of Chomskys modelAbout kernelsNidas development of the modelNidas three-stage system of translationIntroductionNida incorporates key features of Chomskys model into his “science” of translation.Chomskys generative-transformational model an

20、alyzes sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules.把句子分析為一系列受規(guī)則制約的相關層級。轉換生成語法的規(guī)則為：一部分生成語法的核心句，即那些初級的基本的語句；一部分則可通過轉換規(guī)則從核心句轉換成無數(shù)的派生句。e.g.1,The man who kicked the ball scored the goal that won the game.2,The man who had s super performance scored the goal that made his team the winner.雖

21、然這兩句的表層結構不同，但其深層結構的語法關系始終是一致的：The man scored the goal.About kernelsKernels“ are the basic structural elements out of which language builds its elaborate surface structures”.核心句是“用來構成語言復雜表層結構的基本結構成分”。Kernels are to be obtained from the ST surface structure by a reductive process of back-transformatio

22、n.核心句乃從原語文本的表層結構通過逆向轉換的還原過程變換而來的。Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages: “l(fā)iteral transfer” ,“minimal transfer” and “l(fā)iterary transfer”.核心句是訊息被轉移至接受語時的層次，而且尚未經(jīng)過三個轉換階段“字面轉移”，“低度轉移”，“書面轉移”

23、。P.41Nidas development of the modelNida sees that it provides the translator with a technique for decoding the ST and a procedure for encoding the TT, although he reserves Chomskys model when analyzing the ST. Thus, the surface structure of the ST is analyzed into the basic elements of the deep stru

24、cture; these are transferred in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of TT.(奈達認為這種模式為譯者提供對原語文本進行解碼的技巧，以及對目的語文本進行編碼程序，不過在分析原語文本時，奈達卻將喬姆斯基的模式倒序進行。)A (source language) B (receptor language ) 原語 接受語(analysis)分析 (restructuring) 重構 轉移 X (t

25、ransfer) YNidas three-stage system of translationFormal and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalent effectTypes of equivalence Formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence supplementFour basic requirements of translationTypes of equivalence“Two basic orientations” or“ types of equivalence”

26、:(1)Formal equivalence;(形式對等)(2)Dynamic equivalence.(動態(tài)對等)Formal equivalence and dynamic equivalenceFormal equivalenceFormal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and contentOne is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the

27、 different elements in the source language.形式對等強調要注意訊息本身的形式和內(nèi)容，其中要關注的是接受語中的訊息應與原語中的不同成分盡可能的保持一致。Most typical of this kind of translation are “gloss translation”, with a close approximation to ST structure, often with scholarly footnotes, allowing the student to gain close access to the language and

28、customs of the source culture.最典型的類似翻譯是“釋譯”，最貼近原文結構，通常附以注釋讓學生對該原語文化的語言和習俗加深理解。Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where “the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original recepto

29、r and the message”.動態(tài)對等是基于奈達的“對等效應原則”，要求“接受者和訊息之間的關系應與原來是接受者和訊息間所存在的關系保持相當程度的一致”。 supplementDo you see any green in my eye?形式對等：你從我的眼睛里看到綠色嗎？動態(tài)對等：你以為我是好欺負的嗎？奈達有關翻譯的定義指明，翻譯不僅是詞匯意義上的對等，還包括語義、風格和文體的對等，翻譯傳達的信息既有表層詞匯信息，也有深層的文化信息。“動態(tài)對等”中的對等包括四個方面：1. 詞匯對等；2. 句法對等；3. 篇章對等；4.文體對等。 在這四個方面中，奈達認為，”correspondenc

30、e in meaning must have priority over correspondence in style”(意義是最重要的，形式其次)(郭建中,2000 , P67)。形式很可能掩藏源語的文化意義，并阻礙文化交流。因此，在文學翻譯中，根據(jù)奈達的理論，譯者應以動態(tài)對等的四個方面，作為翻譯的原則，準確地在目的語中再現(xiàn)源語的文化內(nèi)涵。 Four basic requirements of translationMaking sense(言之成理)；Conveying the spirit and manner of the original(傳達原文精神風貌)；Having a na

31、ture and easy form of expression(表達自然流暢)；Producing a similar response(產(chǎn)生共鳴).The discussion to translation theories of NidaAdvantages:The key role played by Nida is to point the road away from strict word-for-word equivalence.奈達所以的關鍵作用在于為翻譯擺脫詞與詞之間的嚴格對等指明了道路。His production of the concepts of formal an

32、d dynamic equivalence were crucial in introducing a receptor-based orientation to translation theory.他所提出的形式對等和動態(tài)對等概念，為翻譯理論引入一種以接受者為導向(或基于讀者)的概念具有重要影響。Nida went a long way to producing a systematic analytical procedure for translators working with all kinds of text and he factored into the translati

33、on equation the receivers of the TT and their cultural expectations.他經(jīng)過長期研究探索出一套為翻譯人員制定各種語篇的系統(tǒng)系分析程序，并且把目的語文本的接受者和他們的文化期許也納入翻譯程序的考慮因素。CriticismEquivalence is still overly concerned with the word level. (by Lefevere)對等仍然過分關注詞匯層。Equivalent effect or response to be impossible. (by van den Broeck and Lar

34、ose)對等效應和反應是不可能的。The “implausibility” of equivalent response.對等反應的不可行性。The closest natural equivalent may stand in a contradictory relation with dynamic equivalence.最貼切的對等可能與動態(tài)對等有所矛盾。Cultural references.文化指稱問題。(by Qian Hu)Peter Newmark About Peter Newmark Definition of Communication translation and

35、Semantic translationMain difference between Nida and NewmarkComparison of Newmarks semantic and communicative translationDiscussion of NewmarkAbout Peter Newmark Peter Newmark (19162011), was an English professor of translation at the University of Surrey .Main works: Approaches to translation(1981)

36、 A Textbook of Translation (1988), Paragraphs on Translation (1989), About Translation (1991)Main contribution: he introduces two kinds of translation methods which are semantic translation(語義翻譯) and communicative translation（交際翻譯)Definition of Communication translation and Semantic translation:Comm

37、unicative translation: in which “the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers” (1981/1988:22). ( resembles Nidas dyanmic equivalence)交際翻譯試圖使讀者閱讀譯文所產(chǎn)生的效果盡可能地接近原語讀者閱讀原文所產(chǎn)生的效果。Semantic translation: attempt to render, as closely a

38、s the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning to the original. ( resembles to Nidas formal equivalence)語義翻譯試圖在合乎第二語言的語義和句法結構下，將原文的準確語境意義盡可能貼切地譯出。Main difference between Nida and Newmark:Newmark did not agree with Nidas full principle of equivalent

39、 effect, since that effect is inoperant if the text is out of TL space and time (1981:69)For example:The translator cannot possible hope or expect to produce the same effect on the TT reader as the ST had on listeners in ancient Greece when comes to the translation of Homer.Comparison of Newmarks se

40、mantic and communicative translation:Communicative translation, is concerned mainly with the readers, usually in the context of a language and cultural variety, while semantic translation is concerned with the author usually as an individual, and often in contradistinction both to his culture and to

41、 the norms of his language. For more details Please see Page 45.For example: Wet paint! semantic translation(語義翻譯)：濕油漆！ communicative translation（交際翻譯）：油漆未干，請勿觸摸Newmark states clearly there is no purely semantic translation or purely communicative translation in translation practice, and only throug

42、h a combination of the two methods can a translation be both accurate in meaning and acceptable to the target language reader.However, if there is a conflict between the two forms of translation, then communicative translation should win out.Discussion of NewmarkNewmarks terms semantic translation a

43、nd communicative translation have often been quoted in the literature of translation theory, but they have received far less discussion than Nidas formal and dynamic equivalend.Newmark has been criticized for his strong prescriptivism.The large number of examples in Newmarks work provide ample guida

44、nce and advice for the trainee and many of the questions he tackles are of important practical relevance to translation.Werner Koller Werner Koller Correspondence and EquivalenceContentBackgroundDifferences between correspondence and equivalenceFive different types of equivalenceHow to aid the trans

45、lator and the role of the translation theoryKollers checklist for translationally relevant text analysisSummaryBackgroundNidas move towards a science of translation has proved to be especially influential in Germany.Important work on equivalence was carried out by Werner Koller. Kollers Research int

46、o the science of translation examines more closely the concept of equivalence and its linked term correspondence.Differences between the two termsCorrespondence falls within the field of contrastive linguistics, which compares two language systems and describes contrastively differences and similari

47、ties. Its parameters are those of Saussures langue (Saussure 1916/83).對應屬于對比語言學領域，用來比較兩種語言系統(tǒng)，并對比描述兩者的異同。其參數(shù)采用了索緒爾的langue語言。Equivalence relates to equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. The parameter is that of Saussures parole.對等則指切合個別原語文本和目的語文本配對和語境的對等項目。其參數(shù)采用了索緒爾的parole言語。Koller po

48、ints out that, while knowledge of correspondence is indicative of competence in the foreign language，it is knowledge and ability in equivalences that are indicative of competence in translation.科勒指出，掌握對應體現(xiàn)外語能力，而掌握并能夠使用對等則體現(xiàn)翻譯能力。Five different types of equivalenceDenotative equivalence is related to

49、equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text. Other literature, says Koller, calls this content invariance.外延對等，指與一個語篇的語言外部內(nèi)容對等?？评罩赋觯渌墨I稱之為“內(nèi)容恒定性”。Connotative equivalence is related to related to the lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms. Koller sees this type of equivalence as

50、elsewhere being referred to as stylistic equivalence.內(nèi)涵對等，指詞匯選擇，尤其是近義詞之間的選擇?？评罩钙渌墨I稱為“文體對等”。Text-normative equivalence is related to text types, with different kinds of texts behaving in different ways.語篇規(guī)約對等與語篇類型有關，不同的語篇對等方式不同。Pragmatic equivalence, or communicative equivalence, is oriented towards

51、 the receiver of the text or message. This is Nidas dynamic equivalence.語用對等或“交際對等”，強調語篇或信息接受者導向，相當于奈達的“動態(tài)對等”。Formal equivalence, which is related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes word plays and the individual stylistic features of the ST. It is elsewhere referred to as expressive eq

52、uivalence and is not to be confused with Nidas term.形式對等，與語篇的形式和美感有關，包括原語文本中的文字游戲和文體特色，其他文獻或稱為“表達對等”，切勿與奈達的同類術語混淆。Table 3.3Characteristics of research foci for different types (following Koller 1979:187-91)See Page 48How to aid the translator and the role of the translation theoryWith every text as

53、a whole, and also with every segment of text, the translator who consciously makes such a choice must set up a hierarchy of values to be preserved in translation; from this he sic can derive a hierarchy of equivalence requirements for the text or segment in question. This in turn must be preceded by a translati