英文10-壟斷競爭ppt課件

1、 Four Types of Industries Imperfectly Competitive MarketsMonopolyMonopolistic CompetitionMany firms selling products that are similar but not identical.OligopolyOnly a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others.The Four Types of Market StructureMonopolyOligopolyMonopolis

2、tic CompetitionPerfect Competition Tap water Cable TV Tennis balls Crude oil Novels Movies Wheat MilkNumber of Firms?Type of Products?Many firmsOne firmFew firmsDifferentiated productsIdentical productsMonopolistic CompetitionMonopolistic CompetitionMarkets that have some features of competition and

3、 some features of monopoly.Attributes of Monopolistic CompetitionMany sellersProduct differentiationFree entry and exit-Many SellersThere are many firms competing for the same group of customers.Product examples include books, CDs, movies, computer games, restaurants, piano lessons, cookies, furnitu

4、re, etc.Product DifferentiationEach firm produces a product that is at least slightly different from those of other firms.Rather than being a price taker, each firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve.Free Entry or ExitFirms can enter or exit the market without restriction.The number of firms in t

5、he market adjusts until economic profits are zero.Monopolistic Competitors in the Short Run.(a) Firm Makes a ProfitQuantity0PriceDemandMRATCProfitMCProfit- maximizing quantityPriceAveragetotal costMonopolistic Competitors in the Short Run.Quantity0PriceDemandMRLosses(b) Firm Makes LossesMCATCAverage

6、total costLoss- minimizing quantityPriceMonopolistic Competition in the Short RunShort-run economic profits encourage new firms to enter the market. This:Increases the number of products offered.Reduces demand faced by firms already in the market.Incumbent傳統(tǒng)運營商 firms demand curves shift to the left.

7、Demand for the incumbent firms products fall, and their profits decline.Monopolistic Competition in the Short RunShort-run economic losses encourage firms to exit the market. This: Decreases the number of products offered.Increases demand faced by the remaining firms.Shifts the remaining firms deman

8、d curves to the right.Increases the remaining firms profits.The Long-Run EquilibriumFirms will enter and exit until the firms are making exactly zero economic profits.A Monopolistic Competitor in the Long Run. zero economic profitsQuantityPrice0DemandMRATCMCProfit-maximizingquantityP=ATCTwo Characte

9、ristics of Long-Run EquilibriumAs in a monopoly, price exceeds marginal cost.Profit maximization requires marginal revenue to equal marginal cost.The downward-sloping demand curve makes marginal revenue less than price.Two Characteristics of Long-Run EquilibriumAs in a competitive market, price equa

10、ls average total cost.Free entry and exit drive economic profit to zero.Monopolistic versus Perfect CompetitionThere are two noteworthy differences between monopolistic and perfect competitionexcess capacity 超額的產能and markup加價.Excess CapacityThere is excess capacity in monopolistic competition in the

11、 long run.In monopolistic competition, output is less than the efficient scale of perfect competition.Excess Capacity.Quantity(a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm(b) Perfectly Competitive FirmQuantityPriceP = MR(demand curve)MCATCPriceDemandMCATCExcess capacityQuantityproducedEfficientscaleP = MCQu

12、antityproduced= EfficientscalePExcess CapacityThere is no excess capacity in perfect competition in the long run.Free entry results in competitive firms producing at the point where average total cost is minimized, which is the efficient scale of the firm.Markup Over Marginal CostFor a competitive f

13、irm, price equals marginal cost.For a monopolistically competitive firm, price exceeds marginal cost.Markup Over Marginal CostBecause price exceeds marginal cost, an extra unit sold at the posted price means more profit for the monopolistically competitive firm.Markup Over Marginal Cost.Quantity(a)

14、Monopolistically Competitive Firm(b) Perfectly Competitive FirmQuantityPriceP = MCP = MR(demand curve)MCATCQuantityproducedPricePDemandMarginalcostMCATCMRMarkupQuantityproducedMonopolistic versus Perfect Competition.Quantity(a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm(b) Perfectly Competitive FirmQuantityP

15、riceP = MR(demand curve)MCATCQuantityproducedEfficientscalePricePDemandMCATCP = MCExcess capacityMarginal costMarkupMRQuantity produced = Efficient scaleMonopolistic Competition and the Welfare of SocietyMonopolistic competition does not have all the desirable properties of perfect competition.Monop

16、olistic Competition and the Welfare of SocietyThere is the normal deadweight loss of monopoly pricing in monopolistic competition caused by the markup of price over marginal cost.However, the administrative burden of regulating the pricing of all firms that produce differentiated products would be o

17、verwhelming. Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of SocietyAnother way in which monopolistic competition may be socially inefficient is that the number of firms in the market may not be the “ideal one. Product DifferentiationProduct differentiation: the effort by firms to produce goods that are

18、 slightly different from other types of goods. Homogeneous products: goods that have no product differentiation; goods that are exactly the same.AdvertisingWhen firms sell differentiated products and charge prices above marginal cost, each firm has an incentive to advertise in order to attract more

19、buyers to its particular product.AdvertisingFirms that sell highly differentiated consumer goods typically spend between 10 and 20 percent of revenue on advertising.Overall, about 2 percent of total revenue, or over $100 billion a year, is spent on advertising.AdvertisingCritics of advertising argue

20、 that firms advertise in order to manipulate peoples tastes. They also argue that it impedes (妨礙) competition by implying that products are more different than they truly are.AdvertisingDefenders argue that advertising provides information to consumersThey also argue that advertising increases compe

21、tition by offering a greater variety of products and prices.The willingness of a firm to spend advertising dollars can be a signal to consumers about the quality of the product being offered.Brand NamesCritics argue that brand names cause consumers to perceive differences that do not really exist.Ho

22、w are Products Differentiated?Ways to differentiate products:Physical characteristics Altering the products physical characteristics, such as making the legroom in a car longer or making a knife sharper.Location A McDonalds restaurant 10 miles away has the same menu and the same product as the one d

23、own the street. However, it is more likely for you to buy from the nearer restaurant.3) Time a flight from Los Angeles to New York that leaves at 10 a.m. is a different product as one that leaves at 6 p.m; a 24 hour supermarket offers a different service from another that isnt.Convenience: yogurt in

24、 a tube, single serving microwaveable soups, etc., offers more convenience to the ever busy individual.How are Products Differentiated?Brand NamesEconomists have argued that brand names may be a useful way for consumers to ensure that the goods they are buying are of high viding information about quality.giving firms incentive to maintain high quality.SummaryA monopolistically competitive market is characterized by three attributes: many firms, differentiated products, and free entry.The e