新編大學(xué)英語綜合教程1-unit5

1、新編大學(xué)英語綜合教程 1-unit5Unit 5 Animal WorldIn-Class Reading Do Animals Have a Culture?動物擁有文化嗎？1 只有人類有文化呢，還是某些動物也同樣有文化，這是社會科學(xué)家們最近才提出來的問題。說到文化，我們指的是某一類人群共有的生活方式。文化包涵了我們形成的信念和看法。正是人們的行為模式促使他們生活在一起，也正是人們的行為模式把不同的群體區(qū)分開來。人類失去了蠻力、爪子、長牙及其他自衛(wèi)功能，然而文化為我們彌補(bǔ)了這些缺失。人類使用工具，相互合作，并借助語言進(jìn)行交流溝通。但人類行為的這些方方面面，或稱之為“文化”的東西，在某些動物的

2、生活中也同樣存在。我們過去一直認(rèn)為會不會使用工具是人和其他動物的分界線。然 而，最近我們發(fā)現(xiàn)情況并非如此。黑猩猩不但能夠使用工具，事實(shí)上還能自己制造工具。與僅僅撿起身邊的東西加以利用相比，這已經(jīng)向前邁出了一大步。例如，有人看到黑猩猩把樹葉扯掉，將樹枝伸進(jìn)白蟻巢穴。當(dāng)白蟻啃咬樹枝時，黑猩猩就把樹枝抽回，然后把枝條底端的白蟻吃掉就像我們使用餐叉一樣。我們曾一度認(rèn)為，盡管人類可以學(xué)習(xí)文化，但卻不可能教會動物學(xué)文化?；蛘?，即使動物能夠?qū)W習(xí)，它們也不會像人類那樣互相傳授。然 而，這一觀點(diǎn)也同樣是不正確的。日本京都大學(xué)猴子研究中心對一群日本猴進(jìn)行過研究。科學(xué)家們給猴子白薯，想把它們引到海島的岸邊。一天，為

3、了去掉白薯上面的沙子，一只年輕的母猴開始用水來洗白薯。這一做法馬上傳遍了整個猴群。這是學(xué)來的行為，不是向人類學(xué)的，而是從其他猴子那里學(xué)到的。而凡是沒有跟這一猴群接觸過的其他所有的猴子幾乎都不會用水洗去沙子。這樣，動物間就存在了“文化差異”。我們已經(jīng)把使用和發(fā)明工具從區(qū)分動物和人類行為的方法中排除出去了, 同樣也把學(xué)習(xí)和互相傳授行為排除在外了。但我們?nèi)宰プ≌Z言這最后一個特點(diǎn)不放。然而，即便是語言的使用也無法把人類文化和動物文化區(qū)分開來。教猿猴說話的嘗試雖然失敗了，但這是因?yàn)樵澈餂]有合適的發(fā)聲器官。如果我們愿意采納口語之外的其他語言形式的話，應(yīng)該說教猿猴學(xué)習(xí)語言一直是非常成功的。有兩位心理學(xué)家曾訓(xùn)

4、練一只名叫華秀的黑猩猩，教它使用美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手語。這種語言同樣供聾人使用。用這種語言，“交談”是通過手勢來完成的，而不是把單詞用一個個字母拼出來。當(dāng)華秀長到五歲時，她掌握了 130 個手語詞匯。而且，她還能用原先未教過的新方法來組合這些詞匯。這表明她能創(chuàng)造性地使用語言，而不是單純地模 仿。她自己能遣詞造句，表達(dá)真實(shí)的意思。這使雙向交流得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，超越了單向的指令、反應(yīng)模式。當(dāng)然，動物文化有其局限性。據(jù)我們所知，沒有任何猿猴曾建立起任何諸如宗教或法律等社會制度。而且，盡管有些黑猩猩有可能學(xué)會手 語，但這種語言形式在表達(dá)抽象思想時有局限性。而使用口頭語言使我們能把整個文化傳遞給任何一個會同種語言的人。也

5、許最重要的一點(diǎn)是，人和動物的分界線并不像我們過去認(rèn)為的那樣清清楚楚1After-Class Reading動物的玩耍也許人人都看到過動物幼崽如小貓小狗玩耍。這些幼年的動物看起來肯定玩得很開心。它們相互追逐、打滾、摔跤、打轉(zhuǎn)，還玩諸如球和木棒之類的物體。任何看過熊貓打滾和玩耍的人都明白，熊貓玩得痛快著 呢。所有動物都玩耍嗎？它們玩耍的目的是什么？這些是科學(xué)家提出的問題。為了回答這些問題，我們首先必須就“玩耍”的定義取得一致意見。這可難了，因?yàn)榧词箘游锟茖W(xué)家們對“玩耍”的定義都莫衷一是，更何況動詞“玩?！卑性S多不同的意思。（譯者注：英文中 play 除“玩?！蓖膺€有很多其他意思。）在本文的討論

6、中，我們將依賴我們的常識來決定什么是玩耍。根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以說玩耍是人與動物為了娛樂而做的事情。玩耍常常很像嚴(yán)肅且有目的的活動，但它并不實(shí)現(xiàn)什么嚴(yán)肅的目標(biāo)。當(dāng)然了，人們玩起來往往會非常認(rèn)真。體育運(yùn)動就是嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真而且精心設(shè)計的玩耍的例子。 4 動物為什么玩耍？最重要的理由很可能是為了學(xué)會生活中一些嚴(yán)肅而重要的活動。比如說，成年動物需要找尋食物、搏斗、尋覓伴侶，以及與同類中的其他動物相處。幼年動物可以通過玩耍來練習(xí)這些生活中的重要活動。通過玩耍，它們能夠模仿獵獲食物、打斗以及求偶。它們能學(xué)會怎樣控制自己的行動、怎樣協(xié)調(diào)適應(yīng)它們生活的環(huán)境以及怎樣和自己群體中的其他動物相互交往。并非所有的動物都玩耍

7、。動物科學(xué)家們告訴我們，實(shí)際上，只有脊椎動物玩耍，其中，主要是高級脊椎動物。比如說, 昆蟲、魚和爬行動物不玩耍, 但是大多數(shù)哺乳動物都玩耍，尤其是在它們年幼時。總的來說， 我們可以說高智商動物比低智商動物玩耍得多。換句話說，動物的智商越高，玩耍就會越復(fù)雜。黑猩猩被公認(rèn)為是與人類最接近的動物，是非人類哺乳動物中最聰明的。這種靈長類動物以一種精心策劃而又復(fù)雜的方式玩耍。黑猩猩相互追逐、摔跤，還發(fā)明了種種游戲。在玩耍的方式上，只有人類比他們強(qiáng)。其他靈長類動物，比如猴子和大猩猩也喜歡玩耍，但不如黑猩猩玩耍得 多。一些其他的脊椎動物諸如海豚也很聰明，它們之間相互嬉戲，也與包括人類在內(nèi)的其他動物嬉戲。對于

8、這些聰明的動物來說，玩耍是一種取樂的方式，但也是一種培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性的方式，而且是一種采用新的方法使自己與所處環(huán)境相互協(xié)調(diào)的方式。也許人類在音樂、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)方面的創(chuàng)造 性，就是以玩耍開始的。2課內(nèi)閱讀練習(xí)答案Part One PreparationA Guessing Game Sample(One student thinks of an animal. The other students ask him or her questions about the animal.)Q = Question A = Answer Q: Does it live in water?A: No, it do

9、esnt.Q: Does it live in trees? A: No, it doesnt.Q: Does it have legs? A: Yes, it does.Q: Does it have four legs? A: Yes, it does.Q: Does it hunt other animals? A: No, it doesnt.Q: Does it run fast? A: Yes, it does.Q: Is it a mammal? A: Yes, it is.Q: Does it have spots? A: No, it doesnt.Q: Is it trai

10、ned to help humans? A: Yes, it is.Q: Is it a horse?A: Yes, it is.How to Describe It?SampleAs far as I know, elephants are the strongest among all the animalsthat exist in the world. Elephants are very big and heavy, even in their infancy. Its not unusual to find a baby elephant that weighs over a to

11、n. Also, its skin is so thick that an elephant rarely gets hurt or injured either in their daily life or when attacked by others. Even with so many strong factors, elephants have never gained the glorious titles such as the king of the jungle. They are mild-tempered, but fierce animals like tigers,

12、lions and wolves dare not disturb or attack them because an adult elephant can easily tread on and kill them while the smaller, aggressive animals can do nothing harmful to this giant.As for which animal is the most beau tiful, Id like to vote for the tiger. To me, tigers are the symbol of power, di

13、gnity and nobility. The pattern on its body and head is rather fascinating. Tigers are known as “the king of all beasts”, a special honor people have given to them. Some wolves are also considered to be beautiful and they possess a kind of spirit, which is appealing. As for the dragon, though they e

14、xist only in stories or legends, theyre the symbol of China. Almost every Chinese thinks the dragon is beautiful. The elephant is c ute. Its mild in nature and usually3meek. Of the animals we choose to rate, it is the strongest and friendliest animal. I do not really believe that a shark is beautifu

15、l but compared with a snake or a crocodile, a shark may rank as the fifth beautiful animal in the list.2.What Is It?Sample? Its a very tall kind of bird, with long legs and neck, which appear too thin to support its body and head. Its beak is long and pointed, and when it falls asleep it lifts up on

16、e leg to let the other support the whole body. (crane)? It crawls on the ground, with a rope-shaped body and a triangular head. Deadly poison may be found in its fangs, which can cause death within minutes. In legends, it was the animal which seduced Adam and Eve. (snake)? Its a swimming anim al wit

17、h smooth brown fur and it eats fish. You may regard it as the laziest animal since it sleeps most of the day, but at night, it turns out to be the greatest builder, its masterpiecethe dam. (beaver)Part Two Reading-Centered Activities In-Class ReadingPost-ReadingReading ComprehensionParas. 1-2C Para.

18、 3A Para. 4D Para. 5E Para. 6B1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 A 7 D 8 DSample? I think animals have a culture. We can easily find facts to supportthis. For example, animals of the same species can communicate with each other, with language unknown to us humans.We have read a lot of stories about wolves. When

19、a wolf is in danger or hurt by a human, very soonit will get other wolves in its group to take revenge. Even insects like ants can work together very well. If they didnt share a language of their own, how could they move something much larger than themselves over a long distance to their nest? Besid

20、es, animals such as chimpanzees can use and make tools to get food, and monkeys are found to be able to learn and share behavior. Surely, animals dont have any religion or law.Obviously, this does not prove that they dont have a culture but shows that their culture is different from ours or there ar

21、e limits to their culture.? I dont think animals have a culture. Culture is a very broad term. It covers many aspects such as politics, economics, literature, law, and religion. Animals do not have language, at least they do not have a written language, nor do they have politics and economi cs. Its

22、true that they can learn and share such behavior as washing sweet potatoes to get rid of sand, but I doubt whether they can learn more complicated behavior.Whats more, scientists only 4observed this sharing of behavior among certain monkeys. It is known to all that there are many species of animals

23、and that they differ greatly intheir intelligence. So how can we reach the conclusion that animals have a culture only because some animals are able to use and invent tools, or share knowledge? Even if animals have a so-called culture, there are limits to their culture.Vocabulary 1 1 handyculturalun

24、truebeliefscientistsuccessfulreligiousdefensesstrength 10 social2 1 A limit B limit 2 A contact B contacted 3 A attempting B attempt4 A commanded B command 5 A form B form1 gesture 2 create 3 abstractindividualinventionfeaturemake up for 8 remove9 response 10 rule out4 1 removeremove: take sth. away

25、 from a place move: change position or placereceived, acceptaccept an invitation: say yes to it receive an invitation: get oneallowallow: let sb. do sth.; permit sb. to do sth. agree: have the same opinionlatelylately: recentlylater: a time after the present time 5 shoreshore: the land along the edg

26、e of a sea, lake or wide riverbeach: a nearly level area of sand or small stones beside the sea or other area of watertaughtteach: provide instruction in a particular subject train: give sb. the knowledge needed to do a jobobjectobject: sth. that can be seen and touchedsubject: sth. that is discusse

27、d, examined or researched 8 attractattract: draw sb. towards oneselfattack: try to hurt or defeat sb. or sth. using violence 5TranslationI used to go to the cinema a lot, but I never have the time now.The two workers cooperated with each other to fix the broken pipe. 3 This is a cruel practice which

28、 should be stopped immediately.What aspect of your job / work is (the) most difficult, and what aspect is (the) most rewarding?He thought he had already solved the problem, but that was not the case.Ill help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do. Part Three Further Development1.Gra

29、mmar ReviewI never like the way how doctors speak to you. (in which; or d elete “how”)Id like another drink, and so did John. (would)One of the reasons for coming to England are to make money. (is)In those days, the only means of lighting the house at night were oil lamps. (was)It was so a cold nigh

30、t that we stayed at home. (such) 2.Vocabulary ReviewSection AA agree with B agreed with C agree on D agreed toIf you “agree with” someone about something, you both have the same opinion about it. If you “agree with” an action or suggestion, you approve of it. If two o r more statements, ideas, sets

31、of numbers, etc.“agree with” each other, they are the same or very similar (與。一致，相符合). If you “agree to” do something or “agree to” something, you say that you will do it or you allow someone else to do it. If people “agree on”something, they reach a decision or agreement about it.A activity B act C

32、 action D actBoth “act” and “action” can be used as a countable noun to mean “sth. that sb. has done.”“Act” nearly always refers to a specific deed, for example, in Sentence B, “act of kindness” isa specific deed having been done. “Action” is usually a more generalized usage, or a processof doing so

33、mething. For example, in Sentence C, “We must take action” means that we must do something, but it is generalized and doesnot refer to a specific deed which must be done.“Activity” is used for something that is done regularly. 3 A adapting B adopted C adapt D adoptadopt: a) start to use a particular

34、 method or plan 采用；b) legally become the parent of another persons child 收養(yǎng)adapt: gradually change your behavior and attitudes so that you get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully 適應(yīng)A laying B lied C lay D lay6“Lie” (lying, lay, lain) is an intransitive verb, meaning “be in a po

35、sition in which your body is flat” (躺). “Lay” (laying, laid, laid) is a transitive verb, meaning “put on a surface” or “produce eggs”. There is another intransitive verb “l(fā)ie” (lying, lied, lied), meaning “say sth.untrue”(撒謊).A weather B climate C weatherThe word “weather” means “the climate at a ce

36、rtain place and time, how much wind, rain, sunshine, etc. there is and how hot or cold i t is” (天氣，氣象). “Climate” means “the normal weather conditions of a particular region over a period of time” (氣候).A invented B discoveredYou use “invent” to say that someone is the first person to think of someth

37、ing or make something. You use “discover” to say that someonefinds out about something which exists but which was not previously known.A fun B funny C funny“Fun” is an uncountable noun. If something is “fun”, it is pleasant, enjoyable, and not serious.“Funny” is an adjective. It describes s omething

38、 that makes you laugh or that is strange.A stripped B stripes C stripped“Strip” can be used as a verb, meaning “remove the covering or parts of” or “take off ones clothes”. “Stripe” is a noun, meaning “a band of color against a background of a different color”.Section B1C H I M 2P A N Z E E AN 3D O

39、G 4I D 5E IN 6C H A 7M E L E O N S O E 8O W 9LE 10G 11P U P P Y S I C I S H A O12T U R T L E A U N A N RF 13C A T FE 7Who Is the King of the Jungle? STEP TWOSample? (a ca ndidate speech from the monkey) Ladies and gentlemen:Im here today because I want to become the King of the Jungle. I know there

40、is a question onyour mind: Why are you thinking about running for the King of the Jungle? So I will give you the reasons.Im running because the animal kingdom must be prosperous. Wealth is not invented by the King but created by all of you. But the King can create an environment where you can dream

41、and realize your dreams. Im running because all the animals must live a happ y and peaceful life. Im running because we must do something to protect our environment. And Im running to achieve all the above.I know Im not the strongest animal in the jungle. But as the animal most closely related tohum

42、ans, Im intelligent. I beli eve that in modern times intelligence isfar more important than physical strength.Finally, I hope you will support me with your enthusiasm and confidence.Thank you.? (a candidate speech from the lion) Ladies and gentlemen:Im really excited to be here attending the meeting

43、. Id like to tell you that I want to be the King of the Jungle. I believe Im qualified!First of all, human beings now dominate in the world, so we have to take their thoughts into consideration. You must have heard about the famous film The Lion King. As you can see, they already regard us lions as

44、the king. You may say that there is the “Monkey King” in Chinese films. But Monkey Kings power doesnt exist in reality. Only we lions are the strongest both in the film and in reality. As far as I know, the lion is also the symbol of the constellation “LEO”, thats why we get a lot of respect from ma

45、n. So Im not only the qualified King of the Jungle but also a great bridge between humans and us animals.When Im the king, Ill have th e confidence to protect all of you from being hurt or attacked and no humans will invade our kingdom because I have won enough human respect and can talk with them a

46、bout animal rights. Now its time to vote for me!? (a candidate speech from the tiger)Ladies and gentlemen:Good morning! Today I am here to run for the King of the Jungle for two reasons.First, I am the strongest and the bravest. I have incomparable power. My teeth are as long as daggers, my paws are

47、 as sharp as knives and my action is very agile. So I can kill any enemies easily and protect every one in the jungle. In fact, just my appearance will scare any invaders to death. Although there are animals who look bigger and stronger than me, their strength and8wisdom will never surpass those of

48、mine. I can kill a gaur which weighs several hundred kilos and I can kill a crocodile within minutes. In ancient Rome, people let us tigers fight with lions, and we were always the winners!Second, I am the most experienced in taking charge of the jungle.Since I have been the King for a long time, I

49、know very well how to rule the animal world and how to be a successful king.I can keep everything in order as quickly as possible and I can handle problems as perfectly aspossible. Under my governance you will never have difficulties. I promise I will work harder and do my best to ensure that all of

50、 you live a happy life and that the jungle will be a paradise in the world!So, please vote for me! Itll be your best choice!A New AnimalR = Reporter E = Explorer Sample?R: Now, Professor Davis, I hear that youve discovered a very strange animal.E: Yup!R: Were all curious about it, and this is the re

51、ason why we invited you here today.E: OK.R: I have a report from you in my hand. So tell us: Why did y ou name the animal “Dymi”?E: This is quite interesting, because I was extremely attracted by its everlasting alert and dynamic behavior the first time I saw it. The word “Dymi” actually came from d

52、ynamic, one might say.R: Thank you. Now, what do you mean by “it lives in every appropriate place”?E: Well, its very odd that I found the animal never lived in a specific place. It can be found ina cave, in the grass, or in a nest left by other animals, in a tree, and so forth. And it only takesnaps

53、, half an hour or so each time.R: Where do you think the significance lies since weve found the animal?E: I believe we can get to know more about ourselvesthe human beingby making a detailed study of the animal. Because I find the animal closely related to us to some extent. It takes protein, fiber,

54、 fat, and vitamins from food; it gets on very well with the environment; it lives a rather long life compared with animals of the same size. But I think the most important point is that we can find out the relation between their little sleep and their extremely dynamic behavior, which is very useful

55、 to modern, busy human beings.R: Right. You give us a wonderful report, Professor Davis. Thank you very much for being with us.E: Its my pleasure. 9A Report Name: Dymi.What does it eat? Grass, nuts, little animals like rats and squirrels.How many hours does it sleep? Only takes naps, half an hour or

56、 so each time, every three hours.Where does it live? In every appropriate place. How long does it live? 30 to 50 years.A Report Name: Darwin.What does it eat? Leaves.How many hours does it sleep? Unknown. Where does it live? Tropical forest in Africa. How long does it live? Three to five years.R: It

57、s alleged that youve discovered a strange species of animal in th e tropical forests of Africa. Would you please give a brief description to the readers?E: Of course. The mysterious animal I discovered is named after Darwin, the founder of the evolution theory. This special insect has four sets of l

58、egs instead of three sets of legs as we have found about that species of insect before.R: But are you sure that it belongs to the group of insects?E: Certainly, after careful identification in the lab, it takes on the common characteristics of insects. So the conclusion could be drawn that it belong

59、s to a branch of insect species.R: How can that be?E: Its a great proof of Darwins evolution theory, I suppose. However, it needs further confirmation. We hope new evidence will be found to support the theory.R: Thanks for your excellent introduction.E: Youre welcome. 5.Id Rather Be。Sample? I would

60、like to be an eagle. Soaring high above the mountains, I take the vast expanse of sky as my territory. Creatures on the ground are small but clear in sight. I love the view and enjoy the feeling when Im high up in the sky. I can pick anything I like as my food with the sharp claws and beak and nothi