國際經(jīng)濟學教學課件：ch09 Nontariff Trade Barriers and New Protectionism

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionNontariff Trade Barriers and New ProtectionismDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER N I N E9In this chapter:Introduction 引言Import Quotas 進口配額Other Nontariff Barriers and the New Protectionism 其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義The Political Economy of Protectionism 保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟

2、In this chapter:Strategic Trade and Industrial Policies戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)商業(yè)政策史The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合，突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合9.1 Introduction 引言Though tariffs have historically been the most important form of trade restriction, there

3、are many other types of trade barriers.盡管關稅是歷史上最重要的貿(mào)易限制形式，但仍存在許多其他類型的貿(mào)易壁壘9.1 Introduction 引言As tariffs were negotiated down during the postwar period, the importance of non-tariff barriers was greatly increased.戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)過各種談判，關稅水平逐漸降低，非關稅貿(mào)易壁壘的重要性大大加強了。9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額A quota is a direct quantitative

4、 restriction on the amount of a commodity allowed to be imported or exported.配額是對一國允許進口或出口一種商品的直接數(shù)量限制9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2A Effects of an Import Quota 進口配額的影響Import quotas are used to protect domestic industry and agriculture, and/or for balance of payments reasons.進口配額可以用來保護國內的工農(nóng)業(yè)，也可以用來調節(jié)國際收支平衡

5、FIGURE 9-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of an Import Quota.9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較 Import quota:Higher domestic price than tariffHigher domestic production than tariff進口配額：比等效的關稅導致更高的國內價格比等效的關稅導致更高的國內產(chǎn)量9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota v

6、s. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較 Import tariff:Higher consumption than quotaHigher imports than quota進口關稅：比等效的進口配額導致更高的消費量比等效的進口配額導致更高的進口量9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較Import quota involves distribution of import licenses, while tariff does

7、not.進口配額涉及進口許可的發(fā)放 9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較If not auctioned by government in competitive markets, receiving firms will reap monopoly profits.如果政府不是在一個競爭性市場上拍賣這些許可，得到這些許可的公司便可獲取壟斷利潤Allocation decision often based on arbitrary judgments rather th

8、an efficiency concerns.許可決定經(jīng)常出于官員的隨意判斷，而不是對效率的考慮9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較Monopoly profits lead firms to lobby for licenses in rent-seeking activities.進口許可可以帶來的壟斷利潤會使企業(yè)花費大量精力來游說甚至賄賂官員在尋租行為中Thus, import quotas replace market mechanism , resulting

9、 in waste, and possible corruption.這樣，進口配額不僅取代了市場機制，從整個經(jīng)濟來看還造成了浪費，埋下了腐敗的種子9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較Import quota limits imports to specified levels with certainty, while the trade effect of an import tariff may be uncertain. 進口配額可以將進口限定在一個確定的水平，

10、而進口關稅的貿(mào)易效果則不確定9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較When elasticity of demand and supply are not known, it is difficult to estimate the import tariff required to restrict imports to desired level.這是因為當需求曲線和供給曲線的彈性不知道時，很難估計可將進口限定在要求水平上的進口關稅9.2 Import Quotas

11、進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較Foreign exporters cannot maintain export quantity simply adjust to barrier by increasing efficiency or accepting lower profits, as with tariff外國出口者可以通過提高效率或者接受更低的利潤來消化吸收關稅9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tari

12、ff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較Because import quota is less “visible, domestic producers prefer them over tariffs.因為進口配額更加“可見”，因此國內生產(chǎn)者喜歡進口配額制更甚于進口關稅9.2 Import Quotas 進口配額9.2B Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff 進口配額與進口關稅的比較Since import quotas are more restrictive than equivalent import tariffs, society should

13、 resist domestic producers efforts to use quotas instead of tariffs.然而，既然進口配額比等效的關稅更具限制性，全社會應抵制配額制的蔓延9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3A Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) 自動出口限制With VERs, an importing country induces another nation to reduce its exports voluntaril

14、y, under threat of higher trade restrictions.自動出口限制是這樣一種情況，當進口國以全面貿(mào)易限制相威脅，引導另一國“自愿”的減少某種商品的出口9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3A Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) 自動出口限制Sometimes called orderly marketing arrangements, VERs allow industrial nations to appear to sup

15、port the principle of free trade.有時自動出口限制也稱為“有秩序銷售協(xié)定”，一些工業(yè)國家可以利用它來支持自由貿(mào)易原則9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3A Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) 自動出口限制Less effective in limiting imports than import quotas because exporters tend to fill the quota with higher quality

16、, higher priced goods over time.自動出口限制在限制進口方面不如進口配額有效，外國出口者傾向于把配額全用于高質量高價格的產(chǎn)品9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3B Technical, Administrative, Other Regulations 技術的行政的和其他法規(guī)Health and safety regulations may serve as barriers to international trade by raising the costs

17、of imported products.針對衛(wèi)生和安全的法規(guī)可以通過提高進口商品的成本來成為一種國際貿(mào)易的壁壘9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3B Technical, Administrative, Other Regulations 技術的行政的和其他法規(guī)Government purchasing restrictions may be biased against foreign goods.The Buy American Act of 1933政府采購政策以抵制國外商品為基礎制訂

18、例如，1993年通過的購買美國貨法案9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3B Technical, Administrative, Other Regulations 技術的行政的和其他法規(guī)Rebates for indirect taxes may be given to exporters and imposed on importers of a commodity. 對一種商品的出口者減免或退回國內間接稅而對一種商品的進口者征收國內間接稅9.3 Other Nontariff Barri

19、er and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3C International Cartels 國際卡特爾Organization of suppliers from different nations that agrees to restrict output and exports of a commodity with the aim of maximizing or increasing total profits.國際卡特爾是一個由不同國家的某種商品供應商組成的組織，它們達成協(xié)議限制某種商品的產(chǎn)量和出口以使組織的總利潤最大化9.3 Other

20、 Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3C International Cartels 國際卡特爾For example, OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) quadrupled the price of crude oil between 1973 and 1974 by restricting production and exports.目前最為知名的國際卡特爾是石油輸出國組織（OPEC），它們通過限制產(chǎn)量和出口，在1973年和1

21、974年間成功的使石油價格上漲了4倍9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3D Dumping 傾銷The export of a commodity at below cost, or the sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically.傾銷是指低于成本或至少低于國內價格的價格出口一種商品9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主

22、義9.3D Dumping 傾銷Three types of dumping 三種形式：Persistent dumping is the continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a higher price in the domestic market. 持續(xù)性傾銷是指國內壟斷者持續(xù)在國內市場以高價出售商品，而在國際市場上以低價出售9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism

23、其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3D Dumping 傾銷Three types of dumping 三種形式：Persistent dumping 持續(xù)性傾銷Predatory dumping is the temporary sale of a commodity at below cost or a lower price abroad to drive foreign producers out of business. 掠奪性傾銷是指某種商品以低于成本的價格或低于國外價格的價格進行銷售以將國外生產(chǎn)者趕出市場9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New

24、 Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3D Dumping 傾銷Three types of dumping 三種形式：Persistent dumping 持續(xù)性傾銷Predatory dumping 掠奪性傾銷Sporadic dumping is the occasional sale of a commodity at below cost or lower price abroad to unload surplus of the commodity without reducing domestic prices. 偶然性傾銷是指偶爾以低于成本或低于國內價格進行

25、銷售，目的是避免降低國內價格而賣掉預期會剩余的商品9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3E Export Subsidies 出口補貼The granting of tax relief to exporters or subsidized loans to foreign buyers to stimulate a nations exports.是指對本國出口者減免稅或者向國外購買者提供低息貸款以刺激本國出口9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Pr

26、otectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3E Export Subsidies 出口補貼Can be regarded as a form of dumping.可以看做是傾銷的一種形式Export subsidies are illegal by international agreement, but often used in disguised form.根據(jù)國際協(xié)定出口補貼并不合法，但許多國家仍以隱蔽的形式提供這種補貼9.3 Other Nontariff Barrier and the New Protectionism其他非關稅壁壘與新保護主義9.3E Export

27、Subsidies 出口補貼Example: Export-Import BankU.S. government agency that extends subsidized loans to foreigners to finance U.S. exports.例如：進出口銀行美國政府通過代理機構進出口銀行向外國購買者提供低息貸款FIGURE 9-2 Partial Equilibrium Effect of an Export Subsidy.9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Fallacious Argume

28、nts for Protection 關于保護的謬誤的觀點 Trade restrictions are needed to protect domestic labor against cheap foreign labor. 一個錯誤的觀點認為需要貿(mào)易限制來保護國內勞動力不受外國廉價勞動力的沖擊9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Fallacious Arguments for Protection 關于保護的謬誤的觀點 Even if domestic wages are higher than wages a

29、broad, domestic labor costs can still be lower if the productivity of labor is sufficiently higher domestically than abroad.即使國內工資比國外高，如果國內勞動力的生產(chǎn)力比國外足夠高的話，國內勞動力成本也可以降下來9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Fallacious Arguments for Protection 關于保護的謬誤的觀點 Mutually beneficial trade co

30、uld be based on comparative advantage, with cheap labor nation specializing in labor-intensive commodities.雙方可以在比較優(yōu)勢的基礎上建立互惠貿(mào)易，擁有廉價勞動力國家出口勞動密集型產(chǎn)品，擁有昂貴勞動力的國家出口資本密集型產(chǎn)品9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Fallacious Arguments for Protection 關于保護的謬誤的觀點 Scientific tariffs are needed s

31、o that domestic producers can compete. 科學的關稅認為應該征收使進口商品價格等于國內價格的關稅9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Fallacious Arguments for Protection 關于保護的謬誤的觀點 This would eliminate price differences and trade in all commodities subject to such “scientific” tariffs.這會消除所有采用這種“科學的”關稅的商品的國際間價

32、格差和貿(mào)易9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Questionable Arguments for Protection 值得商榷的保護的觀點Reduce domestic unemployment 通過保護減少失業(yè)To cure a deficit in the nations balance of payments 消除國際收支赤字 9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Questionable Arguments for Protect

33、ion 值得商榷的保護的觀點Protection would lead to substitution of imports with domestic production.通過保護會引導國內產(chǎn)品取代進口9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Questionable Arguments for Protection 值得商榷的保護的觀點These are beggar-thy-neighbor arguments for protection because they come at the expense of o

34、ther nations.然而，這是“以鄰為壑”的觀點，因為他們是以其他國家的損失為代價的9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4A Questionable Arguments for Protection 值得商榷的保護的觀點Other nations retaliate; all nations lose in the end.如果其他國家采取以牙還牙，最終將導致兩敗俱傷9.4B Infant-industry Argument 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)觀點 Temporary trade protection is justifie

35、d to establish and protect a domestic industry during its “infancy” until it can meet foreign competition, achieve economies of scale, and reflect the nations comparative advantage.對幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)進行暫時的貿(mào)易保護，直至它能夠對付外國競爭，具有經(jīng)濟規(guī)模并形成長期的競爭優(yōu)勢為止9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4B Infant-industry A

36、rgument 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)觀點 To be valid, the return in the grown-up industry must be high enough to offset the higher prices paid by domestic consumers of the commodity during infancy.然而，這一觀點成立的前提是，這項產(chǎn)業(yè)成熟后的回報率必須足夠高，以致可以抵消其在“幼稚期間”國內消費為其支付的價格9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4B Infant-industry

37、Argument 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)觀點 Requires several qualifications which, together, take away most of its significance:保護幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)有幾條重要的限制條件，從而消弱了其大部分的重要性：More justified for developing nations than industrial nations. 在發(fā)展中國家比在工業(yè)國家更適用9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4B Infant-industry Argument 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)觀點 Ma

38、y be difficult to identify which industry qualifies for protection, which, once given, is difficult to remove. 很難確定哪項產(chǎn)業(yè)符合這項要求，一旦給予保護就很難取消9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.4B Infant-industry Argument 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)觀點 What trade protection can do, an equivalent production subsidy to the infa

39、nt industry can do better. 相比貿(mào)易保護，采用對幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)給予等價的生產(chǎn)補貼能做的更好9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism保護主義的政治經(jīng)濟學9.5 Strategic Trade and Industrial Policies戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策According to the strategic trade policy argument, a nation can create a comparative advantage in industries deemed crucial to future growth

40、in the nation.戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策認為，一國可以在對該國至關重要的領域創(chuàng)造比較優(yōu)勢以增強國家未來增長的前景9.5 Strategic Trade and Industrial Policies戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策Nation may use temporary trade protection, subsidies, tax benefits and cooperative government-industry programs.一國可以通過暫時的貿(mào)易保護補貼稅收優(yōu)惠以及政府與工業(yè)部門的合作計劃進行戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易9.5 Strategic Trade and Industrial Pol

41、icies戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易和產(chǎn)業(yè)政策執(zhí)行的困難：Difficult to pick winners and devise appropriate policies to nurture them.但是很難選擇贏家并設計合適的政策去培育他們Efforts largely neutralized when leading nations undertake strategic trade policies at the same time.由于大部分國家同時實行戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策，其效果會相互抵消Retaliation in other markets may eliminate any gains.一國該

42、戰(zhàn)略取得成功是以他國的損失為代價的9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff ActRaised average import duties to 59% by 1932.Spurred international retaliation 1930年通過了穆思特漢利關稅法美國的平均關稅在1932年達到了59%引起了很多國家的報復9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6A 1934 Trade Agreements Act 1934貿(mào)易協(xié)定法Re

43、ductions were based on the principle of most favored nation.是以最惠國原則為基礎的9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6A 1934 Trade Agreements Act 1934貿(mào)易協(xié)定法The most favored nation principle extends to all trading partners any reciprocal tariff reduction negotiated with any trading partner.這項非歧視原則使所有

44、的貿(mào)易伙伴都可以分享其他任何一個貿(mào)易伙伴的關稅互減好處9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6B The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 關稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定Designed to promote expanded international trade through multilateral negotiations.成立的目的是通過多邊貿(mào)易談判促進國際貿(mào)易9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6B The General Agreeme

45、nt on Tariffs and Trade 關稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定GATT rested on three basic principles關貿(mào)總協(xié)定基本原則：Nondiscrimination 非歧視原則Elimination of nontariff barriers 消除非關稅貿(mào)易壁壘Consultation among nations in solving trade disputes 在關貿(mào)總協(xié)定框架內協(xié)商解決國家間的貿(mào)易糾紛9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6C 1962 Trade Expansion Act 1962年擴

46、大貿(mào)易法Authorized the president to negotiate across the board tariff reductions of up to 50%.授權總統(tǒng)可以進行跨國界的關稅減讓談判，最多可達成減讓50%的關稅協(xié)議9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6C 1962 Trade Expansion Act 1962年擴大貿(mào)易法Introduced Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) to workers displaced by international trade.對于

47、由于關稅減讓而受到損害的工人和公司提供了貿(mào)易調整援助9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6C 1962 Trade Expansion Act 1962年擴大貿(mào)易法Allowed the passage of the Kennedy Round negotiation of the GATT.在關貿(mào)協(xié)定主導下發(fā)起了肯尼迪回合談判9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6D 1974 Trade Reform ActAuthorized the president to negotia

48、te tariff reductions of up to 60% and the elimination of tariffs below 5%.通過談判可減讓關稅最多達60%，并有權取消現(xiàn)行5%或更低的關稅9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6D 1974 Trade Reform ActContributed to passage of the Tokyo Round negotiations of the GATT.根據(jù)該法案的授權進行了東京回合談判9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的

49、商業(yè)政策史9.6E 1984 The Trade and Tariff Act 1984年貿(mào)易與關稅法Authorized the president to negotiate international agreements for the protection of intellectual property rights.授權總統(tǒng)談判并簽約知識保護權9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6E 1984 The Trade and Tariff Act 1984年貿(mào)易與關稅法Extended the Generalized Syste

50、m of Preferences (GSP), a system by which developing nation exports are granted preferential access to US markets.擴展了普惠制，發(fā)展中國家可通過該途徑向美國出口9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy美國的商業(yè)政策史9.6E 1984 The Trade and Tariff Act 1984年貿(mào)易與關稅法Provided authority for negotiations leading to free trade with Israel.授權

51、與以色列進行自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議的談判History of U.S. Commercial Policy9.6E 1988 The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 1988年貿(mào)易于競爭法 Required the U.S. Special Trade Representative to set a rigorous schedule for negotiating reductions in trade barriers with countries maintaining high barriers to U.S. exports.要求美國特別貿(mào)易代表按嚴

52、重程度提出保持大量的和普遍的貿(mào)易壁壘的國家名單FIGURE 9-3 U.S. Average Tariff Rates on Dutiable Imports, 1900-2000.9.7 The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合9.7A The Uruguay Round 烏拉圭回合GATTs eighth round of negotiations, with 123 countries participating.由123個國家參加歷史上第8次的多邊貿(mào)易談判Beg

53、an in September 1986 with completion scheduled for December 1990.1986年9月開幕計劃在1990年12月結束9.7 The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合The Uruguay Round 烏拉圭回合Disagreements between United States and European Union, on reducing agricultural subsidies, delayed con

54、clusion for three years.由于美國與歐共體之間關于減少農(nóng)業(yè)補貼方面的分歧將其推遲了3年Agreement took effect in July, 1995.于1995年7月開始生效The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha RoundAims of the Uruguay Round 目標：Establish rules for monitoring protectionism and reversing the trend.建立規(guī)則以阻止新保護主義的激增并扭轉這一趨勢Bring service

55、s, agriculture and foreign investments into negotiations.將服務農(nóng)業(yè)和國外投資引入談判The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha RoundAims of the Uruguay Round 目標：Negotiate international rules for protection of intellectual property rights.制定國際規(guī)則以保護知識產(chǎn)權Ensure more timely decision and compliance wi

56、th GATT rulings on dispute settlements.更及時的決策和遵循關貿(mào)協(xié)定的規(guī)則以改進調節(jié)爭議的機制9.7A The Uruguay Round 烏拉圭回合Major Provisions of Uruguay Accord:協(xié)議的主要條款：Tariffs 關稅Tariffs on industrial products to be cut from an average of 4.7% to an average of 3%.對工業(yè)品的關稅從平均4.7%減讓到3%The share of good with zero tariffs to increase fr

57、om 20-22% to 40-45%.零售關稅的比例從20%22%增加到40%45%9.7 The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合Major Provisions of Uruguay Accord:協(xié)議的主要條款：Quotas 配額Quotas on agricultural products were to be replaced with less restrictive tariffs by 1999有關國家將在1999年年底前以較少限制的關稅代替對農(nóng)業(yè)進口

58、的配額Quotas on textiles were to be replaced with less restrictive tariffs by 2004在2004年年年底前代替對紡織品進口配額9.7 The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合Major Provisions of Uruguay Accord:協(xié)議的主要條款：Antidumping 反傾銷Tougher and quicker resolution of disputes resulting fro

59、m antidumping laws, but not a ban on their use.提供更快更有力的行動，已解決運用反傾銷引起的爭端，但協(xié)議并不禁止它們的運用9.7 The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合Major Provisions of Uruguay Accord:協(xié)議的主要條款：Subsidies 補貼The volume of subsidized agricultural products was to be reduced by 21 per

60、cent, with government subsidies for industrial research limited to 50% of the applied research cost.農(nóng)業(yè)出口補貼的數(shù)量將減讓21%；政府對產(chǎn)業(yè)研究的補貼限制在應用型科學研究費用50%以內9.7 The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade Problems, and the Doha Round烏拉圭回合突出的貿(mào)易問題以及多哈回合 Major Provisions of Uruguay Accord: 協(xié)議的主要條款：Safeguards 國家安全Countries