國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教學(xué)課件：ch06 Economies of Scale,

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionEconomies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International TradeDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER S I X6In this chapter:6.1 Introduction 引言6.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories 赫克歇爾俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論6.3 Economies of Scale and International

2、Trade 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade 不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易In this chapter:6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences 基于動(dòng)態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards, and International Trade 運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易6.1 Introduction 引言 Heckscher-Ohlin theory based compa

3、rative advantage on differences in factor endowments among nations. 赫克歇爾俄林理論是建立在各國(guó)要素稟賦差異引起比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的基礎(chǔ)上的。6.1 Introduction 引言 Leaves significant portion of international trade unexplained. 但是該理論未能解釋當(dāng)今很大一部分的國(guó)際貿(mào)易問(wèn)題。 Need complementary trade theories to fill in the gaps. 需要用一些新的貿(mào)易理論來(lái)彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷。6.2 The Heckscher-

4、Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories赫克歇爾俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論Relaxing most assumptions of H-O theory modifies but does not invalidate the theory.放棄赫克歇爾俄林模型的一些假設(shè)并不影響赫俄理論的正確性6.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories赫克歇爾俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論However, relaxing assumptions of perfect competition and constant economies

5、 of scale require complementary theories to explain trade.然而，去掉規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變和完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的假設(shè)之后，我們需要新的貿(mào)易理論來(lái)解釋赫俄理論所不能解釋的一部分國(guó)際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因。6.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model and New Trade Theories赫克歇爾俄林模型與新貿(mào)易理論Additional trade model required to explain trade based on differences in technological changes over time.另外基于各國(guó)技術(shù)進(jìn)步差異的

6、國(guó)際貿(mào)易也需要新的理論。6.3 Economies of Scale and International Trade規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Increasing returns to scale 規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增Production situation where output grows proportionately more than the increase in inputs (doubling inputs more than doubles output).指產(chǎn)出水平增長(zhǎng)比例高于要素投入增長(zhǎng)比例的生產(chǎn)狀況（所有要素投入增加一倍產(chǎn)出將增加一倍以上）6.3 Economies of Scale

7、 and International Trade規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易With increasing returns to scale, mutually beneficial trade can occur even if nations are identical in every way.在規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增的條件下，即使兩個(gè)國(guó)家在各方面完全相同的情況下互利貿(mào)易也可以發(fā)生。FIGURE 6-1 Trade Based on Economies of Scale.6.3 Economies of Scale and International Trade規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Significant in

8、ternational economies of scale from:新的重要的國(guó)際規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：Outsourcing purchase by firm of parts and components abroad in order to keep costs down.外包指企業(yè)為了削減成本，在海外采購(gòu)零部件Offshoring firm producing in its own plants abroad some of the parts and components used in its products.離岸外包指企業(yè)在自己設(shè)在海外的工廠生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品所使用的部分零件6.4 Imperf

9、ect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易6.4A 基于產(chǎn)品差別的貿(mào)易International trade can involve the exchange of differentiated products of the same industry or broad product group.國(guó)際貿(mào)易中有很大一部分包含了同一產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)或同一類商品組中差別產(chǎn)品6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Leads to intra-industry trade i

10、n differentiated products, as opposed to inter-industry trade in completely different products.與完全不同的商品之間的國(guó)際貿(mào)易相對(duì)，很大一部分國(guó)際貿(mào)易是差別商品的產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Allows economies of scale in production產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)生完全是為了利用生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Tra

11、de不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Contrasts to H-O Model 與赫俄模型對(duì)比1. Trade in H-O model based on factor endowment differentials, but intra-industry trade is based on product differentiation and economies of scale, and will likely be larger for nations of similar size and factor 赫俄模型中的貿(mào)易是基于各國(guó)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)或要素稟賦差別的，而產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易是基于產(chǎn)品差別和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的

12、，而且發(fā)生在在具有相同的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模和要素比例的國(guó)家之間較大6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易 2. With differentiated products produced under economies of scale, pretrade-relative commodity prices may not accurately predict patterns of trade as they do under H-O model. 在規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下進(jìn)行差別產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，貿(mào)易前相對(duì)商品的價(jià)格將不再能準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)貿(mào)

13、易模式6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易 3. H-O model predicts trade will lower returns of nations scarce factor. With intra-industry trade based on economies of scale, it is possible for all factors to gain.赫俄模型預(yù)測(cè)貿(mào)易會(huì)降低一國(guó)稀缺資源的收入，與之相比較的，基于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易可以使所有要素都獲得收入6.4 Imperfect Comp

14、etition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易 4.Intra-industry trade is related to sharp increases in international trade in parts and components of a product, or outsourcing. 產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)品零部件的國(guó)際貿(mào)易或稱外包的飛速發(fā)展密切相關(guān) 6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Comparative advantage seems to determin

15、e patterns of inter-industry trade.More likely with dissimilar factor endowments.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)確定產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易模式要素稟賦的差別越大，產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易就約占主導(dǎo)地位6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Economies of scale in differentiated products gives rise to intra-industry trade.More likely with similar factor endowments.差

16、別產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易當(dāng)要素稟賦比較相似時(shí)，產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易就會(huì)占主導(dǎo)地位6.4 Imperfect Competition and International Trade不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易6.4B Intra-industry Trade Index (T): 產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易測(cè)度指數(shù)：T = 1 -|X - M|X + MX = exports 出口額M = imports 進(jìn)口額Numerator is absolute value 分子表示差的絕對(duì)值T ranges from 0 to 1 T取值范圍01T=0 when nation only imports or exports

17、 the goodT=0時(shí)表示只有進(jìn)口或者出口T=1 when exports = imports. T=1時(shí)表示對(duì)某一商品進(jìn)口額等于出口額FIGURE 6-2 Production and Pricing Under Monopolistic Competition.6.4C 產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的正規(guī)模型FIGURE 6-3 Monopolistic Competition and Intra-Industry Trade.6.4D 產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易模型的另一種形式6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences基于動(dòng)態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易6.5A Pro

18、duct Cycle Model (Vernon, 1966) 產(chǎn)品生命周期模型（弗農(nóng)，1966）Advanced industrialized countries develop and introduce new products, with temporary monopoly power as the sole exporter of the product.發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國(guó)家開(kāi)發(fā)出新產(chǎn)品，使得廠商或者國(guó)家作為唯一的該產(chǎn)品出口者獲得暫時(shí)的壟斷地位6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences基于動(dòng)態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易As the tec

19、hnology producing the product becomes more widespread, production will spread to other nations.隨著該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)變得越來(lái)越普及，產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)也將向其他國(guó)家開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)移6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences基于動(dòng)態(tài)技術(shù)差異的貿(mào)易 As production becomes standardized, the original introducer of the product loses its technologically based

20、comparative advantage in the production of the product and becomes an importer of the product. 隨著產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)變得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，對(duì)于該產(chǎn)品的最早發(fā)明者會(huì)失去它的以生產(chǎn)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，轉(zhuǎn)而變成該產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口者FIGURE 6-4 The Product Cycle Model.6.5B 對(duì)產(chǎn)品周期模型的說(shuō)明6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易6.6A Transpor

21、tation costs 運(yùn)輸成本Transport, or logistics, costs are the freight charges, warehousing costs, costs of loading and unloading, insurance premiums, and interest charges incurred while goods are in transit between nations.運(yùn)輸成本或物流成本包括運(yùn)費(fèi)儲(chǔ)藏費(fèi)裝卸費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)及貨物在運(yùn)輸期間的利息費(fèi)用6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Stand

22、ards and International Trade運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Homogeneous goods will be trade internationally only if the pretrade price difference exceeds transport costs.同質(zhì)商品要想進(jìn)入國(guó)際貿(mào)易流通，它在兩國(guó)貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格差必須大于把該商品從一國(guó)運(yùn)至另一國(guó)的運(yùn)輸成本6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易 Nontraded go

23、ods and services are goods for which transport costs exceed price differences across nations. 非貿(mào)易商品與勞務(wù)就是那些運(yùn)輸成本超過(guò)其在國(guó)家間價(jià)格差的商品或服務(wù) Examples 例如Average people do not travel from New York to London for a haircut.大多數(shù)人不會(huì)選擇從倫敦飛到紐約去理發(fā)6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade運(yùn)

24、輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Two ways to analyze transport costs 兩種分析運(yùn)輸成本的方法General equilibrium analysis Uses production frontiers or offer curves, and expresses transport costs in terms of relative commodity prices.一般均衡分析利用一國(guó)的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線或者提供曲線，用相對(duì)商品價(jià)格來(lái)表示運(yùn)輸成本6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and Inter

25、national Trade運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Partial equilibrium analysisAnalyze absolute cost by holding constant exchange rates, income, and all else in the two nations except amount of good produced, consumed and traded.More straightforward method than general equilibrium analysis.局部均衡分析分析運(yùn)輸成本的絕對(duì)價(jià)值或者貨幣價(jià)值，除了兩國(guó)間某一商品

26、的生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)貿(mào)易量之外的貨幣匯率收入水平以及其他變量為常數(shù)比一般均衡分析更為直接的一種方法.FIGURE 6-5 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Transport Costs.6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易6.6B Transport costs influence location of production and industry： 運(yùn)輸成本與產(chǎn)業(yè)選址：Resource-oriented industries

27、locate near the source of raw materials used by the industry.資源定向型產(chǎn)業(yè)指傾向于靠近其生產(chǎn)所需原材料產(chǎn)地的產(chǎn)業(yè)6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade運(yùn)輸成本環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易Market-oriented industries produce goods that become heavier or more difficult to transport during production, so they locate near the markets for their products.市場(chǎng)定向型產(chǎn)業(yè)指靠近該產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)Footloose industries face neither substantial weight gains nor losses during pr