科英復(fù)習(xí)week15-16---ESTTestSample-Revision

1、I. Decide whether the following statements are True or False: (1 point for each)1. TF Much of the worlds electricity nowadays is produced from the use of renewable resources.2. T F According to the Faradays law, action and reaction are opposite and equal.3. T F In convention, alternating current is

2、usually supplied to peoples houses at 50 cycles per second.4. T F Dinosaurs may have become extinct because their brains were not proportional to their brawn.5. T F Mankind has always doubted what Tennyson calls “the useful trouble of the rain.6. T F Modern computers are sometimes classified into ge

3、nerations, with each generation characterized with some important technology.7. T F Water pollution may affect humans directly, causing a smarting of the eyes or coughing.8. T F The Internet can also be used to transfer telephone calls using an application known as IP-telephony.9. T F The term, civi

4、l engineering, was first used in the U.S.A. to distinguish the newly profession military engineering, until then preeminent.10. T F As late as the 1760s, the radial boulevards in Paris had military as well as aesthetic purposes.11. T F Urban planners in the 17th-century Europe also introduced parks

5、and playgrounds in congested city neighborhoods, providing places for recreation, and for visual relief.12. T F Action and reaction are opposite and equal. Sound travels through the air in waves. Soft layers of ice moulded the lakes and hills of Europe and North America millions of years ago. 13. T

6、F Civil engineering can be divided into three broad categories, which may be described as consulting, contracting and governmental engineering. 14. T F Although essentially a practical profession, civil engineering is founded on applied science. 15. T F A tunnel is a passage, or a gallery, or a road

7、way beneath the ground or underwater.16. T F Electric power systems refers to all components that transform other type of energy into electrical energy and transmit this energy to a consumer.17. T F Electricity is a phenomenon produced by the elementary particle, which belongs to a fundamental prope

8、rty of matter. 18. T F In comparison with both mechanics and optics, the science of electricity and magnetism were slow to develop since 1700.19. T F Urban management may be described as a social movement, as a business function, or as a technical profession. There are lots of examples from humans e

9、arliest times of efforts to plan city development.20. T F Around the 18th century, the city planning concepts of the European Renaissance were transplanted to the New World.21. T F Thunder is the loud noise followed by a flash of light. If you light a match on an airplane, no wind will blow it out.2

10、2. T F Historically, mechanics was among the first of the exact sciences to be developed. It is concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces, including the special case in which a body remains at rest. 23. T F The three quantities of bodiesthe total energy, (linear) momentum, and a

11、ngular momentum in the universe are conserved.24. T F Although England and Scotland were important centers of mathematical research in the early 17th century, with Maclaurins death in 1746, the British flame was all but extinguished.25. T F The central concepts in classical mechanics are force, mass

12、 and motion.26. T F Art is the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that are not to be shared with others.27. T F Carbon is the most important element, and for this reason all steels are classified according to carbon content. 28. T F Input

13、devices, such as a keyboard or mouse, permit the computer user to communicate with the computer.29. T F The development of electricity as a source of power started earlier than steam power late in the 20th century. 30. T F Art conservation and restoration are actions taken to examine, preserve, and

14、restore to their original conditions of objects of historic and artistic merits.31. T F Only certain drugs alter the bodys chemistry.32. T F A significant danger of heroin is that it is so addictive.33. T F Even an overdose of amphetamines will probably not be fatal.34. T F Barbiturates are particul

15、arly dangerous when taken with alcohol.35. T F Scientists can predict with reasonable accuracy the effects of LSD on the user.36. T F Although many scientists studied motion，Newton was the first.37. T F Acceleration is proportional to mass. Any change in motion is produced by a force.38. T F A rocke

16、t functions on the principle of action and reaction. Newtons ideas influenced world thinking in fields other than science.39. T F Galileos ideas were based on Newtons work.40. T F Noise pollution is one form of pollution that is characteristic of industrial societies is noise.II. Translate the follo

17、wing terms into English: (10%, 2 points for each) 1. 載人飛行manned flight，角動(dòng)量 angular momentum；相對(duì)力學(xué) relativistic mechanics 2. 馬蹄形磁鐵horseshoe magnet；土木工程 civil engineering；運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué) kinematics ；動(dòng)力學(xué) kinetics 3. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理database management；彈出式廣告 pop-up ads；命令和指令 commands & instructions系統(tǒng)總線 bus4. 物種起源 The Origin of

18、 Species；超聲波supersonic/ ultrasonic / hypersonic；寄存器 register5. 裝飾藝術(shù)art deco；無(wú)人機(jī)UAV/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle；防空工事air defense work靜力學(xué) statics6. 操作系統(tǒng)OS/ Operating System； 麻花鉆twist drill；抗體anti-body7. 氧化物oxidant；毒品narcotics/ narcotic drugs ；解除管制decontrol8. 隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器（隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)內(nèi)存） RAM =Random Access Memory；只讀存儲(chǔ)器（只讀

19、內(nèi)存） ROM =Read-Only Memory；下拉式菜單 Pull-down/drop-down Menu9. 中央處理器CPU = Central Processing Unit；面向進(jìn)程的process-oriented；面向?qū)ο蟮膐bject-oriented;平板電腦 tablet computer；筆記本電腦 notebook/laptop computer;臺(tái)式機(jī)/臺(tái)式電腦 desktop computer10. 發(fā)電機(jī)組generator unit/set；power unit;水電站hydropower/water-power plant；雞心夾頭 heart carri

20、er11. 手術(shù)后的postoperative；死后的/驗(yàn)尸的postmortem；凝固點(diǎn)solid point12. 炸彈負(fù)荷/炸彈負(fù)載bomb load；立體顯微鏡Stereomicroscope ；空氣阻力 air reaction13.工字鋼I-steel； 槽鋼U-steel；金字塔式框架A-frame14. 聲納sonar ；鐳射/激光laser；雷達(dá)radar；15.城市規(guī)劃 urban planning；轉(zhuǎn)/分 r. p. m；超導(dǎo)體 superconductorIII. Translate the following terms into Chinese: (30%, 3 p

21、oints for each)1. air reaction, solid point, defense work2. r.p.m, SCR , hydropower, 3. RAM, CPU, Read-Only Memory4. stereomicroscope, oxidize, narcotics 5. process-oriented, heart carrier, AC-DC6. radar, sonar, superconductor7. I-steel, T-beam, U-bolt8. Morse code, hypertext, front-user9. hypo-heal

22、th, postoperative, decontrol10. mechanics, statics, kinematicsIII. Put the following sentences into Chinese: (20%, 2 points for each)1. These vacuum tubes will see use in the output stage.這些真空管將在輸出級(jí)得到應(yīng)用。2. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting. 鑄造是把原材料加工成成品的最簡(jiǎn)便方法。

23、3. Birds may be guided in their migration by the position of the sun or stars. 鳥(niǎo)兒可能是通過(guò)太陽(yáng)或恒星定位完成遷徙導(dǎo)航的。4. In this case, a magnetic field will be built up round the coil. 在這種情況下，線圈周圍將形成一個(gè)磁場(chǎng)。5. A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation. 在機(jī)器投入運(yùn)行前，要先進(jìn)行試車。6. An intricate network of the

24、 computer system runs this modern petroleum refinery. 電子計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理著這個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的煉油廠。 7. Mankind has always reverenced what Tennyson call “the useful trouble of rain”. 人類一直很推崇丁尼生所說(shuō)的名言：“雨既有用，又帶來(lái)麻煩。”8. Isaac Newton believed that the universe is symmetrical and in good balance. 艾薩克牛頓認(rèn)為宇宙既是對(duì)稱的，又是非常平衡的。9. He w

25、as thrown into confusion by unexpected results in the first experiment. 首次實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)生的以外結(jié)果使他腦子陷入一片混亂。10. Optics technology is one of the most sensational development in recent years. 光學(xué)技術(shù)是近年來(lái)轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的科學(xué)成就之一。11. Engine must breathe freely to provide maximum power and performance. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)必須通風(fēng)良好，以便提供最大動(dòng)力，發(fā)揮最佳效果。12. L

26、arge quantities of steam are used by modern industry to generate power. 現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)/現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)大量使用蒸汽來(lái)發(fā)電。13. This new-type cylindrical vessel is designed and made by Chinese workers. 這種新型圓筒形容器是由中國(guó)工人設(shè)計(jì)制造的。14. Laser is found very efficient in drilling small holes in tunnel constructions. 人們?cè)缫寻l(fā)現(xiàn)，激光是隧道施工中用于細(xì)孔鉆探的高效設(shè)備

27、。15. A roughing cut is usually to be followed by a finishing cut. 通常，先做粗切割，緊跟著進(jìn)行精切割。16. Iron, usually, is extracted from the ore by melting it in the blast furnace. 鐵，通常是由放入鼓風(fēng)高爐的鐵礦砂經(jīng)冶煉熔化后提取出來(lái)。IV. Cloze: (15%, 1 point for each)People can become addicted ( 1 to ) different things e.g., alcohol, drugs,

28、 certain foods, cell phone, selfie stick, or even television. People who have such ( 2 an ) addiction are compulsive, i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders; They feel that they must spend m

29、oney. This compulsion, ( 3 like ) most others, is irrational impossible to explain reasonably. ( 4 For ) compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. ( 5 In ) other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in

30、spending enormous amounts is actually greater ( 6 than ) the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.There is even ( 7 a ) special psychology of bargain-hunting. To save money, of course, most people look ( 8 for ) sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often

31、buy things that they dont need just ( 9 because ) they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game; when they can buy something for ( 10 less ) than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have t

32、wo reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and ( 11 the ) real reason.It is not only scientists, of course, ( 12 who ) understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology ( 13 to ) increase business.

33、They consider peoples needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising ( 14 and ) sales methods. Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy” to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they c

34、an help people who feel that they have problems ( 15 with) money.V Reading comprehension：(10 %, 2 points for each)1A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced

35、 in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clea

36、r who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful n

37、ew tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA sam

38、ples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that

39、a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members o

40、f the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough d

41、ata are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve som

42、e of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects _C.A. would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB. would have to submit eviden

43、ce for their innocenceC. could easily escape conviction of guiltD. cold be convicted of guilt as well2. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when _B.A. the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurateB. two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprint

44、ing patternC. a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individualsD. two different individuals leave two DNA samples.3.To geneticists likeLewontin and Hartl, the current method _ A.A. is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can

45、 never come from two individualsB. is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern.C. Is not based on adequate scientific theory of geneticsD. Is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying4.The attitude of the Federal Bureau of In

46、vestigation shows that _ B.A. enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual membersB. enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form the same person can matchC. enough dat

47、a are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same personD. additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person5.National Academy

48、of Sciences holds the stance that _ B.A. DNA testing should be systematized B. Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testingC. The academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing D. The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing1 5 C B A B B 2.Racket, din clam

49、or, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is Americas most widespread nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present danger to peoples health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress.

50、 No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still respondssometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stres

51、s building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators havemade public annoyance the basis of many noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Neverthele

52、ss, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other thing may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging to our health.Of many health hazards to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals.

53、 The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes a

54、nnoyance and irritability in health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy and

55、childhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary amounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link between noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world. It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as