英文翻譯-紅外傳感器--畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 外文資料及中文譯文學(xué) 生 姓 名 付木木（1）專 業(yè) 電子信息工程 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 王木木 專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù) 高級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)師 外文資料Moving Object Counting with an Infrared Sensor Network By KI, Chi Keung Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wi

2、de range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource

3、 management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct

4、 a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system. Keywords: Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node1.1 Introduction to Infrared Infrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying betw

5、een visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadays including data communications, night vision, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV rem

6、ote control as an example, which can be found in everyones home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the co

7、ntrol of multiple appliances such as a TV, VCR, and cable box, without interference, systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal. To encode the data, systems generally vary the width of the pulses (pulse-wid

8、th modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation). Another popular system, bi-phase encoding, uses signal transitions to convey information. Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency. A high means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency a

9、nd a low represents an absence of IR energy. There is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, some quasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80. In addition, many manufacturers, such as NEC, have also

10、established their own standards. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a

11、counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which

12、 co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting

13、system. 1.2 Wireless sensor network Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different lo

14、cations. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust,

15、 depending on different applications. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes. The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes, therefo

16、re, have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Due to the advancement in micro-electronic

17、 mechanical system technology (MEMS), embedded microprocessors, and wireless networking, the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas, including habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, and home automation. 1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless sensor network nodes are ty

18、pically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applications and the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource

19、constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS TinyOS is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. Unlike most other operating systems, TinyO

20、S is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to ha

21、ndle the event. The TinyOS system and programs are both written in a special programming language called nesC nesC which is an extension to the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming

22、 in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki Contiki, and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and supports run-time loading of standard ELF files. The Contiki kernel is event-driven, like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-applica

23、tion basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel, the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptive multithreading. With preemptive multithreading, applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes. 1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Node A sensor node, also known as a mot

24、e, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be in small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the e

25、nvironment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source. The main components of a sensor node include sensors, microcontroller, transceiver, and power source. Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a

26、 change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density. The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter. The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for further processing. Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passiv

27、e and Omni directional sensors. Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environment with active probing, while no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements. Commonly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. in

28、frared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magnetic sensor). In practice, a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor. Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node. The sensor node is resp

29、onsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand. It handles the interruption from the transceiver. In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation. The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined

30、 into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored ei

31、ther in the batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd(nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zi

32、nc), Nimh(nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renew their energy from solar to vibration energy. Two major power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sen

33、sor node which are not currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption. 1.5 Challenges The major challenges in the design and i

34、mplementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote

35、and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration. The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives, current

36、 sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently, the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed. In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication

37、with low power consumption is preferred. Furthermore, to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed. 1.6 Research Issues Researchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation, and operat

38、ion. These include hardware, software and middleware, which means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage

39、 areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data security, sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors. In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN. They focused in various areas, including physical prope

40、rty, sensor training, security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access, sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination, addressing, energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling, energy conserved routing, connect

41、ivity, data dissemination and gathering, sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc. 中文譯文移動(dòng)目標(biāo)點(diǎn)數(shù)與紅外傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)作者 KI, Chi Keung 摘要 無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)已成為最近的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)。偉大的效益通過(guò)部署的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在大范圍的應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域,覆蓋了商業(yè)、軍事以及住宅。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng),以追蹤那些經(jīng)過(guò)檢測(cè)區(qū)以及相應(yīng)的移動(dòng)方向。這樣的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)部署在交通控制、資源管理和人力的流量控制。我們的設(shè)計(jì)是基于我們的自制劃算

42、的紅外傳感模塊板用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聯(lián)系。我們的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)包括紅外傳感模塊設(shè)計(jì)、傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通訊、系統(tǒng)聚類、建筑和部署。我們進(jìn)行了一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)的性能論證了高效率的移動(dòng)對(duì)象計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)。關(guān)鍵詞:紅外輻射，無(wú)線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)1.1介紹紅外 紅外輻射,是一個(gè)部分的電磁輻射與波長(zhǎng)在撒謊可見(jiàn)光與無(wú)線電波之間。現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用紅外線包括數(shù)據(jù)通訊、夜視裝置,物件追蹤等等。人們通常使用紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信中,由于它是容易產(chǎn)生和只有受電磁干擾少。把電視遙控器控制作為一種例子,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人的家里。紅外遙控系統(tǒng)利用紅外發(fā)光二極管(led)散發(fā)出紅外(紅外線)訊號(hào)按鈕推后。不同模式顯示相應(yīng)的按鈕的脈沖的存在推。允許控制多

43、種電器比如電視機(jī)、錄像機(jī)、有線電視盒,不受干擾,系統(tǒng)通常有序言和一個(gè)地址進(jìn)行同步識(shí)別來(lái)源的接收機(jī)的位置和紅外信號(hào)。編碼的數(shù)據(jù),系統(tǒng)通常不同脈沖的寬度(脈寬調(diào)制)或?qū)挾戎g的間隔空間調(diào)制脈沖(脈沖)。另一種受歡迎的系統(tǒng)、雙相編碼,利用信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)傳遞信息。每次脈沖是其實(shí)一陣紅外在載波頻率?！案摺钡暮x是一陣紅外能量載波頻率和一個(gè)“低”體現(xiàn)了一種不在紅外能量。沒(méi)有編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而,當(dāng)許多家庭娛樂(lè)設(shè)備使用他們自己的一些quasi-standards專有的編碼系統(tǒng)確實(shí)存在。這些包括RC-5、RC -(六)、REC-80。此外,許多汽車制造商,如NEC、也成立他們自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)已成為

44、最近的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)。偉大的效益通過(guò)部署的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在大范圍的應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域,覆蓋了商業(yè)、軍事以及住宅。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng),以追蹤那些經(jīng)過(guò)檢測(cè)區(qū)以及相應(yīng)的移動(dòng)方向。這樣的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)部署在交通控制、資源管理和人力的流量控制。我們的設(shè)計(jì)是基于我們的自制劃算的紅外傳感模塊板用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聯(lián)系。我們的系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)包括紅外傳感模塊設(shè)計(jì)、傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通訊、系統(tǒng)聚類、建筑和部署。我們進(jìn)行了一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)的性能論證了高效率的移動(dòng)對(duì)象計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)。1.2無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò) 無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)是一種無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)是由大量不同傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的自主使用傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)物理或環(huán)境條件,如溫度、音響、振動(dòng)、壓力、運(yùn)動(dòng)或

45、污染物,其代價(jià)就是壽命不同的地點(diǎn)。在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)通常配備了無(wú)線通信設(shè)備,一個(gè)小的單片機(jī),一個(gè)或多個(gè)傳感器,和一種能源,通常是一個(gè)電池。大小的單一傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)可以一樣大,可作為鞋盒小面積的一粒塵埃,這取決于不同的應(yīng)用程序中。成本的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)是同樣的變量,從幾百美元到幾美分,根據(jù)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的大小和復(fù)雜性的要求單一傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)。大小和成本約束條件下的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn),因此,結(jié)果在相應(yīng)的限制有可用的輸入,例如精力,記憶,算法的計(jì)算速度和帶寬。無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展(WSN)起初的目的軍事應(yīng)用,如戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的監(jiān)視。由于進(jìn)步微-電子機(jī)械系統(tǒng)(MEMS)技術(shù),嵌入式處理器、和無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的受益在

46、許多平民的應(yīng)用范圍,包括生境監(jiān)測(cè)、醫(yī)療應(yīng)用,以及家庭自動(dòng)化。1.3類型的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)通常不那么復(fù)雜比通用由于操作系統(tǒng)的特殊要求的傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用及在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源約束條件下的硬件平臺(tái)。這操作系統(tǒng)不需要包括支持用戶界面。此外,在資源約束的內(nèi)存方面和內(nèi)存映射的硬件支持機(jī)制如虛擬內(nèi)存或者不必要或無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。TinyOSTinyOS可能是第一個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)專門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。與大多數(shù)其它操作系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)上,TinyOS事件驅(qū)動(dòng)編程模型代替多線程。TinyOS節(jié)目都是合成事件處理器和任務(wù)以跑到completion-semantics。當(dāng)一個(gè)外部事件發(fā)生時(shí),例如一個(gè)到來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)分組或閱讀,TinyOS傳感器調(diào)用合適的事件處理程序來(lái)處理這個(gè)事件。這TinyOS系統(tǒng)和節(jié)目都是寫(xiě)在一種特殊的編程語(yǔ)言nesC稱為nesC是一種延伸到C程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言。NesC是用來(lái)偵測(cè)的種族條件和任務(wù)間事件處理器。也有操作系統(tǒng),允許這樣的例子程序,使用c操作系統(tǒng)包括Contiki,Contiki螳螂。Contiki是設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上支持加載模塊加載和支持運(yùn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)精靈的文件。Contiki事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的,就像TinyOS內(nèi)核,但制度的支持多線程每個(gè)基礎(chǔ)操作。不像其指導(dǎo)思想是將事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的Contiki內(nèi)核,螳螂的核心是基于先發(fā)制人的多線程。與先發(fā)制人的多線程、應(yīng)用程序不需要明確的