BU 課文翻譯及課后練習(xí)答案

1、Unit 8 Nature and NutureIn-class reading課內(nèi)閱讀參考譯文基因、環(huán)境與雙胞胎1 遺傳與環(huán)境究竟哪一個(gè)影響更大呢?在相當(dāng)大的程度上，一個(gè)人生來(lái)具有的潛力將決定他一生的作為。因此遺傳即命運(yùn)，是命中注定的東西。然而，基因并不是在真空中發(fā)揮作用的；一旦我們開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到基因在個(gè)人發(fā)展中所起的作用，我們就會(huì)明白，沒(méi)有與其相互作用的環(huán)境，就不可能有任何個(gè)人的發(fā)展。沒(méi)有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是完全由環(huán)境或者完全由基因造成的。2 遺傳和環(huán)境的相對(duì)影響在同卵雙胞胎中最易觀察到。大多數(shù)的同卵雙胞胎是在一起撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的，因而無(wú)論在外表還是行為上都驚人地相像。這些實(shí)例證明，若在同樣的環(huán)境中撫養(yǎng)成長(zhǎng)，

2、具有相同基因的個(gè)體就會(huì)以幾乎同樣的方式對(duì)環(huán)境作出反應(yīng)。但這些例子并不能說(shuō)明如果把這些同卵雙胞胎分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況。3 對(duì)分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)的同卵雙胞胎已進(jìn)行了許多研究。被研究的這些雙胞胎都生活在美國(guó)，成長(zhǎng)的自然環(huán)境幾乎相同，并且具有幾乎相同的營(yíng)養(yǎng)史。因而，正如所料，他們?cè)谕獗?、身高和體重上極其相似。也有例外：一對(duì)雙胞胎中的一個(gè)患了相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的疾病而另一個(gè)卻沒(méi)生?。坏强傮w而言，同卵雙胞胎，甚至從嬰兒時(shí)就分離的同卵雙胞胎，在心理和身體上會(huì)如此相似，給每個(gè)人留下了深刻的印象。4 在對(duì)從一出生就分離的19對(duì)雙胞胎的研究中，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中約三分之二的雙胞胎之間的差異與一起長(zhǎng)大的雙胞胎之間的差異一樣不明顯。這

3、有力地說(shuō)明了基因的影響力和環(huán)境作用的局限性。然而，必須記住的是，盡管被研究的同卵雙胞胎生活在不同家庭里且相距甚遠(yuǎn)，但總體而言，那些家庭的環(huán)境基本上沒(méi)有什么差異。通常都會(huì)千方百計(jì)地將每個(gè)孩子安置在和他自己原來(lái)的家庭背景相同的家庭里，因而發(fā)現(xiàn)這些雙胞胎成長(zhǎng)中有不少相似之處就不足為奇了。但是在那些分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)的雙胞胎的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境有較大差異的實(shí)例中，雙胞胎之間的差異就很大。下面的例子說(shuō)明了在對(duì)比度很大的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的同卵雙胞胎的情況。5 格萊迪絲和海倫出生于俄亥俄州的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)，在大約18個(gè)月時(shí)被分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)。她們直到28歲才再次相遇。海倫被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)了兩次。她最初的養(yǎng)父母結(jié)果靠不住，兩年后海倫又被送回到孤兒院。過(guò)了幾個(gè)

4、月，她再一次被住在密歇根東南部的一對(duì)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主夫婦領(lǐng)養(yǎng)。此后25年她一直住在那里。她的第二個(gè)養(yǎng)母盡管本身沒(méi)受過(guò)什么教育，卻下決心要讓海倫得到良好的教育；海倫最終大學(xué)畢業(yè)，教了12年的書(shū)，26歲時(shí)結(jié)婚，并有了一個(gè)女兒。6 格萊迪絲被加拿大的一個(gè)列車(chē)乘務(wù)員及其妻子領(lǐng)養(yǎng)。她讀三年級(jí)的那一年，全家搬到了加拿大落基山脈一帶一個(gè)相當(dāng)偏僻的地方，那兒沒(méi)有學(xué)校，格萊迪絲的正式教育也就此結(jié)束，直到全家搬到安大略省后才得以繼續(xù)。于是格萊迪絲就呆在家里干家務(wù)，一直到她17歲，隨后在一家針織廠工作。19歲那年她去了底特律，找到一份工作，21歲時(shí)結(jié)了婚。7 海倫在兒童和成年時(shí)期都一直比格萊迪絲健康，但除了這一點(diǎn)以及各自所受

5、的教育不同之外，她們的生活環(huán)境十分相似。她們的體重、身高、發(fā)色和牙齒都十分相似。她們之間的區(qū)別顯然與她們各自的家庭生活和社交生活不同有關(guān)。8 海倫自信、舉止得體、充分利用了她外表的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在社交中也顯得很從容，有修養(yǎng)。格萊迪絲則害羞、忸怩、沉默寡言，缺乏迷人或優(yōu)雅的風(fēng)度。一位研究她們的科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“這兩個(gè)雙胞胎之間的懸殊差異真可謂是大學(xué)教育的頗有說(shuō)服力的廣告?！? 考慮到她們環(huán)境方面的經(jīng)歷的本質(zhì)不同，海倫和格萊迪絲之間的差異也就不足為怪了。由于心理特點(diǎn)在很大程度上取決于經(jīng)歷，可想而知心理特點(diǎn)也反映經(jīng)歷。另一方面，那些不易受環(huán)境影響的特點(diǎn)更有可能在同卵雙胞胎中表現(xiàn)出高度的相似性。盡管基因十分重

6、要，但是基因本身決不能完全決定任何一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。我們的能力會(huì)達(dá)到什么程度由基因注定，而我們真正做了什么則主要由環(huán)境決定。After-class reading課外閱讀參考譯文科學(xué)再次關(guān)注雙胞胎1 如果你對(duì)雙胞胎感興趣的話(huà)，那么雙胞胎鎮(zhèn)會(huì)使你著迷。2 從1976年起的每個(gè)夏天，這個(gè)位于俄亥俄州克里夫蘭郊外的小鎮(zhèn)都會(huì)擠滿(mǎn)眾多的雙胞胎。去年夏天，有2,356對(duì)雙胞胎從世界各地來(lái)到這里，參加并觀看游行、焰火、魔術(shù)表演、五公里賽跑以及一百多項(xiàng)的比賽：評(píng)選出年紀(jì)最大的、年紀(jì)最小的、最像的、最不像的，以及兩人相加笑起來(lái)嘴咧得最大的雙胞胎。3 你要是去過(guò)那兒的話(huà)，你可能會(huì)注意到有很多科學(xué)家也參加了這個(gè)盛會(huì)。有些科

7、學(xué)家是來(lái)尋找引起疾病的緣由例如皮膚病、癌癥、心臟病。另外一些科學(xué)家則對(duì)雙胞胎自身的感受感興趣。但是在所有的科學(xué)家中，從事最重要的也是最有爭(zhēng)議的工作的是這樣一些科學(xué)家，他們專(zhuān)門(mén)研究先天遺傳和后天培養(yǎng)這個(gè)由來(lái)已久的問(wèn)題，即研究有關(guān)我們是如何發(fā)展成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子的。4 為什么我們有些人精通數(shù)學(xué)或擅長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)作，而另外一些人則在藝術(shù)或籃球上出類(lèi)拔萃？是什么造成了我們?cè)谥橇?、才能和品味上的差異？這些主要是由我們從父母那里繼承來(lái)的基因（先天遺傳）決定的嗎？同我們的生活經(jīng)歷（后天培養(yǎng)），也就是我們成長(zhǎng)的社會(huì)環(huán)境又有多大關(guān)系呢？5 如果你是一個(gè)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題感興趣的科學(xué)家，你難道不想研究一下同卵雙胞胎嗎？想一想：從同一受

8、精卵發(fā)育出來(lái)了兩個(gè)人。也就是說(shuō)，兩個(gè)人有完全相同的基因。同卵雙胞胎之間存在的任何不同都只能是他們成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境不同的結(jié)果。但是你能說(shuō)他們之間的任何相同點(diǎn)都是基因相同的緣故嗎？6 不一定吧。記住，大多數(shù)雙胞胎都有相似的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境同樣的房子，同樣的飲食，同樣的親戚等等。研究分開(kāi)在不同環(huán)境下?lián)狃B(yǎng)的同卵雙胞胎，或許是你能準(zhǔn)確衡量先天遺傳和后天培養(yǎng)所起的作用的唯一辦法。7 在過(guò)去的10年間，由心理學(xué)家小托馬斯·J·布沙爾帶領(lǐng)的一組科學(xué)家研究了大約65對(duì)分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)的同卵雙胞胎。他們還研究了大約45對(duì)分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)的異卵雙胞胎。8 科學(xué)家們把每對(duì)雙胞胎帶到明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)進(jìn)行為期一周、深入細(xì)致的檢測(cè)。小組里

9、的醫(yī)生和牙醫(yī)們給這些雙胞胎進(jìn)行了全面的體檢。他們記錄了雙胞胎的身高、體重、眼睛顏色、耳朵的形狀和頭圍。9 同時(shí)，心理學(xué)家們還對(duì)雙胞胎進(jìn)行了智商和性格測(cè)試。為了測(cè)試性格，心理學(xué)家們?cè)O(shè)法測(cè)定了：雙胞胎們對(duì)事情擔(dān)憂(yōu)的程度，他們是謹(jǐn)慎型的還是魯莽型的，以及他們的創(chuàng)造力如何。他們根據(jù)雙胞胎們對(duì)一些陳述的回答來(lái)衡量這些方面以及其他一些性格特征，這些陳述包括“我很少魯莽行事”,“木柴燃燒的火焰激發(fā)我的想象力”等。一周結(jié)束時(shí)，每個(gè)雙胞胎都回答了大約15,000個(gè)問(wèn)題。10 布沙爾小組對(duì)分開(kāi)撫養(yǎng)的雙胞胎之間的相似之處感到非常吃驚。例如他們的手勢(shì)和姿勢(shì)經(jīng)常很相似，真是令人驚奇。在照片上，很多雙胞胎擺出的姿勢(shì)幾乎一

10、模一樣。有些同卵雙胞胎還發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的生活方式極其相似。11 “吉姆兄弟”是布沙爾研究的第一對(duì)同卵雙胞胎，他們出生四周后就被不同的家庭領(lǐng)養(yǎng)。他們都在俄亥俄州長(zhǎng)大，彼此相隔45英里。當(dāng)他們?cè)?9歲重逢時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一系列驚人的相同之處：二個(gè)人都叫吉姆，都開(kāi)同一型號(hào)的藍(lán)色雪佛蘭，都喜歡做木工，都有啃手指甲的習(xí)慣，養(yǎng)的狗都叫“Toy”。兩個(gè)人都有傍晚頭痛的毛病，都是在18歲時(shí)開(kāi)始的。12 在吉姆兄弟之間所發(fā)現(xiàn)的相同點(diǎn)在明尼蘇達(dá)小組研究的雙胞胎身上都普遍存在。有些對(duì)明尼蘇達(dá)研究工作持批評(píng)態(tài)度的人說(shuō)“這些巧合沒(méi)什么可奇怪的”。他們認(rèn)為每個(gè)人的生活里都有很多的細(xì)節(jié)，因此必然會(huì)有巧合。而且，對(duì)于異地?fù)狃B(yǎng)的同卵雙胞胎

11、之間發(fā)現(xiàn)的任何一個(gè)巧合，持懷疑態(tài)度者都能指出大量未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的不同點(diǎn)。同一對(duì)雙胞胎可能有不同型號(hào)的電視機(jī)，支持不同的足球隊(duì)。但不同點(diǎn)是不會(huì)被報(bào)道的，因?yàn)樗鼈儾粫?huì)使人吃驚。13 但是除了巧合之外，明尼蘇達(dá)的科學(xué)家們收集并分析了有關(guān)雙胞胎的健康、智力和個(gè)性方面的大量數(shù)據(jù)。布沙爾認(rèn)為，有關(guān)異地?fù)狃B(yǎng)的同卵雙胞胎的數(shù)據(jù)清楚地顯示了：先天遺傳，即我們所繼承的基因，對(duì)我們的生活有顯著的影響。該小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些同卵雙胞胎在身高、指紋和心率等生理特征方面極其相似。成年的同卵雙胞胎還往往有相似的病史，例如同時(shí)得了青光眼。14 明尼蘇達(dá)小組報(bào)告說(shuō)智力似乎也更受基因的影響而不是環(huán)境。雖然由不同的家庭撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大，布沙爾小組研究

12、的同卵雙胞胎在成人智力測(cè)驗(yàn)中所得的分?jǐn)?shù)完全相同或幾乎相同。15 但是最令人吃驚的是，明尼蘇達(dá)小組發(fā)現(xiàn)基因?qū)τ趥€(gè)性的形成起著重要作用，例如，會(huì)決定我們是否尊重傳統(tǒng)、循規(guī)蹈矩，還是會(huì)成為堅(jiān)定的離經(jīng)叛道者。根據(jù)布沙爾的看法，你與生俱來(lái)的基因?qū)δ闶欠褡孕?、快?lè)、樂(lè)觀或者對(duì)世界上的事是否持消極態(tài)度有很大影響。明尼蘇達(dá)小組的一位心理學(xué)家，南希·西格爾說(shuō)，“這項(xiàng)研究令人信服地表明：基因影響人們行為的每個(gè)方面。” 16 另一些科學(xué)家不同意這個(gè)說(shuō)法。他們質(zhì)問(wèn)，既然光是對(duì)智力的定義就多種多樣，你們又怎么能夠去研究智力是否是遺傳的呢？他們認(rèn)為同樣的問(wèn)題也存在于其他的性格特征中。17 布沙爾本人表示了這樣的

13、觀點(diǎn)，即使是他所研究過(guò)的最相似的雙胞胎也是彼此不同的。因此即便基因?qū)ξ覀兊纳钣泻艽蟮挠绊?，它們也不是唯一起影響作用的因素。我們的日常?jīng)歷也有助于塑造我們。18 你知道這意味著什么：為了考試，你還得學(xué)習(xí)！課內(nèi)閱讀練習(xí)答案 Part One Preparation1. Talking about TwinsSamples1) I knew a set of twins in my class in the middle school. They looked alike and usually dressed alike so we often got them mixed up. They w

14、ere very close to each other and could exchange their ideas quickly. But they had quite different personalities: one was shy, quiet, and self-conscious while the other was self-confident and optimistic.2) I think its because there arent many twins around us. People are always curious about things th

15、at they rarely see. Another reason for their curiosity is probably that twins resemble each other, which is very unusual among other people. 3) They must be proud because they are different from others. They may feel happy because they can enjoy each others company at home. They may feel lonely beca

16、use it may be more difficult to make friends with other people. They may feel bored and discouraged because every day they will see the mirror image of themselves. They may often feel jealous of each other since they are competing for their parents love and attention.2. Nature, Nurture or BothSample

17、s1) Nature and nurture: A person can have natural talents, but mastery always takes some effort. You have to try to succeed.2) Nature: No matter what the hairdo (hair style) is, their hairlines stay the same. This trait is due to the genes that the mother passed on to her son.3) Nature: Theres nothi

18、ng wrong with Julies nose. Some people have the genes to smell freesia, others dont.4) Nurture: Are you wild about mysteries, adventures, or biographies? Your tastes may be determined by the books that are available in your home or school. 5) Nurture: Somebodys favorite clothes and color can change

19、as quickly as the cover of a style magazine. You might say its due to the JEANS, not the GENES.6) Nature: Genes determine whether a persons earlobes are attached or detached.7) Nature and nurture: Your personality isnt determined only by genes. There are a lot of other factors that make you who you

20、are, such as where you live and the people you meet.8) Nature and nurture: Practice makes perfect! Melissa earned her position as a star player because she uses her athletic ability and works so hard.3. An intelligent mother makes an intelligent kid?Samples- Yes, I agree. I can give a lot of evidenc

21、e to support this view. Take my best friend in high school for example. His mother is very intelligent, excelling all the other students in her class since her primary school days. She graduated from Qinghua University and is now working in a research institute, involved in many high-tech projects,

22、and has won many honors. Like his mother, my friend is also very intelligent. He was very quick-minded and was always the first one to raise his hand when the teacher asked some tough questions. He was the one I would turn to when I had questions and I was never disappointed. And like his mother, he

23、 is now studying in Qinghua University as well, majoring in electronic engineering. My mother is reasonably intelligent, so am I. And in choosing a girlfriend, my No.1 criterion is INTELLIGENCE!- No, I dont agree with that. Everyone agrees that “g”, which refers to general intelligence, tends to run

24、 in families. Lots of studies have shown it and most people can see it when they look at their own families, friends and acquaintances. Yet, so far no single gene has been conclusively linked to intelligence. Rather it appears to be a case of complex interactions on many levels between many differen

25、t genes something known as polygenic inheritance. So my view is that, for one thing, the intelligence of both parents would influence the intelligence of a kid, and, for another, the environment that a kid grows up in would also influence the intelligence of the kid. 4. What makes us who we are?1) e

26、xpected2) conclude3) account4) nurture5) argues6) myth7) predetermine8) react9) consequences10) revolution11) between12) creaturePart Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class ReadingI. Pre-ReadingSampleThe conclusion is not justified because the sets of twins studied shared not only the same genes bu

27、t also the same environment. Numerous studies have shown that both nature and nurture play a part in personal development. The similarities between the sets of twins are not due entirely to genes since environment also plays a role.III. Post-ReadingReading Comprehension1. Understanding the Organizat

28、ion of the Text1) Introduction (Para.1) No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes.2) Research on the relative effects of heredity and environment (Para.2-8).A. Studies on identical twins raised together (Para.2)Findings: They are remarkably alike in both appearance and b

29、ehavior.Implication: Individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way.B. Studies on identical twins raised apart in similar environments (Para.34) Findings: They exhibited great psychological and physical likenesses.Implication: This does

30、not inform us of the power of genes and the limitation of the effect of the environment.C. Studies on identical twins raised apart in contrasting environments (Para.58)Findings of a case study on Gladys and Helen: Their similarities: Their weight, height, hair color, and teeth were very similar.Thei

31、r differences in personality: Helen was confident, graceful, made the most of her personal appearance, and showed considerable polish and ease in social relationships; while Gladys was shy, self-conscious, quiet and without charming or graceful manners.Implication: Genes alone are never absolutely r

32、esponsible for any trait.3) Conclusion (Para.9)What we can do is set by the genes, but what we actually do is largely determined by the environment.2. Understanding Specific Information1) F 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) TVocabulary Practice1. 1) C2) A3) C4) C5) A6) B7) B8) B2. 1) resemble2) alike

33、3) Like4) similar5) same6) Identical, same, alike3. 1) absolutely2) eventually3) obviously4) Similarly5) remarkably6) approximately7) exclusively8) actuallyAfter-Class ReadingPart Three Further Development1. Enriching Your Word Power1) B 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) B 6) B 7) B 8) C 9) B 10) A 11) B 12) C2. Wh

34、at do you know?Step One1) C DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid (de-oxy-ri-bo-nu-cle-ic acid). DNA is a chemical in every cell of your body. It is shaped like a long, twisted ladder. This shape is called a double helix.2) C DNA is found in all living things, including you! This amazing chemical t

35、ells each cell what to do and determines what an organism will look like.3) C Scientists are still debating how nature and nurture work together to make you who you are, but most agree that both play a role.4) B Scientists used to think that humans had about 100,000 genes. Recently, it was discovere

36、d that we have about 10,000 to 20,000. We carry two copies of every gene, one copy from each parent.5) C Many things, such as what you eat, can affect how tall youll grow. Even if you have talent, making art takes practice. But eye color is a trait passed on through genes.6) B Before Dolly, scientis

37、ts used different techniques to clone animals. Dolly was the first animal to be cloned from a cell of an adult mammal.7) C Believe it or not, humans and chimps have a lot of DNA in common! But as you can see, even small differences in genetic codes can make big differences in what an organism looks

38、like.8) B You cant tell by looking at a fruit fly and a human, but they have a lot of similar DNA. In fact, scientists study the fruit fly genes to help advance medical knowledge.9) BThe human genome has a lot of DNA that carries no information and is not active genetically. Its still a mystery to s

39、cientists why this DNA is there and what it does.10) C Although they can have very different personalities, identical twins are often difficult to tell apart physically. But the fingerprints of each are unique.Step TwoSample:What Do You Know about DNA?Every day you hear people talking about DNA, but

40、 do you know what is DNA and how it is related to our life? Let me tell you briefly.DNA is the short form of deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a chemical in every cell of our body, in the shape of a double helix. DNA is found in all living things, including you and me! This amazing chemical tells each ce

41、ll what to do and determines what an organism will look like. Scientists used to think that humans had about 100,000 genes. Recently, it was discovered that we have between 10,000 to 20,000 human protein-coding genes. We carry two copies of every gene, one copy fromeach parent. Living beings depend

42、on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organisms cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. All organisms have many genes corresponding to various biological traits, some of which are immediately visible, such as eye col

43、or, or number of limbs, and some of which are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biological processes that comprise life. Genes, to a large extent, decide who we are, what we look like, and what we can do, but, of course, the environment we liv

44、e in also plays a part.Believe it or not, humans and chimps, the closest living relatives to humans, have a lot of DNA in common (about 98%)! But as you can see, even small differences in genetic codes can make big differences in what an organism looks like. You dont actually act or look like a chim

45、p, right?Presently, only the function of a few percent of the DNA is known, the rest has been believed to be useless garbage, commonly called “Junk DNA” by molecular biologists. There is now increasing evidence indicating that this DNA is not “junk” at all. It has been found to have various regulato

46、ry roles, which means that this so-called “non-coding DNA” influences the behavior of the genes, the “coding DNA”, in important ways. However, the knowledge is still incomplete about this DNA. And there is little knowledge about the relationship between non-coding DNA and the DNA of genes. I believe

47、 scientists will tell us more with the furthering of their research. For Teachers:Strategies for Giving a speechPart OneThroughout history people have used public speaking as a vital means of communication. Pericles, the Greek leader, said more than 2,500 years ago, “One who forms a judgment on any

48、point but cannot explain it clearly might as well never have thought at all on the subject.” The same is true today. The ability to clearly and effectively communicate your thoughts and ideas is important in both your personal and professional life. Personally, it can help you develop deep

49、er and more fulfilling relationships of all types. Professionally, it can help you stand out among your colleagues and attain positions of leadership and influence. Following are some basic concepts of a speech:Organization:BeginningObjectivesl Get the attention and interest of your audien

50、ce;l Reveal the topic of your speech;l Establish your credibility (you are qualified to speak on a given topic) and good will;l Preview the body of the speech.Devicesl Relate the topic to your audience;l State the importance of your topic;l Startle the audience with an arresting and intriguing state

51、ment;l Arouse the curiosity of the audience;l Question the audience;l Begin with a quotation;l Tell a story;BodyMain Pointsl Number of main points: make a few main points stand out and be remembered;l Strategic order of main points: chronological order, spatial order, causal order, problem-solution

52、order, topical order, etc.EndingPurposesl Signal the end of the speech; l Reinforce the central idea.Devicesl Summarize your speech;l End with a quotation;l Make a dramatic statement;l Refer to the introduction;Supporting evidence: ExamplesTypesBrief examples1. A brief example may be used to introdu

53、ce a topic.2. You can pile them one upon the other until you create the desired impression.Extended examplesA story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.Hypothetical examplesAn example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.Statisticsl Use representativ

54、e statistics;l Choose statistics from a reliable source;l Use correct statistical measures. TestimonyDefinitionA formal statement about something that you saw, know, or experienced, usually given in a court of law.Types1l Expert testimony;l Peer testimony: first -hand experience on the topic.2l Dire

55、ct quoting;l Paraphrasing: expressing by using different words, especially in order to make it shorter or clearer.Presenting the speech:LanguageUse language accurately and appropriately.DeliveryVoiceVolume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, articulation, etc. BodyPersonal appearance, movement, ges

56、tures and postures, eye contact, etc.Visual aidsTipse.g. using PowerPoint slidesl Keep visual aids simple;l Make sure visual aids are large enough;l Use a limited number of slides;l Display visual aids only when discussing them;l Talk to your audience, not to your visual aids;l Explain visual aids c

57、learly and concisely.Part TwoFind two sample speeches, one to inform and the other to persuade, and 1) analyze the scripts together with the students in terms of the organization and the supporting evidence used; 2) watch the speeches to see how the speakers present the speeches.Part ThreeAsk the students to work in groups, with each group preparing a speech, either an informative speech or a persuasive speech. Each group chooses one representative to deliver it to the whole class. Then invite comments from the whole class, using the concepts presented in Step One.3. Relating Y