英語構(gòu)詞法講解與練習(xí)

1、英語構(gòu)詞法講解與練習(xí)一.類別英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法，轉(zhuǎn)化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和詞首字母縮略法。二.定義與精講1.轉(zhuǎn)化法英語中，有的名詞可作動(dòng)詞，有的形容詞可作副詞或動(dòng)詞，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。1) 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞很多動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，大多數(shù)情況下，意思沒有多大的變化，如：Lets go out for a walk.我們到外面去散散步吧。有時(shí)意思有一定變化，如：He is a man of strong build.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。有的與一個(gè)動(dòng)詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，如：Lets have a swim.咱們游泳吧。2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為

2、動(dòng)詞很多表示物件，如Did you book a seat on the plane? 你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?身體部位，如：Please hand me the book.請(qǐng)把那本書遞給我。某類人的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來表示動(dòng)作，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看護(hù)丈夫，使他恢復(fù)了健康。某些抽象名詞也可作動(dòng)詞。如：We lunched together.我們?cè)谝黄鸪粤宋绮汀?)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生

3、活狀況。4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如：Murder will out.(諺語)惡事終必將敗露。5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞表示顏色的形容詞?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為名詞，如：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服某些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用，表示一類人，作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)如下，如：The old in our village are living a happy life.我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。2.派生法在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后

4、綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。1)前綴除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，不改變?cè)~性；后綴一般改變?cè)~類，而不引起詞義的變化。 (1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如：appear出現(xiàn)disappear消失correct正確的incorrect不正確的lead帶領(lǐng)mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)stop停下non-stop不停 (2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語形容詞), anti- (反對(duì)；抵抗), auto- (自動(dòng)), co- (共

5、同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如：alone單獨(dú)的 antigas防毒氣的autochart 自動(dòng)圖表cooperate合作 enjoy使高興internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng) reuse再用subway地鐵 telephone電話2)后綴英語單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構(gòu)成新詞，也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性，構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性；少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義，變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess

6、(雌性)，-ful (一)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (專業(yè)人員)，-ment (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-ness (性質(zhì)；狀態(tài))，-tion(動(dòng)作；過程)等。例如：differ不同于difference區(qū)別write寫writer作家Japan日本Japanese日本人act表演actress女演員mouth口mouthful一口music音樂musician音樂家(2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成為)。例如：widewiden加寬beautybeautify美化purepurify提純r(jià)ealrealize意識(shí)到organorg

7、anize組織(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某國人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某國人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天氣)等。例如：nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的America美國American美國的China中國Chinese中國人的gold金子golden金的east東eastern東方的child孩子childish孩子氣的snow雪sn

8、owy雪的(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：angry生氣的angrily生氣地to到towards朝，向east東方eastward向東(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾)，-ty (幾十)，-th (構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如：six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十3.合成法（1）合 成 名 詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞名詞weekend周末名詞動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明名詞動(dòng)名詞handwriting書法名詞及物動(dòng)詞erorpain-killer

9、止痛藥名詞介詞名詞editor-in-chief總編輯動(dòng)詞名詞typewriter打字機(jī)動(dòng)名詞名詞reading-room閱覽室現(xiàn)在分詞名詞flying-fish飛魚形容詞名詞gentleman紳士副詞動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)介詞名詞afternoon下午代詞名詞she-wolf母狼（2）合 成 形 容 詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞形容詞snow-white雪白的名詞現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語的名詞to名詞face-to-face面對(duì)面的名詞過去分詞man-made人造的數(shù)詞名詞one-way單行的數(shù)詞名詞形容詞two-year-old兩歲的數(shù)詞名詞edfive-storeyed五層

10、的動(dòng)詞副詞see-through透明的形容詞名詞high-class高級(jí)的形容詞名詞ednoble-minded高尚的形容詞形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的副詞形容詞ever-green常青的副詞現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的副詞過去分詞well-known著名的副詞名詞fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的介詞名詞downhill下坡的（3）合 成 動(dòng) 詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞動(dòng)詞sleep-walk夢(mèng)游形容詞動(dòng)詞white-wash粉刷副詞動(dòng)詞overthrow推翻（4）合 成 副 詞構(gòu)成方式例詞形容詞名詞hotfoot匆忙地形容詞副詞ev

11、erywhere到處副詞副詞however盡管如此介詞名詞beforehand事先介詞副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)（5）合 成 代 詞構(gòu)成方式例詞代詞賓格selfherself她自己物主代詞selfmyself我自己形容詞名詞anything任何東西（6）合 成 介 詞構(gòu)成方式例詞副詞名詞inside在里面介詞副詞within在之內(nèi)副詞介詞into進(jìn)入4.截短法(縮略法)截短法，即將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。1)截頭telephonephone aeroplaneplaneomnibusbus 2)去尾mathematicsmaths co-operateco-

12、opexaminationexam kilogramkilolaboratorylab taxicabtaxi3)截頭去尾influenzaflurefrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript5.混合法(混成法)混合法，即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體；前半部分表示屬性。news broadcastnewscast新聞廣播television broadcasttelecast電視播送smoke and fogsmog煙霧helicopter airportheliport直升飛機(jī)場6.首尾字母縮略法首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)

13、新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。very important personVIP (讀字母音)要人；大人物televisionTV (讀字母音)電視Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福三.鞏固練習(xí)1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. carefulC. carelessD. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the ch

14、ild，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A. dieB. deadC. diedD. death3. The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded.A. sadlyB. sadnessC. saddlyD. sad4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _.A. chemistryB. chemicalC. chemistD. physician5.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young

15、 child. He may fall off.A. leggingB. leggedC. legsD. leged6. Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world.A. lead B. leaderC. leadingD. leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_about at his classmates.A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely8.To every

16、ones _，the girl finished the job quite well.A. satisfiedB. satisfactoryC. satisfyingD. satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_passage in English?A. 600 words；a 600-wordsB. 600-word；a 600-wordsC. 600 words；a 600-wordD. 600 words

17、；a 600-words10. No one should enter the spot without the_of the police.A. permit B. permissionC. permittingD. permittence11. You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you.A. headquartersB. headlineC. headmasterD. headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.

18、A. intendB. intentionC. intentionally D. intentional13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_smile.A. practiceB. practiseC. practicalD. practiced14. The_ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A. judger B. judgmentC. judgeD. judgement15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the_news about

19、Iraq War? A. latelyB. latestC. laterD. latter16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _.A. longerB. lengthC. longD. longing17.To my _，I passed the exam easily.A. joyB. joyfulC. joyless D. joyness18. Canada is mainly an_country.A. English-speakingB. speak-EnglishC. spoken-EnglishD. English-spoken19

20、. How_ he is! He is always acting_.He is really a _.A. foolish；foolishly；foolB. fool；foolish；foolC. foolish；fool；foolD. foolishly；foolish；fool20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its of great _.A. valuableB. valueC. valuelessD. unvaluable21. There were_fish in the river in South America

21、.A. in dangerB. dangerC. dangerousD. dangerless22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is_.A. soundB. silentC. silence D. sounded23. The child looked at me_.A. strangerB. strangelyC. strangeD. strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely.A. freeB. freelyC. freedomD. frees25. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untr