高中英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詳解

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一 、 動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式一 、 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 主 語(yǔ)T o s e e o n e t i m e is better than t o h e a r a h u n d r e d t i m e s .T o p e r s e v e r e means victory!注 :在很多情況下,特別是在口語(yǔ)中,常采用先行 it 代替主語(yǔ),而把不定式后置: Its a great pleasure t o b e h e r e .It is not an easy thing t o m a s t e r a l a n g u a g e .注 :這種后置不定式的

2、結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是系動(dòng)詞的句子,如:It took us five hours t o g e t t h e r e .It made us very angry t o h e a r h i m t a l k l i k e t h a t . 注 :不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常可在特定 的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由 “ for + 名詞詞組 ” 來(lái)表示,如:It is not hard f o r o n e to do a bit of good.It was difficult f o r m e to do the work.注 :某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語(yǔ)時(shí), 常在

3、不定式之前加上 “of + 名詞詞組 ” 來(lái)說(shuō)明不 定式所指的是誰(shuí)的情況,如:Its kind o f y o u to think so much of us.Its very nice o f y o u to be so considerate.Its unwise o f t h e m to turn down the proposal.It was careless o f h e r to make such a mistake.二 、 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 表 語(yǔ)1.主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式(其含義往往一是條件,一是結(jié)果 ,如:To be kind to the enemy is

4、 to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2. 主語(yǔ)是以 aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等為中心詞 的名詞詞組,或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示,后面的不定式說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容,如:My idea is t o c l i m b t h e m o u n t a i n f r o m t h e n o r t h .Your mistake was n o

5、t t o w r i t e t h a t l e t t e r .My suggestion is t o s t a r t w o r k a t o n c e .What I would suggest is t o s t a r t w o r k a t o n c e .注 :在某些句型中, 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞 d o 時(shí), 作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略符號(hào) “ t o ” , 如: All we have to do is p u s h t h e b u t t o n .The only thing I can do now is g o o n b y m y s

6、 e l f .All I could do was s e n d h i m a t e l e g r a m .三 、 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 動(dòng) 詞 賓 語(yǔ)1. “ 動(dòng) 詞 +帶 t o 的 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) ” 。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start,

7、forget, mean, intend, begin, 等,例如:Ive arranged t o m e e t h i m a t t e n o c l o c k .I didnt expect t o f i n d y o u h e r e .2. “ 動(dòng) 詞 +疑 問(wèn) 詞 +帶 t o 的 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) ” 。 (這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句 。這類 動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember,

8、see, understand, wonder 等。疑問(wèn)詞 (也稱連接代 /副詞 有:what, where, who(m, when, how, whether, which(why除外 ,如:I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注 :如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),

9、則應(yīng)使用先行 it ,把不定式后置,例如: I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注 :不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語(yǔ) , 只有在個(gè)別場(chǎng)合 , 即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或 but (=except 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用,例如:He seldom comes except l o o k a t m y p i c t u r e s .The child d

10、i d nothing except w e e p .She can d o anything but s i n g .He will d o anything for you except l e n d y o u m o n e y .They could d o nothing but w a i t f o r t h e d o c t o r s t o a r r i v e .注 意 不 定 式 符 號(hào) 的 省 略 問(wèn) 題 !四 、 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 定 語(yǔ)1.不定式作定語(yǔ)通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后,如:Its time t o g o t o b e d .He

11、 is not a man t o b o w b e f o r e d i f f i c u l t i e s .Have you anything t o d e c l a r e ?She usually has a lot of meetings t o a t t e n d in the evening.I want to get something t o r e a d during the vocation.2.能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí)往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ),如: I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no

12、 wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3.某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形容詞,轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時(shí),也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ),如: He was obviously anxious . His anxiety was obvious.4.不

13、定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞,有時(shí)意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如:He has a large family to support (= that he must support.注:處于動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的情況下,如果不定式是 不 及 物 動(dòng) 詞 ,它后面應(yīng)加上必要的 介 詞 ,如: She has a lot of things to attend .The nurse has five children to look .Lets first find a room to put the things .5.有時(shí)為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系,可以在不定式之前加上 for + 名詞詞組,如: Heres

14、 a book for you to read.He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.五 、 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 狀 語(yǔ) 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等,表示 目 的 、 原 因 、 結(jié) 果 、 條 件 等。1. 表 示 目 的 :They ran over t o w e l c o m e t h e d e l e g a t e s .He bought a bicycle t o g o t o t o w n m o r e q u i c k l y .He went home t o s e e h i

15、 s m o t h e r .注 :不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時(shí),通常句子的主語(yǔ)就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ) (參見(jiàn)以上三句 ,但也有 例外的情況,例如:He stood up to be seen better.注 :為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu), 特別是在不定式結(jié) 構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時(shí),通?？梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒?hào) to 之前加上 in order 或 so as,如: He came here i n o r d e r to see Charlie.He shouted and waved s o a s to be noticed.He went early i n o r d e r not to mi

16、ss the train.I turned the radio down s o a s not to disturb him.注 :表示目的的不定式可以置于句首, 這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是,置于句 首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上 in order,但卻不可以加上 so as ,如:To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(I n o r d e r t o d r a w m a p s p r o p e r l y , y o u n e e d a s p e c i a l p e n . To get the best

17、 results, use clean water.2. 表 示 結(jié) 果 :What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 表 示 結(jié) 果 更 常 見(jiàn) 于 下 列 句 型 : s o a s t o Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? s u c h ( a s t o Im not such a fool as to believe that. e n o u g

18、 h t o The boy is old enough to go to school. t o o t o His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.注 意 :下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果,也無(wú)否定含義:Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home. o n l y t o o (a d v . 極 ; 非 常 ; 太 ; 很 有時(shí)

19、, 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個(gè)隨后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列限定動(dòng)詞詞組, 這種 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果,如:She woke early t o f i n d i t w a s r a i n i n g .He got home t o l e a r n t h a t h i s f a t h e r w a s i l l .這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個(gè)特點(diǎn): 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是隨后發(fā)生的,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組,如:He arrived late to find the others had gone home.H e a r r i v e d l a t e a n

20、 d f o u n d t h e o t h e r s h a d g o n e h o m e . 不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。He left his native country (, never to return.He returned home (, to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有 “ 令人意想不到 ” 的意味,其中以 “ 使人不愉快的結(jié)果 ” 較為 常見(jiàn)。 (有時(shí)也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果 ,如:He went home t o f i n d h i s o l d f r

21、i e n d G e o r g e w a i t i n g f o r h i m . 不定式之前有時(shí)可以加上 only 或 but only,以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,如:He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的, 往往形式相似, 這時(shí), 須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別, 試比較:He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He

22、arrived late and found the others had gone home.He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert. He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to

23、inquire about the times of trains.3. 表 示 原 因 :(不 定 式 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 先 于 謂 語(yǔ) 動(dòng) 詞 的 動(dòng) 作 She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fun.She seemed surprised to meet us.六 、 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ)Dont force yourself t o w r i t e when you have nothing to say.He believe

24、d the earth t o b e a g l o b e .Did you see a young man e n t e r t h e h o u s e ?1. 只 能 用 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 的 動(dòng) 詞 : 表示 “ 希望 ”“ 愿望 ” 等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞, 如:wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。What do you desire me t o d o ?The director preferred her t o a c t t h e o l d l a d y . 含有 “

25、 讓 ”“ 允許 ”“ 促使 ”“ 致使 ” 等祈使意義的動(dòng)詞, 如:let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。We mustnt let this h a p p e n a g a i n .His father put him t o m i n d t h e s h e e p . 帶有 “ 請(qǐng)求 ”“ 懇求 ” 等感情色彩的動(dòng)詞,如:ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He begged me n o t t o t e l l h i

26、s f a t h e r a b o u t i t .She was always worrying her father t o t a k e h e r t o P a r i s . 含有 “ 建議 ”“ 勸告 ” 等意義的動(dòng)詞,如:advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。He urged us t o a c c e p t t h e c o m p r o m i s e .The dentist advised me t o h a v e t h e b a d t o o t h p u l l e d o u t . 含有 “ 命令 ”“

27、強(qiáng)迫 ”“ 禁止 ” 等意義的動(dòng)詞,如:order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。He required us t o k e e p i t a s e c r e t .The doctor ordered him t o s t a y i n b e d f o r a f e w d a y s .I warn you n o t t o d o t h a t a g a i n . 其他還有:help, teach, show, assist, report,

28、 bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。He promised to teach me t o s w i m .We should train them t o m a k e u s e o f r e f e r e n c e b o o k s .We are waiting for the train t o s t o p . 2. 既 能 用 不 定 式 結(jié) 構(gòu) 又 能 用 現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 的 動(dòng) 詞 : s e e , w a t c h , n o t i c e , l o o k a t , h e a r , l

29、 i s t e n t o , o b s e r v e , f e e l , h a v e ; i m a g i n e , f i n d , d i s c o v e r , l i k e , w a n t , u n d e r s t a n d , h a t e , b r i n g , g e t , l e a v e , s e tDid you see anyone e n t e r t h e h o u s e ?Dont imagine yourself t o b e a l w a y s c o r r e c t .We find him

30、 t o b e d i s h o n e s t .He set the boys t o c a r r y w a t e r .Ill leave him t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m f o r h i m s e l f .注 :有些動(dòng)詞用 不 定 式 與用 現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。 一般說(shuō)來(lái), 用不定式表示一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的完成(即全過(guò)程 ;而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 即:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,如:Did you see anyone enter the house?

31、He saw his father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注 :使 用 不 定 式 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 時(shí) , 在 有 些 動(dòng) 詞 后 面 , 不 定 式 符 號(hào) t o 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 省 略 。 下 列 動(dòng) 詞 用 不 定 式 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 時(shí) , 必 須 省 去 不 定 式 符 號(hào) t o :l e t , m a k e , h a v e , s e e , w a t c h , n o t i

32、c e , l o o k a t , o b s e r v e , h e a r , l i s t e n t oHe observed someone open the door.I watched them get into the car.Did you notice him leave the room? f e e l 一 詞 在 使 用 t o d o 型 不 定 式 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 時(shí) , 不 帶 t o ; 在 使 用 t o b e 型 不 定 式 時(shí) , 要 帶 t o , 如:He felt them to be right.Did you feel th

33、e earth shake? h e l p 一 詞 在 使 用 不 定 式 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 時(shí) , 可 以 帶 t o , 也 可 以 不 帶 t o , 如:Do you often help your mother (to do the housework? 使 用 不 定 式 作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 的 句 子 , 改 為 被 動(dòng) 結(jié) 構(gòu) 以 后 , 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) 就 成 了 主 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) , 這 時(shí) , “ t o ” 不 可 以 省 略 , 如:The boss made them w o r k from morning till night.They wer

34、e made t o w o r k from morning till night.不 定 式 的 一 般 式 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 , 通 常 與 主 要 謂 語(yǔ) 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 (或 狀 態(tài) 同 時(shí) (或 幾 乎 同 時(shí) 發(fā) 生 , 或 者 是 在 它 之 后 發(fā) 生 例如:Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,這個(gè)不定式就要用 完 成 式 ,如:Im glad to have seen your mother.(c f . I m g l

35、a d t o s e e y o u . 七 、 不 定 式 的 完 成 式 有 下 列 用 法1.構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ),如:He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.She seemed to have heard about it alread

36、y.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.2.在某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后作狀語(yǔ),如:You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.(=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.She was very glad to have done somethi

37、ng for the people.3.在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ),如:He pretended not to have seen me.I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4.有時(shí)還可以作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),如:It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.(主語(yǔ)So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.(定語(yǔ)They thought it a pity not to hav

38、e invited her.(復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. (復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)如 果 主 要 謂 語(yǔ) 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 (或 情 況 發(fā) 生 時(shí) , 不 定 式 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 正 在 進(jìn) 行 , 這 時(shí) , 不 定 式 就 要 用 進(jìn) 行 式 。八 、 不 定 式 的 進(jìn) 行 式 主 要 有 下 列 幾 種 用 法1.構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ),如:They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting

39、 along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.2.在某些動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),如:We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3.在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ),如:He pretended to be listening attentively.4.有時(shí)可以作主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),如:I am glad to be working with you. (狀語(yǔ) Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主語(yǔ) 九 、 如 果 不 定 式 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 在 謂 語(yǔ) 所

40、 表 示 的 時(shí) 間 之 前 一 直 在 進(jìn) 行 , 就 需 要 用 完 成 進(jìn) 行 式 , 如 :They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the others.It s a great pleasure to have been working with you.當(dāng) 不 定 式 的 邏 輯 主 語(yǔ) 是 不 定 式 所 表 示 的 動(dòng) 作 的 承 受 者 時(shí) , 不 定 式 一 般 要 采 用 被 動(dòng) 形 式 。 十 、 不 定

41、式 的 被 動(dòng) 形 式 有 下 列 用 法1.作主語(yǔ):It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2.作賓語(yǔ):She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3.構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ):He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4.構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ):The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5.作定語(yǔ):Are you goi

42、ng to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6.作狀語(yǔ):She was too young to be assigned such work.十 一 、 不 定 式 有 時(shí) 還 可 以 有 完 成 式 的 被 動(dòng) 式 , 在 句 中 作 主 語(yǔ) 、 賓 語(yǔ) 、 定 語(yǔ) , 或 者 構(gòu) 成 復(fù) 合 賓 語(yǔ) 、 復(fù) 合 謂 語(yǔ) 等 , 如 :It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.(主語(yǔ)She preferred to have been given heavier work

43、to do. (賓語(yǔ) He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. (復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)The book is said to have been translated into many languages. (復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. (定語(yǔ)十二不定式作獨(dú)立成分。To tell (you the truth, he doesnt agree with you.To begin with, Beijing is a very b

44、eautiful city.1.We were surprised to hear the news.2. We have to get up early to catch the first train.3. He is considered to be a great scientist.4. To see is to believe.5. I have a lot of words to say.6.Its impossible for him to go alone.7.She promised to make no mistakes at all.8.I find it diffic

45、ult to understand him.十 三 、 動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式 省 略 t o 的 情 況 歸 納*1 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí), 如動(dòng)詞是 make, let , have或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel、等,不定式不帶 to.*2. 在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, cannot but(不得不 , 必然,不能不 , cant help but等*3. Why. 或 why not 表建議*4. 在介詞 but , except之后,

46、 如果其前有 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 do 的某種形式, 不定式不帶 to, 反之須 帶 to .*5 不定時(shí)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),如果解釋 do 的具體內(nèi)容時(shí), to 可以省去。*6 動(dòng)詞 help 或 help+賓語(yǔ)之后,可用帶 to 的不定式,也可用不帶 to 的不定式,但在 help+賓語(yǔ) +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果用不帶 to 的不定式,表示主語(yǔ)參與了不定式所表示的動(dòng)作;如果 用帶 to 的不定式,表示主語(yǔ)沒(méi)有參與不定時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作。分 詞 一 、 形 式 現(xiàn)在分詞: 過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式。二 、 功 能1. 作 表 語(yǔ) 。 現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征或?qū)傩?過(guò)去分詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài), 如:The news

47、 was exciting.The situation is encouraging.She looked disappointed.He appeared satisfied with my answer.He seemed quite delighted at the idea.Dont get excited.注 :已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞, 可以用 very 修飾; 沒(méi)有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite ,有時(shí)也可用 very much,如:Im very much pleased.Hes very much worried about his health.注 :過(guò)去分

48、詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)注意與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的 區(qū)別。系 表 結(jié) 構(gòu) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、 特點(diǎn); 被 動(dòng) 結(jié) 構(gòu) 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作, 指主語(yǔ)所 承受的動(dòng)作。此外還有:系 表 結(jié) 構(gòu) :a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài); b. 一般不帶狀語(yǔ);c. 可以有不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。被 動(dòng) 結(jié) 構(gòu) :a. 有多種時(shí)態(tài),常與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)一致; b. 可以帶時(shí)間、方式或 by 短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ); c. 必須是及物動(dòng)詞。The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.

49、(動(dòng)作 Im interested in chess.I was interested by what you told me.The sun is risen.This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2. 作 定 語(yǔ) : 單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ),應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前,如:touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed breadBarking dogs seldom b

50、ite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注 :分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),意義上接近于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,如:developing countries = countries that are developinga growing city = a city that is growingliberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情況下,可以用分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),這時(shí)分詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后,在 意義上也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,如:Who is the ma

51、n standing (= that is standing by the door?They built a highway leading (= which leads into the mountains.They are problems left (= which have been left over by history.Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間有兩種情況:a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 , (變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) , 如:Tell the children p l a

52、 y i n g t h e r e (who are playing there not to make so much noise.Did you see the man t a l k i n g (who was talking t o t h e m a n a g e r ?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作 , 或現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時(shí) 的狀態(tài) , (變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí) , 用一般時(shí)態(tài) , 如:They lived in a room f a c i n g (= that faced t h e s o u t h .The house s t a n d i n g (= that stands a t

53、 t h e c o r n e r o f t h e s t r e e t was built in 1955. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作可以在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,也可以是沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性,如:Is this the book r e c o m m e n d e d b y o u r t e a c h e r ?The meeting h e l d l a s t w e e k is very important.He is a man l o v e d b y a l l .I hate to see letters w r i t t e n i n

54、 p e n c i l .注 :如果所表示的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生, 或是與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 可以用 現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 的 被 動(dòng) 形 式 來(lái)表示,如:The meeting b e i n g h e l d is very important.We must keep a secret of the things b e i n g d i s c u s s e d h e r e .注 :如果所表示的是一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作,可以用一個(gè) 不 定 式 的 被 動(dòng) 形 式 來(lái)表示,如:The meeting t o b e h e l d n e x t w e e k is very imp

55、ortant.Please tell me the subjects t o b e d i s c u s s e d a t t h e n e x t m e e t i n g . 分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ) (相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 , 這時(shí), 它和句子的其他部 分用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),試比較:All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.All the letters in the drawer written in pencil a

56、re from my sister.All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本節(jié)值得注意的問(wèn)題:現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),所表示的動(dòng)作不能先于謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng) 作,也不可以表示將來(lái)。另外,一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語(yǔ),所以,下列句子都是錯(cuò) 的:應(yīng)改為 who has come from Beijing應(yīng)改為 who have finished應(yīng)改為 who gave us 系動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語(yǔ),此時(shí)要用從句來(lái)表示,如:Those dont have to go. (應(yīng)改為 Those

57、 who are busy dont have to go.His brother is 18 years old. (應(yīng)改為 who is 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不可用作后置定語(yǔ),若要表示這個(gè)意思要用從句,如:應(yīng)改為 which/that died3. 作 狀 語(yǔ) : 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ),表示 陪 襯 性 的 動(dòng) 作 或 伴 隨 情 況 ,如:The children ran out of the room, l a u g h i n g a n d t a l k i n g m e r r i l y .They stood there for an hour w a t c h i n g t h e g a m e .She sat at the desk r e a d i n g a n e w s p a p e r .注 意 :a. 分詞表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作; b. 分詞表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(或狀 態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的; c. 分詞表