unit4商務(wù)英語

1、To maintain sustainable economic growth, both China and the United States need to transform economic growth patterns. While ensuring growth, the Chinese government focuses on expanding domestic demand, consumer demand in particular, deepening reform and opening up, advancing economic restructuring,

2、and ensuring and improving peoples livelihood. We endeavor to strike the right balance between the growth rate and the requirements in terms of structure, quality and returns. The progress we have made in response to the financial crisis shows that in times of contracting external demand, China has

3、every condition and capability to drive economic growth through expanding domestic demand. The United States is also advocating a transformation of economic growth patternsuncertainty n. 不確定，不可靠不確定，不可靠destabilize vt. 使動搖使動搖grave adj. 嚴(yán)肅的；重大的；黯淡的嚴(yán)肅的；重大的；黯淡的restore vt. 修復(fù)；恢復(fù)；歸還修復(fù)；恢復(fù)；歸還 vi. 還原；恢復(fù)還原；恢復(fù)c

4、ontracting adv. 締約的；承包的；收縮的締約的；承包的；收縮的advocate vt. 提倡，主張，擁護(hù)提倡，主張，擁護(hù) n. 提倡者；支持者；律師提倡者；支持者；律師transformation n. 轉(zhuǎn)化；轉(zhuǎn)換；變形；改革轉(zhuǎn)化；轉(zhuǎn)換；變形；改革distribution n. 分配；分布分配；分布healthcare n. 醫(yī)療保健；衛(wèi)生保健醫(yī)療保?。恍l(wèi)生保健backdrop n. 背景；背景幕；交流聲背景；背景幕；交流聲dissolving adj. 消溶的；毀滅性的消溶的；毀滅性的eternal adj. 永恒的；不朽的永恒的；不朽的boost vt. 促進(jìn)；增加；支援促進(jìn)

5、；增加；支援 vi. 宣揚(yáng)；偷竊宣揚(yáng)；偷竊 n. 幫助；推動；宣揚(yáng)幫助；推動；宣揚(yáng)summit n. 頂點(diǎn)；最高級會議；最高階層頂點(diǎn)；最高級會議；最高階層 adj. 最高級的；政府首腦的最高級的；政府首腦的bond n. 債券債券protectionism n. 保護(hù)主義，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義保護(hù)主義，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義attainment n. 達(dá)到；成就；學(xué)識達(dá)到；成就；學(xué)識1. financial market 金融市場金融市場 In economics, a financial market is a mechanism that allows people to buy and sell (tra

6、de) financial securities (such as stocks and bonds), commodities (such as precious metals or agricultural goods), and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis.2. macroeconomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Macroeconomics is a branch of economics

7、 dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy. With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemp

8、loyment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In c

9、ontrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets.3. macroeconomic policies 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策 To try to avoid major economic shocks, such as The Great Depression, gover

10、nments make adjustments through policy changes they hope will stabilize the economy. Governments believe the success of these adjustments is necessary to maintain stability and continue growth. 4. the G-20 20國集團(tuán)國集團(tuán) The Group of Twenty (G-20) Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors was establish

11、ed in 1999 to bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy. The inaugural meeting of the G-20 took place in Berlin, on December 15-16, 1999, hosted by German and Canadian finance ministers.5. the International Monetary Fund

12、 (IMF) 國際貨幣基金組織國際貨幣基金組織The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rate and the balance of payments. It is an orga

13、nization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of liberalising economic policies on other countries as a condition for loans, restructuring or aid. It also offers loans with varying levels of conditionality, ma

14、inly to poorer countries. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States. The IMFs relatively high influence in world affairs and development has drawn heavy criticism from some sources. 6. international patent systems 國際專利系統(tǒng)國際專利系統(tǒng)There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as

15、a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against one another, and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confe

16、rs good citizenship status despite de facto protectionism. Peter Drahos explains that States realized that patent systems could be used to cloak protectionist strategies. There were also reputational advantages for states to be seen to be sticking to intellectual property systems. One could attend t

17、he various revisions of the Paris and Berne conventions, participate in the cosmopolitan moral dialogue about the need to protect the fruits of authorial labor and inventive genius.knowing all the while that ones domestic intellectual property system was a handy protectionist weapon. Comprehension o

18、f the TextI. Answer the following questions according to the text.1) What do you think is of great significance at the critical moment of international financial crisis being behind us?2) What is the central task of stronger China-US economic cooperation?3) What do you think is still the top priorit

19、y for China-US cooperation?4) What do China and US need to do to maintain sustainable economic growth?1) 5) Do you think it will be easy for either China or US to transform economic growth patterns?and why?Language SkillsII. Word Study 1. Match the words or expressions. 1. drawback a. to make promin

20、ent; to draw special attention 2. highlight b. duties imposed on goods imported and exported. 3.bulky c. done by one side or party only4.perishable d. duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods5.tariff e. taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle6.specific duties f. m

21、oney sent by post7.ad valorem duties g. duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods 8. unilaterally h. easily to go bad9. maritime i. duties refunded which were paid on imported goods when re- exported 10. remittance j. connected with the sea or navigation 2. Fill in the b

22、lanks in the passage with the words or expressions given below. 1. Folkways and mores _ from country to country. 2. Every household saves a moderate amount of money in case of _.3. The provisions of the contract must be _ clearly to avoid misunderstanding and future conflicts. 4. Many governments _

23、heavy tariff on import goods to protect domestic goods. 5. Errors must be _from the documents , or there will be trouble. . 6. There is no _ for the mode of packing in this contract. 7. The chairman _ by two translators took part in the conference.8. This job is not so _, it is unnecessary to employ

24、 a man of high education background. 9.Once the smuggled goods are caught by the customs, they must be _.10.Anyone who exceeds the speed limit could be _. 3. Multiple Choice.1. It is _ our mutual interest to cooperate with each other. a. on b. in c. at d. to2. We should try to fulfill the project _

25、minimum cost. a. atb. in c. on d. to3. _ every stage, we should reduce costs. a. At b. In c. On d. About 4. Our prices are practical and reasonable. There is not much room _ bargaining. a. fromb. for c. at d. on 5.The U.S.A. imports raw silk _ Japan every year. a. to b. fromc. in d. on6.The import d

26、uties payable were _ heavy_ the prices would have been too high. a. such.that b. so.that c. too.that d. too.to 7. We suggest that it _ better for us to discuss the matter when the situation gets somewhat improved. a. is b. was c. are d. be8. We regret that we cannot book your order _ the prices we q

27、uoted a month ago. a. at b. in c. on d. about9. If we had been careful, we _ such a mistake in the Contract. a. would make b. didnt make c. hadnt made d. would not have made 10. We shall try to persuade the supplier _ increase the quantity. a. to b. into c. out of d. from III. Grammar Passive Voice1

28、. Complete the following sentences, using adverbial clause of concession. 1.She won the first prize, _.(雖然這件事情我們都沒有想到)。2._(盡管他只有三歲)，his mother dresses him in grown-up clothes.3._(盡管我理解你所說的), I cant agree with you.4._(盡管你的意見值得考慮), the committee finds it unwise to place too much importance to them. 5.

29、_（無論發(fā)生什么事情），Ill stand by you.2. Combine two sentences into a compound sentence with an adverbial clause of Concession. Model: “Ive already told you that Im going to buy it. I dont mind how much it costs.” Ive already told you that Im going to buy it no matter how much it costs.1.He tried very hard.

30、He was unable to make much progress. 2.Tom is a child. He can ride a horse. 3.He was worn out. He kept on working. 4. He is poor. He loves him. 5. Well make a trip. The weather is bad. Business Knowledge Extensions . Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 在這樣關(guān)鍵的時(shí)刻，中美雙方加強(qiáng)合作，對于提振戰(zhàn)勝危機(jī)的信心，促進(jìn)

31、兩國和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)增長，具有十分重要的作用。2. 中國經(jīng)濟(jì)企穩(wěn)向好的勢頭日趨明顯，積極因素不斷增多。美國金融市場趨于穩(wěn)定，經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)一些積極跡象。3. 要保持經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，中美兩國都需要轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式。4. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)識到，當(dāng)今世界各國內(nèi)部、國家、地區(qū)之間乃至全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平衡，究其根源是發(fā)展的不平衡。因此，推動各國、地區(qū)自身和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展是硬道理。5. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的深入發(fā)展，中美經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依存度不斷提高。V. Translate the following sentences in the text into Chinese. 1. The two sides should st

32、rengthen exchanges and cooperation, keep our macroeconomic policies in the right direction, properly ensure their implementation, promptly improve the policy measures and promote steady and sound economic growth.2. But it will not be easy for either China or the United States to transform economic g

33、rowth patterns, since it involves many areas, such as way of life, savings and consumption, distribution of income, education and healthcare, employment and social security, and calls for unremitting efforts over time.3. While ensuring financial security and stability, we will deepen financial refor

34、m, open the financial sector wider, improve financial regulation and comprehensively enhance the financial sectors capacity to serve economic growth.4. Facing the current difficulties, the two sides should all the more work together to overcome the difficulties and jointly maintain the growth moment

35、um in our trade and investment. Chinas measures to expand domestic demand will give a great boost to world economic growth.5. As a major global reserve currency issuing country, the United States should bear in mind the impacts of dollar supply on its domestic economy and the world economy, properly

36、 handle this issue and strike the right balance.VI. Write a summary of the text in about 120 words.VII. Write a one-paragraph composition entitled“we need to accelerate the establishment of a new international financial order that is fair, equitable, inclusive and well-managed”。Complete the paragrap

37、h with five to seven sentences, using the words phrases given below.VIII. Discuss with your partner sustainable growth.1. economic globalization 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化 Economic globalization refers to increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-bo

38、rder movement of goods, service, technology and capital. It is the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market. Depending on the paradigm, globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenom

39、enon. Economic globalization comprises the globalization of production, markets, competition, technology, and corporations and industries. Whilst economic globalization has been occurring for the last several hundred years, it has begun to occur at an increased rate over the last 2030 years. This re

40、cent boom has been largely accounted by developed economies integrating with less developed economies, by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers, and the modernization of the se developing cultures. 2. protectionist policy貿(mào)易保護(hù)政策貿(mào)易保護(hù)政策A variety of policies have been claim

41、ed to achieve protectionist goals. These include:Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets,

42、 thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are percei

43、ved as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. . Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effects of an import quota are similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will inst

44、ead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff. Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules a

45、s a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporter

46、s. Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against foreign imports. These subsidies are purported to protect local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies:

47、 Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies are the opposite of export tariffs, exporters are paid a percentage of the value of their exports. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar

48、to import subsidies. Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in it

49、s trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports. . 1. 1. i 2. a 3. e 4. h 5. b 6. g 7. d 8. c 9. j 10. f 2. 1. vary 2. contingency 3. spelt out 4. impose 5. weeded out 6. stipulation 7. accompanied 8. demanding 9.confiscated 10. fined3. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. aBackBackIII. 1. 1. Altho