高中英語(yǔ)-高考近5年全國(guó)卷真題語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)-定語(yǔ)從句

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 定語(yǔ)從句一 考點(diǎn)概述：本考點(diǎn)是歷年高考中考查的重點(diǎn)，主要考查關(guān)系代詞(who, which,that,whose,whom)和關(guān)系副詞（when, where, why）的用法；考查形式：語(yǔ)法填空和 短文改錯(cuò)；其次閱讀理解和完型填空中長(zhǎng)難句的分析等二考點(diǎn)聚焦功能：相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語(yǔ)位置：定語(yǔ)從句置于被修飾詞之后例如： He is the man who studies in USA. 本句中涉及到三個(gè)概念：1.先行詞即 the man：被定語(yǔ)從句飾的詞稱為先行詞先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如:some-, any-, every-和no與-b

2、oy, -thing的合成詞；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。數(shù)詞也可以作先行詞，人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。 2. 引導(dǎo)詞即who:起連接的作用 引導(dǎo)詞分兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 關(guān)系代詞：who;which;that;whose;whom 關(guān)系副詞：when;where;why3.從句即studies in USA.：引導(dǎo)詞之后的句子。 三考點(diǎn)精講 1. 關(guān)系代詞 : who;which; that; whom; whose其中關(guān)系代詞who;which;that;whom用于后面的從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的情況(1) who:指代先行詞是人(可做從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))

3、She is the girl who I teach in China.(從句缺賓語(yǔ))That is the man who teaches us English.(從句缺主語(yǔ))(2) which:指代先行詞是物（做從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)） That is the book which I want.(從句缺賓語(yǔ)) There is a bird which stands in the building.(從句缺主語(yǔ))(3) that: 指代先行詞是人或物（做從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)）She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(從句缺賓語(yǔ))There is a b

4、ird which/that stands in the building.(從句缺主語(yǔ))(4) whom;指代先行詞是人，但只用于從句是缺賓語(yǔ)的情況。She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(從句缺賓語(yǔ))That is the man whom teaches us English.(從句缺主語(yǔ),本句用whom是錯(cuò)誤的)(5) whose:指代從句中缺定語(yǔ)的情況（表示所屬關(guān)系）That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows是屬于the building構(gòu)成一種所屬關(guān)系

5、即缺少buildings)2.關(guān)系副詞：when;where;why(該三個(gè)詞主要用于從句是不缺主語(yǔ)或是賓語(yǔ)的情況即從句是個(gè)完整句)(1) when:指代先行詞表時(shí)間如：time；month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介詞+which)I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(該從句是一個(gè)完整的句子，先行詞是the day在從句中需要加個(gè)介詞on來(lái)做狀語(yǔ)的成分即I came to Beijing on the day)(2)where :指代先行詞是地點(diǎn)的詞如：place;house;school;也可以

6、是模糊的詞如：point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介詞+which)That is the place where/in which I was born .(該從句I was born也是一個(gè)完整句，即不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的，此時(shí)where可以換成in which)(3)why:指代先行詞是表原因的詞即：reason（形式上只能是等于for+which)That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.四非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的前面往往有

7、逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. I still remember the day, when I came to Beijing.五總結(jié)定語(yǔ)從句三步法：1. 找出先行詞2. 判斷從句是不是完整句: 完整句考慮關(guān)系副詞：when;where; why不是完整句考慮關(guān)系代詞：that;who;which;whom;whose3. 選擇合適的關(guān)系詞 注意：(1) 定語(yǔ)從句

8、中是沒(méi)有引導(dǎo)詞what;(2) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中無(wú)引導(dǎo)詞that；The house, that I bought last year, has a lovely garden.(錯(cuò)誤)改為T(mén)he house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.（3）先行詞做從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省引導(dǎo)詞 That is the book which I want.(從句缺賓語(yǔ))可改為T(mén)hat is the book I want.（4）在定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which1先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí) 序數(shù)詞 數(shù)詞幾種詞修飾

9、或被 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修飾時(shí)。2先行詞為all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時(shí)。3先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.4先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.5當(dāng)主句中含有疑問(wèn)詞which時(shí)。Which are the books

10、that you bought for me ?（5）宜用which而不用that的情況（1）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中（2）在關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)（3）當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)（4）當(dāng)關(guān)系詞離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)2015年2019年全國(guó)卷語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法填空1. Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.（20

11、15年全國(guó)1）解析:本句中的從句是缺主語(yǔ)的，所以考慮關(guān)系代詞，通過(guò)判斷先行詞是mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，表示物所以填that或which。2. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016年全國(guó)1)解析:本句意思是我和熊貓的關(guān)聯(lián)要追溯到20世紀(jì)80年代，那時(shí)我是第一個(gè)西方的記者。通過(guò)判斷本句是個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而從句是完整句

12、考慮關(guān)系副詞，先行詞是the 1980s，表示時(shí)間所以填when3. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.（2016年全國(guó)3）解析：一些人認(rèn)為偉大的中國(guó)學(xué)者孔子，生活在公園前的551到479，影響了筷子的發(fā)展。本句的從句是缺主語(yǔ)，考慮關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是Chinese scholar Confucius，表示人，所以填who。4. Like anything,

13、it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.（2017年全國(guó)1）解析：本題通過(guò)判斷是考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句是缺主語(yǔ)，考慮關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是前面整個(gè)句子，表示個(gè)事件，填which。5. But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.（2017年全國(guó)3）解析：Sarah和頂級(jí)模特已經(jīng)參加了表演，想證明她有智慧和美麗。本句的從句是缺

14、主語(yǔ)，先行詞是Sarah，表示人，填who。6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014_showed a mere five to 10 minutes day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.（2018年全國(guó)1）解析：兩個(gè)評(píng)論家也做了研究，在2014年被發(fā)表，這項(xiàng)研究表明5到10分鐘跑步可以減少心臟病和早死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本句中的從句缺少主語(yǔ)，考慮關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是study，填

15、that或which。7. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.（2018年全國(guó)2）解析：政府開(kāi)始了一項(xiàng)土壤測(cè)試項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目對(duì)農(nóng)民給出了具體的建議。本句中從句缺少主語(yǔ)考慮關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是pro

16、gram，填that或which。8. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _ she opened with her late husband Les.(2019年全國(guó)2)解析：Irene Astbury每天在寵物店從9點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)工作，她和她后來(lái)的丈夫創(chuàng)辦的。本句考查的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)閺木鋝he opened后缺少賓語(yǔ)，考慮關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是shop，表示物，填which。9. We were first greeted with the barking by a

17、pack of dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.（2019年全國(guó)3）解析：這些狗都受到了主人的良好訓(xùn)練，并且這些狗主人在照顧動(dòng)物上有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。本句中從句是had great experience前沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，考慮關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是their masters，表示物，填who。短文改錯(cuò)1. In their spare time, they are interested in planting vege

18、tables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.（2017年全國(guó)2）解析：在空閑時(shí)間，他們?cè)诨▓@里種蔬菜很感興趣，而這些花園是在他們的屋頂上。本句中定語(yǔ)從句that is on the rooftop of their house.前有個(gè)逗號(hào)，所以是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，把that改為which2. Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.（2017年全國(guó)3）解析：在照片中，我的周?chē)悄菚r(shí)我生命中非常重要的東西：車(chē)刊和樂(lè)器。本句的中的從句they were very important修飾the things來(lái)做定語(yǔ)，所以they改為which或that。3. They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.（2018年全國(guó)1）解析：他們有一小