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1、ANDREW S. TANENBAUMCOMPUTER NETWORKSFOURTH EDITIONPROBLEM SOLUTIONS第 1 章 概述1. 答:狗能攜帶21千兆字節(jié)或者168千兆位的數(shù)據(jù)。18 公里/小時(shí)的速度等于0.005 公里/秒,走過x公里的時(shí)間為x / 0.005 = 200x秒, 產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度為168/200x Gbps或者840 /x Mbps。因此,與通信線路相比較,若x<5.6 公里,狗有更高的速度。2. 使用局域網(wǎng)模型可以容易地增加節(jié)點(diǎn)。如果局域網(wǎng)只是一條長的電纜,且不會(huì)因個(gè)別的失效而崩潰( 例如采用鏡像服務(wù)器)的情況下,使用局域網(wǎng)模型會(huì)更便宜。使

2、用局域網(wǎng)可提供更多的計(jì)算能力和更好交互式接口。3. 答:橫貫大陸的光纖連接可以有很多千兆位/秒帶寬, 但是由于光速度傳送要越過數(shù)千公里,時(shí)延將也高。相反,使用56 kbps調(diào)制解調(diào)器呼叫在同一大樓內(nèi)的計(jì)算機(jī)則有低帶寬和較低的時(shí)延。4. 聲音的傳輸需要相應(yīng)的固定時(shí)間,因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)隙數(shù)量是很重要的。傳輸時(shí)間可以用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差方式表示。 實(shí)際上,短延遲但是大變化性比更長的延遲和低變化性更糟。5. 答:不,傳送.速度為200,000 公里/秒或200米/ 微秒。信號(hào)在10微秒中傳送了2千米,每個(gè)交換機(jī)相當(dāng)于增加額外的2 公里電纜。 如果客戶和服務(wù)器之間的距離為5000 公里,平均通過50個(gè)交換機(jī)給那些總道路

3、只增加100 公里,只是2%。 因此,交換延遲不是這些情形中的主要因素。6. 答:由于請求和應(yīng)答都必須通過衛(wèi)星,因此傳輸總路徑長度為160,000千米。在空氣和真空中的光速為300,000 公里/秒, 因此最佳的傳播延遲為160,000/300,000秒,約533 msec。7. 顯而易見,在這里沒有正確的獨(dú)立的答案。但下列問題好像相關(guān):目前的系統(tǒng)有它的很多慣性(檢測和平衡)。 當(dāng)新的團(tuán)體掌握權(quán)力的時(shí)候,這慣性可保持法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)制度的穩(wěn)定。 此外,很多人對社會(huì)問題沒有真的知道事情的真相,但卻具有很強(qiáng)烈的、引起爭論的意見。 將不允許講道理的觀點(diǎn)寫進(jìn)法律也許不合適。還必須考慮某些專業(yè)組織有影響

4、的宣傳活動(dòng)。另一主要問題是安全。黑客可能侵入系統(tǒng)和偽造結(jié)果。8. 答:將路由器稱為A,B,C,D 和E.:則有10條可能的線路;AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE,和DE。 每條線路有4 種可能性(3 速度或者不是線路),這樣,拓?fù)涞目倲?shù)為410 = 1,048,576。 檢查每個(gè)拓?fù)湫枰?00 ms,全部檢查總共需要104,857. 6秒,或者稍微超過29個(gè)小時(shí)。9. 答:這意味著,從路由器到路由器的路徑長度相當(dāng)于路由器到根的兩倍。 若在樹中,根深度為1,深度為n,從根到第n層需要n-1跳,在該層的路由器為0.50。 從根到n-1 層的路徑有router的0

5、.25和n -2跳步。 因此,路徑長度l為:或This expression reduces to ln2,The mean router-router 路徑為2n-4。10. 區(qū)分n-2 事件。 事件1到n由主機(jī)成功地、沒有沖突地使用這條信道的事件組成。 這些可能性的事件的概率為p(1p)n-1 。事件n+1是一個(gè)空閑的信道,其概率為(1- p)n。事件n+2是一個(gè)沖突。由于事件n+2互斥,它們可能發(fā)生的事件必須統(tǒng)一合計(jì)。 沖突的可能性等于那些小部分的槽的浪費(fèi),只是11. 答:通過協(xié)議分層可以把設(shè)計(jì)問題劃分成較小的易于處理的片段。分層意味著某一層的協(xié)議的改變不會(huì)影響高層或低層的協(xié)議。 12.

6、 答:不.,在ISO 協(xié)議模型中,物理通訊只在最低的層里進(jìn)行,不在每個(gè)層里。13. 無連接通信和面向連接通信的最主要區(qū)別是什么?答:主要的區(qū)別有兩條。其一:面向連接通信分為三個(gè)階段,第一是建立連接,在此階段,發(fā)出一個(gè)建立連接的請求。只有在連接成功建立之后,才能開始數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,這是第二階段。接著,當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸完畢,必須釋放連接。而無連接通信沒有這么多階段,它直接進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。其二:面向連接的通信具有數(shù)據(jù)的保序性, 而無連接的通信不能保證接收數(shù)據(jù)的順序與發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的順序一致。14. 答:不相同。在報(bào)文流中,網(wǎng)絡(luò)保持對報(bào)文邊界的跟蹤;而在字節(jié)流中,網(wǎng)絡(luò)不做這樣的跟蹤。例如,一個(gè)進(jìn)程向一條連接寫了1024

7、字節(jié),稍后又寫了另外1024 字節(jié)。那么接收方共讀了2048 字節(jié)。對于報(bào)文流,接受方將得到兩個(gè)報(bào)文。每個(gè)報(bào)文1024 字節(jié)。 而對于字節(jié)流,報(bào)文邊界不被識(shí)別。接收方把全部的2048 個(gè)字節(jié)當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體,在此已經(jīng)體現(xiàn)不出原先有兩個(gè)報(bào)文的事實(shí)。15. 答:協(xié)商就是要讓雙方就在通信期間將使用的某些參數(shù)或數(shù)值達(dá)成一致。最大分組長度就是一個(gè)例子。16. 服務(wù)是由k層向k1層提供的。服務(wù)必須由下層k提供,即,對層k的服務(wù)是由k- 1層提供的。17. The probability, Pk , of a frame requiring exactly k transmissions is the prob

8、ability of the first k-1 attempts failing, pk-1 , times the probability of the k-th transmission succeeding, (1-p) . The mean number of transmission is thenjust18. OSI 的哪一層分別處理以下問題?把傳輸?shù)谋忍亓鲃澐譃閹瑪?shù)據(jù)鏈路層決定使用哪條路徑通過子網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)層.19. 答:幀封裝包。 當(dāng)一個(gè)包到達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層時(shí),整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)包,包括包頭、數(shù)據(jù)及全部內(nèi)容,都用作幀的數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)?;蛘哒f,將整個(gè)包放進(jìn)一個(gè)信封(幀)里面,( 如果能裝入的話)。20.

9、 一個(gè)有n 層協(xié)議的系統(tǒng),應(yīng)用層生成長度為m 字節(jié)的報(bào)文,在每層都加上h 字節(jié)報(bào)頭,那么網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶寬中有多大百分比是在傳輸各層報(bào)頭?hn/(hn+m)*100%注意:題中已說明每層都要附加報(bào)頭,不要考慮實(shí)際的OSI 或者TCP/IP 協(xié)議 21. 相似點(diǎn):都是獨(dú)立的協(xié)議棧的概念;層的功能也大體相似。不同點(diǎn):OSI更好的區(qū)分了服務(wù)、接口和協(xié)議的概念,因此比TCP/IP具有更好的隱藏性,能夠比較容易的進(jìn)行替換;OSI是先有的模型的概念,然后再進(jìn)行協(xié)議的實(shí)現(xiàn),而TCP/IP是先有協(xié)議,然后建立描述該協(xié)議的模型;層次數(shù)量有差別;TCP/IP 沒有會(huì)話層和表示層,OSI不支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連。OSI在網(wǎng)絡(luò)層支持無連

10、接和面向連接的通信,而在傳輸層僅有面向連接的通信,而TCP/IP在網(wǎng)絡(luò)層僅有一種通信模式(無連接),但在傳輸層支持兩種模式。22. TCP 是面向連接的,而UDP 是一種數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)服務(wù)。23. 如果3 枚炸彈炸毀與右上角那2個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)連接的3 個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),可將那2個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)與其余的節(jié)點(diǎn)拆開。系統(tǒng)能禁得住任何兩個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的損失。24. Doubling every 18 months means a factor of four gain in 3 years. In 9 years, the gain is then 43 or 64, leading to 6.4 billion hosts. My intui

11、tion says that is much too conservative, since by then probably every television in the world and possibly billions of other appliances will be on home LANs connected to the Internet. The average person in the developed world may have dozens of Internet hosts by then.25. 如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)容易丟失分組,那么對每一個(gè)分組逐一進(jìn)行確認(rèn)較好,

12、此時(shí)僅重傳丟失的分組。而在另一方面,如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度可靠,那么在不發(fā)差錯(cuò)的情況下,僅在整個(gè)文件傳送的結(jié)尾發(fā)送一次確認(rèn),從而減少了確認(rèn)的次數(shù),節(jié)省了帶寬;不過,即使有單個(gè)分組丟失,也需要重傳整個(gè)文件。26. Small, fixed-length cells can be routed through switches quickly, and completely in hardware. Small, fixed-size cells also make it easier to build hardware that handles many cells in parallel. Also,

13、they do not block transmission lines for very long, making it easier to provide quality-of-service guarantees.27. The speed of light in coax is about 200,000 km/sec, which is 200 meters/ìsec. At 10 Mbps, it takes 0.1 ìsec to transmit a bit. Thus, the bit lasts 0.1 ìsec in time, during

14、 which it propagates 20 meters. Thus, a bit is 20 meters long here.28. The image is 1024 × 768 × 3 bytes or 2,359,296 bytes. This is 18,874,368 bits. At 56,000 bits/sec, it takes about 337.042 sec. At 1,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 18.874 sec. At 10,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 1.8

15、87 sec. At 100,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 0.189 sec.29. Think about the hidden terminal problem. Imagine a wireless network of five stations, A through E, such that each one is in range of only its immediate neighbors. Then A can talk to B at the same time D is talking to E. Wireless networks

16、have potential parallelism, and in this way differ from Ethernet.30. One disadvantage is security. Every random delivery man who happens to be in the building can listen in on the network. Another disadvantage is reliability. Wireless networks make lots of errors. A third potential problem is batter

17、y life, since most wireless devices tend to be mobile.31. 優(yōu)點(diǎn)1:如果每個(gè)人都使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),那么每個(gè)人都可以與其他任何人交流;優(yōu)點(diǎn)2:廣泛使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將導(dǎo)致規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì),比如生產(chǎn)大規(guī)模集成電路芯片。缺點(diǎn)1:為了取得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化所需要的政治妥協(xié)經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致差的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);缺點(diǎn)2:一旦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被廣泛采用了,要對它再做改變就會(huì)非常困難,即使發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的更好的技術(shù)或方法,也難以替換。32. 具有國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的系統(tǒng)的例子包括CD 播放器和CD 盤片,隨聲聽和錄音磁帶,照相機(jī)和35mm 膠卷等。缺乏國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的領(lǐng)域包括合適錄像機(jī)和錄像帶(美國是NTSC VHS,歐洲是PAL),手提電話

18、,電燈和燈泡(不同的國家使用不同的電壓),影印機(jī)和紙(美國為8.5*11 英寸,其他地方為A4)等。第 2 章 物理層1. 答;本題是求周期性函數(shù)的傅立葉系數(shù)。而題面中所給出的為信號(hào)在一個(gè)周期內(nèi)的解析式。即; 2. 答:無噪聲信道最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率公式:最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率=2Hlog2V b/s。因此最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率決定于每次采樣所產(chǎn)生的比特?cái)?shù),如果每次采樣產(chǎn)生16bits,那么數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率可達(dá)128kbps;如果每次采樣產(chǎn)生1024bits,那么可達(dá)8.2Mbps。注意這是對無噪聲信道而言的,實(shí)際信道總是有噪聲的,其最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率由香農(nóng)定律給出。3. 答:采樣頻率12MHz,每次采樣2bit,總的數(shù)據(jù)率

19、為24Mbps。4. 答:信噪比為20 dB 即 S/N = 100.由于 log21016.658,由香農(nóng)定理,該信道的信道容量為3log2(1+100) =19.98kbps。又根據(jù)乃奎斯特定理,發(fā)送二進(jìn)制信號(hào)的3kHz 信道的最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率為2*3 log22=6 kbps。所以可以取得的最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率為6kbps。5. 答:為發(fā)送T1 信號(hào),我們需要所以,在50kHz 線路上使用T1 載波需要93dB 的信噪比。6. 答:無源星沒有電子器件,來自一條光纖的光照亮若干其他光纖。有源中繼器把光信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)以作進(jìn)一步的處理。7. 答:因此,在0.1的頻段中可以有30THz。8. 答:

20、數(shù)據(jù)速率為480× 640×24× 60bps,即442Mbps。需要442Mbps 的帶寬,對應(yīng)的波長范圍是。9. 答:奈奎斯特定理是一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)性質(zhì),不涉及技術(shù)處理。該定理說,如果你有一個(gè)函數(shù),它的傅立葉頻譜不包含高于f 的正弦和余弦,那么以2 f 的頻率采樣該函數(shù),那么你就可以獲取該函數(shù)所包含的全部信息。因此奈奎斯特定理適用于所有介質(zhì)。10. 答:3 個(gè)波段的頻率范圍大約相等,根據(jù)公式小的波段 也小,才能保持f 大約相等。順便指出,3 個(gè)帶寬大致相同的事實(shí)是所使用的硅的種類的一個(gè)碰巧的特性反映。11. 答:12. 答:1GHz 微波的波長是30cm。如果一個(gè)波比

21、另一個(gè)波多行進(jìn)15cm,那么它們到達(dá)時(shí)將180異相。顯然,答案與鏈路長度是50km 的事實(shí)無關(guān)。13. 答:If the beam is off by 1 mm at the end, it misses the detector. This amounts to a triangle with base 100 m and height 0.001 m. The angle is one whose tangent is thus 0.00001. This angle is about 0.00057 degrees.14. With 66/6 or 11 satellites per n

22、ecklace, every 90 minutes 11 satellites pass overhead. This means there is a transit every 491 seconds. Thus, there will be a handoff about every 8 minutes and 11 seconds.15. The satellite moves from being directly overhead toward the southern horizon, with a maximum excursion from the vertical of 2

23、ö. It takes 24 hours to go from directly overhead to maximum excursion and then back.16. The number of area codes was 8× 2× 10, which is 160. The number of prefixes was 8× 8 ×10, or 640. Thus, the number of end offices was limited to 102,400. This limit is not a problem.17.

24、With a 10-digit telephone number, there could be 1010 numbers, although many of the area codes are illegal, such as 000. However, a much tighter limit is given by the number of end offices. There are 22,000 end offices, each with a maximum of 10,000 lines. This gives a maximum of 220 million telepho

25、nes. There is simply no place to connect more of them. This could never be achieved in practice because some end offices are not full. An end office in a small town in Wyoming may not have 10,000 customers near it, so those lines are wasted.18. 答:每部電話每小時(shí)做0.5 次通話,每次通話6 分鐘。因此一部電話每小時(shí)占用一條電路3 分鐘,60/3=20,

26、即20 部電話可共享一條線路。由于只有10%的呼叫是長途,所以200 部電話占用一條完全時(shí)間的長途線路。局間干線復(fù)用了1000000/4000=250 條線路,每條線路支持200 部電話,因此,一個(gè)端局可以支持的電話部數(shù)為200*250=50000。19. 答:雙絞線的每一條導(dǎo)線的截面積是,每根雙絞線的兩條導(dǎo)線在10km 長的情況下體積是,即約為15708cm。由于銅的密度等于9.0g/cm3,每個(gè)本地回路的質(zhì)量為9×15708 =141372 g,約為141kg。這樣,電話公司擁有的本地回路的總質(zhì)量等于141×1000×104= 1.41× 10 9k

27、g,由于每千克銅的價(jià)格是3 美元,所以總的價(jià)值等于3× 1.4×10 9=4.2 × 109美元。20. Like a single railroad track, it is half duplex. Oil can flow in either direction, but not both ways at once.21. 通常在物理層對于在線路上發(fā)送的比特不采取任何差錯(cuò)糾正措施。在每個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器中都包括一個(gè)CPU 使得有可能在第一層中包含錯(cuò)誤糾正碼,從而大大減少第二層所看到的錯(cuò)誤率。由調(diào)制解調(diào)器做的錯(cuò)誤處理可以對第二層完全透明?,F(xiàn)在許多調(diào)制解調(diào)器都有內(nèi)建的

28、錯(cuò)誤處理功能。22. 每個(gè)波特有4 個(gè)合法值,因此比特率是波特率的兩倍。對應(yīng)于1200 波特,數(shù)據(jù)速率是2400bps。23. 相位總是0,但使用兩個(gè)振幅,因此這是直接的幅度調(diào)制。24. If all the points are equidistant from the origin, they all have the same amplitude, so amplitude modulation is not being used. Frequency modulation is never used in constellation diagrams, so the encoding

29、is pure phase shift keying.25. Two, one for upstream and one for downstream. The modulation scheme itself just uses amplitude and phase. The frequency is not modulated.26. There are 256 channels in all, minus 6 for POTS and 2 for control, leaving 248 for data. If 3/4 of these are for downstream, tha

30、t gives 186 channels for downstream. ADSL modulation is at 4000 baud, so with QAM-64 (6 bits/baud) we have 24,000 bps in each of the 186 channels. The total bandwidth is then 4.464 Mbps downstream.27. A 5-KB Web page has 40,000 bits. The download time over a 36 Mbps channel is 1.1 msec. If the queue

31、ing delay is also 1.1 msec, the total time is 2.2 msec. Over ADSL there is no queueing delay, so the download time at 1 Mbps is 40 msec. At 56 kbps it is 714 msec.28. There are ten 4000 Hz signals. We need nine guard bands to avoid any interference. The minimum bandwidth required is 4000× 10 +

32、400×9 =43,600 Hz.29. 答:125的采樣時(shí)間對應(yīng)于每秒8000 次采樣。一個(gè)典型的電話通道為4kHz。根據(jù)奈奎斯特定理,為獲取一個(gè)4kHz 的通道中的全部信息需要每秒8000 次的采樣頻率。(Actually the nominal bandwidth is somewhat less, but the cutoff is not sharp.)30. 每一幀中,端點(diǎn)用戶使用193 位中的168(7*24)位,開銷占25(=193-168)位,因此開銷比例等于25/193=13%。31. 答:比較使用如下方案的無噪聲4kHz 信道的最大數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率:(a) 每次采樣2

33、 比特的模擬編碼 16kbps(b) T1 PCM 系統(tǒng)56kbpsIn both cases 8000 samples/sec are possible. With dibit encoding, two bits are sent per sample. With T1, 7 bits are sent per period. The respective data rates are 16 kbps and 56 kbps.32. 答:10 個(gè)幀。在數(shù)字通道上某些隨機(jī)比特是0101010101 模式的概率是1/1024。察看10 個(gè)幀,若每一幀中的第一位形成比特串0101010101,則

34、判斷同步成功,而誤判的概率為1/1024,小于0.001。33. 答:有。編碼器接受任意的模擬信號(hào),并從它產(chǎn)生數(shù)字信號(hào)。而解調(diào)器僅僅接受調(diào)制了的正弦(或余弦)波,產(chǎn)生數(shù)字信號(hào)。34. 答:aCCITT 2.048Mbps 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用32 個(gè)8 位數(shù)據(jù)樣本組成一個(gè)125的基本幀,30 個(gè)信道用于傳信息,2 個(gè)信道用于傳控制信號(hào)。在每一個(gè)4kHz 信道上發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)率就是8*8000=64kbps。b差分脈碼調(diào)制(DPCM)是一種壓縮傳輸信息量的方法,它發(fā)送的不是每一次抽樣的二進(jìn)制編碼值,而是兩次抽樣的差值的二進(jìn)制編碼?,F(xiàn)在相對差值是4 位,所以對應(yīng)每個(gè)4kHz 信道實(shí)際發(fā)送的比特速率為4*8000=3

35、2bps。c增量調(diào)制的基本思想是:當(dāng)抽樣時(shí)間間隔s t 很短時(shí),模擬數(shù)據(jù)在兩次抽樣之間的變化很小,可以選擇一個(gè)合適的量化值? 作為階距。把兩次抽樣的差別近似為不是增加一個(gè)?就是減少一個(gè)? 。這樣只需用1bit 二進(jìn)制信息就可以表示一次抽樣結(jié)果,而不會(huì)引入很大誤差。因此,此時(shí)對應(yīng)每個(gè)4kHz 信道實(shí)際發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)速率為1*8000=8kHz。35. 答:在波的1/4 周期內(nèi)信號(hào)必須從0 上升到A。為了能夠跟蹤信號(hào),在T/4 的時(shí)間內(nèi)(假定波的周期是T)必須采樣8 次,即每一個(gè)全波采樣32 次,采樣的時(shí)間間隔是1/x,因此波的全周期必須足夠的長,使得能包含32 次采樣,即T > 32/x,或f

36、 max =x/32。36. 答:10-9 的漂移意味著109 秒中的1 秒,或1 秒中的10-9 秒。對于OC-1 速率,即51.840Mbps,取近似值50Mbps,大約一位持續(xù)20ns。這就說明每隔20 秒,時(shí)鐘就要偏離1位。這就說明,時(shí)鐘必須每隔10 秒或更頻繁地進(jìn)行同步,才能保持不會(huì)偏離太大。37. 答:基本的SONET 幀是美125產(chǎn)生810 字節(jié)。由于SONET 是同步的,因此不論是否有數(shù)據(jù),幀都被發(fā)送出去。每秒8000 幀與數(shù)字電話系統(tǒng)中使用的PCM 信道的采樣頻率完全一樣。810字節(jié)的SONET 幀通常用90列乘以9行的矩形來描述,每秒傳送51.84Mbps,即8×

37、810×800051840000bps。這就是基本的SONET 信道,它被稱作同步傳輸信號(hào)STS-1,所有的SONET 干線都是由多條STS-1構(gòu)成。每一幀的前3 列被留作系統(tǒng)管理信息使用,前3 行包含段開銷,后6 行包含線路開銷。剩下的87 列包含87×9×8×800050112000bps。被稱作同步載荷信封的數(shù)據(jù)可以在任何位置開始。線路開銷的第一行包含指向第一字節(jié)的指針。同步載荷信封(SPE)的第一列是通路開銷。通路開銷不是嚴(yán)格的SONET 結(jié)構(gòu),它在嵌入在載荷信封中。通路開銷端到端的流過網(wǎng)絡(luò),因此把它與端到端的運(yùn)載用戶信息的SPE 相關(guān)聯(lián)是有意義

38、的。然而,它確實(shí)從可提供給端點(diǎn)用戶的50.112Mbps 中又減去1×9×8×8000576000bps,即0.576Mbps,使之變成49.536Mbps 。OC-3相當(dāng)于3個(gè)OC-1復(fù)用在一起,因此其用戶數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率是49.546× 3 148.608 Mbps。38. VT1.5 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec ×3 columns× 9 rows× 8 bits =1.728 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate DS-1. VT2 can accom

39、modate 8000 frames/sec ×4 columns× 9 rows × 8 bits = 2.304 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate European CEPT-1 service. VT6 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec× 12 columns× 9 rows× 8 bits = 6.912 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate DS-2 service.39. Message switching sends d

40、ata units that can be arbitrarily long. Packet switching has a maximum packet size. Any message longer than that is split up into multiple packets.40. 答:當(dāng)一條線路(例如OC-3)沒有被多路復(fù)用,而僅從一個(gè)源輸入數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),字母c(表示conactenation,即串聯(lián))被加到名字標(biāo)識(shí)的后面,因此,OC-3 表示由3 條單獨(dú)的OC-1 線路復(fù)用成155.52Mbps,而OC-3c 表示來自單個(gè)源的155.52Mbps 的數(shù)據(jù)流。OC-3c 流中所包

41、含的3 個(gè)OC-1 流按列交織編排,首先是流1 的第1 列,流2 的第1 列,流3 的第1 列,隨后是流1 的第2 列,流2 的第2 列,以此類推,最后形成270 列寬9 行高的幀。OC-3c 流中的用戶實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率比OC-3 流的速率略高(149.760Mbps 和148.608Mbps),因?yàn)橥烽_銷僅在SPE 中出現(xiàn)一次,而不是當(dāng)使用3 條單獨(dú)OC-1 流時(shí)出現(xiàn)的3 次。換句話說,OC-3c 中270 列中的260 列可用于用戶數(shù)據(jù),而在OC-3 中僅能使用258列。更高層次的串聯(lián)幀(如OC-12c)也存在。OC-12c 幀有12*90=1080 列和9 行。其中段開銷和線路開銷占1

42、2*3=36 列,這樣同步載荷信封就有1080-36=1044 列。SPE 中僅1 列用于通路開銷,結(jié)果就是1043 列用于用戶數(shù)據(jù)。由于每列9 個(gè)字節(jié),因此一個(gè)OC-12c 幀中用戶數(shù)據(jù)比特?cái)?shù)是8 × 9×104375096。每秒8000 幀,得到用戶數(shù)據(jù)速率75096×8000 =600768000bps,即600.768Mbps。 所以,在一條OC-12c 連接中可提供的用戶帶寬是600.768Mbps。41. 答:The three networks have the following properties: 星型:最好為2,最差為2,平均為2;環(huán)型:最

43、好為1,最差為n/2,平均為n/4如果考慮n 為奇偶數(shù),則n 為奇數(shù)時(shí),最壞為(n-1)/2,平均為(n+1)/4n 為偶數(shù)時(shí),最壞為 n/2,平均為n2/4(n-1) 全連接:最好為1,最差為1,平均為1。42. 對于電路交換, t= s時(shí)電路建立起來;t s+ + x /d 時(shí)報(bào)文的最后一位發(fā)送完畢;t = s+ x/b+kd時(shí)報(bào)文到達(dá)目的地。而對于分組交換,最后一位在t=x/b 時(shí)發(fā)送完畢。為到達(dá)最終目的地,最后一個(gè)分組必須被中間的路由器重發(fā)k-1次,每次重發(fā)花時(shí)間p/ b,所以總的延遲為為了使分組交換比電路交換快,必須:所以:43. 答:所需要的分組總數(shù)是x /p ,因此總的數(shù)據(jù)加上頭

44、信息交通量為(p+h)x/p位。源端發(fā)送這些位需要時(shí)間為(p+h )x / /pb中間的路由器重傳最后一個(gè)分組所花的總時(shí)間為(k-1)(p +h )/ b 因此我們得到的總的延遲為對該函數(shù)求p 的導(dǎo)數(shù),得到令得到因?yàn)?p0,所以故時(shí)能使總的延遲最小。44. Each cell has six neighbors. If the central cell uses frequency group A, its six neighbors can use B, C, B, C, B, and C respectively. In other words, only 3 unique cells a

45、re needed. Consequently, each cell can have 280 frequencies.45. First, initial deployment simply placed cells in regions where there was high density of human or vehicle population. Once they were there, the operator often did not want to go to the trouble of moving them. Second, antennas are typica

46、lly placed on tall buildings or mountains. Depending on the exact location of such structures, the area covered by a cell may be irregular due to obstacles near the transmitter. Third, some communities or property owners do not allow building a tower at a location where the center of a cell falls. I

47、n such cases, directional antennas are placed at a location not at the cell center.46. If we assume that each microcell is a circle 100 m in diameter, then each cell has an area of 2500ð. If we take the area of San Francisco, 1.2 × 108 m2 and divide it by the area of 1 microcell, we get 15

48、,279 microcells. Of course, it is impossible to tile the plane with circles (and San Francisco is decidedly three-dimensional), but with 20,000 microcells we could probably do the job.47. Frequencies cannot be reused in adjacent cells, so when a user moves from one cell to another, a new frequency m

49、ust be allocated for the call. If a user moves into a cell, all of whose frequencies are currently in use, the users call must be terminated.48. It is not caused directly by the need for backward compatibility. The 30 kHz channel was indeed a requirement, but the designers of D-AMPS did not have to

50、stuff three users into it. They could have put two users in each channel, increasing the payload before error correction from 260 ×50= 13 kbps to 260× 75 = 19.5 kbps. Thus, the quality loss was an intentional trade-off to put more users per cell and thus get away with bigger cells.49. D-AM

51、PS uses 832 channels (in each direction) with three users sharing a single channel. This allows D-AMPS to support up to 2496 users simultaneously per cell. GSM uses 124 channels with eight users sharing a single channel. This allows GSM to support up to 992 users simultaneously. Both systems use abo

52、ut the same amount of spectrum (25 MHz in each direction).D-AMPS uses 30 KHz× 892 = 26.76 MHz. GSM uses 200 KHz × 124 =24.80 MHz. The difference can be mainly attributed to the better speech quality provided by GSM (13 Kbps per user) over D-AMPS (8 Kbps per user).50. The result is obtained

53、 by negating each of A, B, and C and then adding the three chip sequences. Alternatively the three can be added and then negated. The result is (+3 +1 +1 .1 .3 .1 .1 +1).51. By definitionIf T sends a 0 bit instead of 1 bit, its chip sequence is negated, with the i-th element becoming .Ti . Thus,52.

54、When two elements match, their product is +1. When they do not match, their product is .1. To make the sum 0, there must be as many matches as mismatches. Thus, two chip sequences are orthogonal if exactly half of the corresponding elements match and exactly half do not match.53. Just compute the fo

55、ur normalized inner products:(.1 +1 .3 +1 .1 .3 +1 +1) d (.1 .1 .1 +1 +1 .1 +1 +1)/8 = 1(.1 +1 .3 +1 .1 .3 +1 +1) d (.1 .1 +1 .1 +1 +1 +1 .1)/8 = .1 (.1 +1 .3 +1 .1 .3 +1 +1) d (.1 +1 .1 +1 +1 +1 .1 .1)/8 = 0(.1 +1 .3 +1 .1 .3 +1 +1) d (.1 +1 .1 .1 .1 .1 +1 .1)/8 = 1The result is that A and D sent 1

56、 bits, B sent a 0 bit, and C was silent.54. 答:可以,每部電話都能夠有自己到達(dá)端局的線路,但每路光纖都可以連接許多部電話。忽略語音壓縮,一部數(shù)字PCM電話需要64kbps 的帶寬。如果以64kbps 為單元來分割10Gbps,我們得到每路光纜串行156250 家。現(xiàn)今的有線電視系統(tǒng)每根電纜串行數(shù)百家。55. 答:它既像TDM,也像FDM。100 個(gè)頻道中的每一個(gè)都分配有自己的頻帶(FDM),在每個(gè)頻道上又都有兩個(gè)邏輯流通過TDM 交織播放(節(jié)目和廣告交替使用頻道)。This example is the same as the AM radio ex

57、ample given in the text, but neither is a fantastic example of TDM because the alternation is irregular. 56. A 2-Mbps downstream bandwidth guarantee to each house implies at most 50 houses per coaxial cable. Thus, the cable company will need to split up the existing cable into 100 coaxial cables and

58、 connect each of them directly to a fiber node.57. The upstream bandwidth is 37 MHz. Using QPSK with 2 bits/Hz, we get 74 Mbps upstream. Downstream we have 200 MHz. Using QAM-64, this is 1200 Mbps. Using QAM-256, this is 1600 Mbps.58. Even if the downstream channel works at 27 Mbps, the user interface is nearly always 10-Mbps Ethernet. There is no way to get bits to the computer any faster than 10-Mbps under these circumstances. If the connection between the PC and cable modem is fast Ethernet, then the full 27 Mbps may be available. Usua

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