從語篇銜接和連貫看英語商務(wù)文本的漢譯論文

1、AcknowledgementsI am greatly honored to have this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all those who have offered me their considerate help and continuous encouragement throughout these two years. I will inevitably miss all of the wonderful tutors and friends.First and foremost, I want to exp

2、ress my heartfelt thanks and appreciation to Prof. Zuo Biao, my supervisor. It has been a great privilege and joy to work under his guidance and with his encouragement. I thank him for opening my eyes to the wonders of two of the most precious gifts we have: the human mind and the ability to share w

3、hat is in it with others. My research has brought home to me in a new way the truth that we are wonderfully made.I thank Prof. Han Zhonghua for his encouragement and for his comments on the dissertation which underlies this dissertation. I thank Prof. Zheng Lixin, Prof. Wang Dawei Associate Prof. Yu

4、an Yongfang, Associate Prof. Shi Dongqin the staff and fellow-students in the College of Foreign Languages, ShanghaiMaritimeUniversity as well as other colleagues for their feedback on my research. In the meantime, I wish to express my gratitude to the persons that relieved me of other chores, so th

5、at I could devote my time entirely to the completion of this dissertation. I also want to express my gratitude for the financial help I received from my relatives and my former classmates. Last but not least, a very special thank goes to my wife Yin Naimin and my son Liu Xianyu for supporting a husb

6、and and father whose mind was not always free to give them the attention they needed. It is my pleasure to dedicate this dissertation to them.畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）原創(chuàng)性聲明和使用授權(quán)說明原創(chuàng)性聲明本人重承諾：所呈交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文），是我個人在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作與取得的成果。盡我所知，除文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致的地方外，不包含其他人或組織已經(jīng)發(fā)表或公布過的研究成果，也不包含我為獲得與其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位或?qū)W歷而使用過的材料。對本研究提供過幫助和做出過貢

7、獻(xiàn)的個人或集體，均已在文中作了明確的說明并表示了意。作 者 簽 名：日 期：指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 日期：使用授權(quán)說明本人完全了解大學(xué)關(guān)于收集、保存、使用畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的規(guī)定，即：按照學(xué)校要求提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的印刷本和電子版本；學(xué)校有權(quán)保存畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的印刷本和電子版，并提供目錄檢索與閱覽服務(wù)；學(xué)?？梢圆捎糜坝?、縮印、數(shù)字化或其它復(fù)制手段保存論文；在不以贏利為目的前提下，學(xué)?？梢怨颊撐牡牟糠只蛉咳荨Ｗ髡吆灻?日 期：學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明本人重聲明：所呈交的論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注引用的容外，本論文不包含任何其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫的成

8、果作品。對本文的研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個人和集體，均已在文中以明確方式標(biāo)明。本人完全意識到本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。作者簽名： 日期： 年 月 日學(xué)位論文使用授權(quán)書本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，同意學(xué)校保留并向國家有關(guān)部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版，允許論文被查閱和借閱。本人授權(quán)大學(xué)可以將本學(xué)位論文的全部或部分容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索，可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存和匯編本學(xué)位論文。涉密論文按學(xué)校規(guī)定處理。作者簽名：日期： 年 月 日導(dǎo)師簽名： 日期： 年 月 日指導(dǎo)教師評閱書指導(dǎo)教師評價：一、撰寫（設(shè)計）過程1、學(xué)生在論文（設(shè)計）過程中的治學(xué)態(tài)度、工作精神

9、 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、學(xué)生掌握專業(yè)知識、技能的扎實(shí)程度 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格3、學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識和專業(yè)技能分析和解決問題的能力 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格4、研究方法的科學(xué)性；技術(shù)線路的可行性；設(shè)計方案的合理性 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格5、完成畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）期間的出勤情況 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格二、論文（設(shè)計）質(zhì)量1、論文（設(shè)計）的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是否符合撰寫規(guī)？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、是否完成指定的論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)（包括裝訂與附件）？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格三、論文（設(shè)計）水平1、論文（設(shè)計）的理論意義或?qū)鉀Q實(shí)際問題的指導(dǎo)意義 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、論文的觀念是否有

10、新意？設(shè)計是否有創(chuàng)意？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格3、論文（設(shè)計說明書）所體現(xiàn)的整體水平 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格建議成績：優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格（在所選等級前的畫“”）指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名） 單位： （蓋章）年 月 日評閱教師評閱書評閱教師評價：一、論文（設(shè)計）質(zhì)量1、論文（設(shè)計）的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是否符合撰寫規(guī)？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、是否完成指定的論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)（包括裝訂與附件）？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格二、論文（設(shè)計）水平1、論文（設(shè)計）的理論意義或?qū)鉀Q實(shí)際問題的指導(dǎo)意義 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、論文的觀念是否有新意？設(shè)計是否有創(chuàng)意？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格3、論文（設(shè)計說明書

11、）所體現(xiàn)的整體水平 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格建議成績：優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格（在所選等級前的畫“”）評閱教師： （簽名） 單位： （蓋章）年 月 日102 / 116教研室（或答辯小組）與教學(xué)系意見教研室（或答辯小組）評價：一、答辯過程1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的基本要點(diǎn)和見解的敘述情況 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、對答辯問題的反應(yīng)、理解、表達(dá)情況 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格3、學(xué)生答辯過程中的精神狀態(tài) 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格二、論文（設(shè)計）質(zhì)量1、論文（設(shè)計）的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是否符合撰寫規(guī)？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、是否完成指定的論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)（包括裝訂與附件）？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格三、論

12、文（設(shè)計）水平1、論文（設(shè)計）的理論意義或?qū)鉀Q實(shí)際問題的指導(dǎo)意義 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格2、論文的觀念是否有新意？設(shè)計是否有創(chuàng)意？ 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格3、論文（設(shè)計說明書）所體現(xiàn)的整體水平 優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格評定成績：優(yōu) 良 中 與格 不與格（在所選等級前的畫“”）教研室主任（或答辯小組組長）： （簽名）年 月 日教學(xué)系意見：系主任： （簽名）年 月 日摘要本文從語篇銜接和連貫看英語商務(wù)文本的漢譯在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上，利用語篇銜接理論的部分研究成果，并結(jié)合大量商務(wù)文本實(shí)例，從語篇銜接和連貫兩個角度對英語商務(wù)文本漢譯進(jìn)行了廣泛、深入的探討。全文共分為五章。第一章主要介紹了翻譯以與商

13、務(wù)文本翻譯理論。包括翻譯的定義、發(fā)展、歷史和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；商務(wù)文本翻譯的類別、功能和現(xiàn)狀等。第二章從詞匯、句子和風(fēng)格三個方面對英漢商務(wù)文本的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了對比分析。第三、第四、第五章是本文的主體。第三章主要介紹了語篇分析理論，是本文作者進(jìn)行研究的理論基礎(chǔ)。本章詳細(xì)闡述了語篇、文本、語篇銜接和語篇連貫等概念，以與它們與商務(wù)文本翻譯的聯(lián)系。與此同時，本章也強(qiáng)調(diào)了語篇分析理論對提高商務(wù)文本翻譯水平的重要意義。第四章作者從語篇銜接角度出發(fā)，利用語法銜接和詞匯銜接兩個方面探討商務(wù)文本翻譯。本文作者對比分析了指代關(guān)系、省略關(guān)系、替代關(guān)系、連接關(guān)系、復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系（重復(fù)、概括詞、同（近）義詞、上下義詞）和同現(xiàn)關(guān)系（反義詞、對

14、比詞、部分整體）與商務(wù)文本翻譯的聯(lián)系，從而幫助翻譯工作者找到其中聯(lián)系，提高翻譯水平。第五章從語篇連貫角度出發(fā)，利用局部連貫和整體連貫兩個方面研究商務(wù)文本翻譯。作者對比分析了原因、連接、評價、擴(kuò)、整體結(jié)構(gòu)和思維模式與商務(wù)文本翻譯的關(guān)系。禮德和哈桑夫婦對語篇銜接理論進(jìn)行了深入的探討，但對語篇連貫研究較少，并且其有些語篇連貫見解尚有商榷之處。在江博士對語篇連貫也進(jìn)行了探討，但還不夠深入。本文的成果在于作者運(yùn)用大量的實(shí)例對語篇分析理論進(jìn)行了研究。最后作者得出結(jié)論，語篇分析理論雖有待完善，但能夠指導(dǎo)商務(wù)文本翻譯活動順利進(jìn)行，提高翻譯工作者的翻譯水平。另外，本文作者雖在商務(wù)文本翻譯的基礎(chǔ)上對語篇銜接和連貫

15、進(jìn)行了有益的探討，但還有待進(jìn)一步深入和完善。關(guān)鍵詞：商務(wù)文本翻譯，語篇分析，銜接，連貫ABSTRACTThis dissertation explores E-C business document translation from the perspectives of discourse cohesion and coherence. It consists of five chapters besides the preface, the conclusion, and the bibliography.Chapter One briefly introduces translation

16、 and business document translation, including general theory of translation, such as definition, history, criteria of translation, and business document translation, such as categories, functions and present situation of business document translation. Chapter Two presents a general contrastive analy

17、sis of English and Chinese business documents at the lexical, syntactic and textual levels. The next three chapters, that is, Chapter Three, Four and Five, are the principal part of this dissertation. Discourse analysis theory is introduced in the third chapter, where discourse, text, business docum

18、ent translation, discourse cohesion and coherence are discussed in detail. And the author emphasizes the importance of textual components (cohesion and coherence) in business document translation. The author also points out a theory should be treated and developed based on translating practice, no m

19、atter how authoritative it is. Or no theory is perfect.In Chapter Four, the author uses Halliday and Hasans (1976, 1985) framework,the description of cohesion in English, which as Brown and Yule (1983) say is “by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject”, to contrast E-C business document

20、s translation.This chapter clarifies the view that cohesion in English and Chinese should be regarded as a key link of discourse structure in spite of their differences in specific forms.In Chapter Five, the author discusses coherence phenomenon in business English documents. Coherence is one of the

21、 most important and the most complicated topics in discourse analysis. It has become one of the focal issues in discourse analysis in the recent two decades. Combined with examples, this chapter discusses the coherence in business document translation. By emphasizing the importance of clear coherenc

22、e awareness in translation process, the author points out that Hallidays systemic functional linguistics can provide a theoretical support and basis for translation to improve the business document translation.On balance, the author has come to a conclusion through all the above analyses, argument a

23、nd illustrations. All theories of translation have their respective strengths and weaknesses and they complement each other in guiding translating practice. As no specific theory so far is directly aimed at offering guidelines for the translation of business documents under discussion, it is necessa

24、ry to view the task from some new perspectives based on existing theories concerning language, culture and translation. This dissertation is intended as an attempt to fill the gap between translation theories in general and business translating practice in particular.Although the ideas presented in

25、the dissertation may appear to be tentative and immature, yet it approaches the topic of business document translating from a new angle, i.e. the angle of discourse analysis, and may hopefully contribute to the improvement of business document translation.KEYWORDS: business document translation, dis

26、course analysis, cohesion, coherence ContentsAcknowledgementsI摘要IIABSTRACTContentsVPreface10.1. The object of this research10.2. Literature review10.3. An overview of the dissertation2Chapter OneBusiness Document Translation31.1. Translation in general31.1.1. What is translation?41.1.2. A general re

27、view of translation. Bible and other translation until c.1530. From the Luther Reformation to the French Revolution: c.1530-1790. From the French Revolution to the Second World War: 1789-1940. Decolonization and the Cold War: 1945-c.1970. The expansion of the

28、European Union to the end of the Cold War: c.1970-c: 1990. 1990 to the present day71.1.3. Translation criteria. Some western views on translation criteria. Some Chinese views on translation criteria101.2. Business document translation111.2.1. Business document and its categor

29、ies121.2.2. Functions of business document translation131.2.3. Present situation of business document translation131.2.4. Criteria of business document translation141.2.5. Importance of business document translation from the perspective of discourse cohesion and coherence16Summary16Chapter TwoThe Fe

30、atures of Business English Documents172.1. Lexical features of business English documents172.1.1. Archaisms182.1.2. Loan words. Words of Latin origin. Words of French origin202.1.3. Other formal words212.1.4. Words used in coordination222.1.5. Frequent use of modal verbs.

31、“Shall”. “May”. “Must” “Would”262.2. Syntactic features of business English documents262.2.1. Declarative-prominent sentences272.2.2. Long & complex sentences272.2.3 Full sentences272.2.4. Direct and explicit expression dominance282.2.5. Nominalization292.3. Stylistic

32、features of business English documents292.3.1. Clearness & conciseness302.3.2. Preciseness & rigorousness312.3.3. Courtesy & consideration31Summary32Chapter ThreeDiscourse Analysis and Business Document Translation333.1. General view of discourse analysis333.2. Discourse, text and busine

33、ss document translation343.2.1. Discourse and text353.2.2. The definitions of discourse and text353.2.3. Text and business document translation363.3. Discourse cohesion and coherence373.3.1. Concepts about cohesion and coherence373.3.2. Relationship between cohesion and coherence383.4Discourse cohes

34、ion and coherence and business document translation393.5. The importance of discourse cohesion and coherence in business document translation41Summary41Chapter FourDiscourse Cohesion in Business Document Translation424.1. Categories of cohesion424.2. Grammatical cohesion in business document transla

35、tion424.2.1. Reference in business document translation4. Personal reference4. Demonstrative reference4. Comparative reference474.2.2. Substitution in business document translation4. Nominal substitute4. Verbal substitute4. Clausal substitute494.2.3. E

36、llipsis in business document translation504.2.4. Conjunction in business document translation5. English conjunction5. Chinese conjunction524.3. Lexical cohesion in business document translation534.3.1. Reiteration in business document translation5. Repetition5. Synony

37、m & near-synonym5. Hyponym564.3.2. Collocation in business document translation5. Antonyms5. Oxymoron5. Part-whole relation59Summary60Chapter FiveDiscourse Coherence in Business Document Translation615.1. The importance of coherence615.2. Functions of coherence625

38、.3. Categories of coherence635.4. Local coherence and business document translation635.4.1. Cause and business document translation645.4.2. Evaluation and business document translation645.4.3. Linkage and business document translation655.4.4. Expansion and business document translation6. Exp

39、ansion in English6. Expansion in Chinese6. Examples of E-C business document translation6. Summary705.5. Global coherence and business document translation715.5.1. Macrostructure and business document translation7. Linear organization & circular organization725.5.

40、1.2. An example in E-C business document translation735.5.2. Mental model and business document translation7 Abstract thinking and concrete thinking7. Examples in business document translation76Summary78Conclusion79Bibliography80Appendixes83Preface0.1. The object of this researchThis

41、 dissertation has been one year in the writing. Sections of it have twice been written, hopefully better than the first one, which was published in Foreign Language Research Waiyu Xuekan 2008(7)：30-31.The author feels that much contemporary academic theory has little to do with the practicalities of

42、 business document translation work. Therefore, in this thesis, the author makes preliminary study of business document translation from the perspectives of cohesion and coherence at textual level,expecting to provoke interest in the subject with his own superficial observations and bring out furthe

43、r discussions and more valuable ideas on business document translation.0.2. Literature reviewAlthough translation is an old topic, the study of business document translation is a new field. So it is a new challenge to study business document translation from the perspectives of cohesion and coherenc

44、e. As discourse analysis is in the early age, it also has some fuzziness. Especially,the study of coherence is not further and complete. Here，the author points out there are no absolutes in business document translation. Everything is conditional, and any principle may be in opposition to another or

45、 at least there may be tension between them.The balance in this dissertation is not necessarily superior to that of others, but I have done my best to avoid making it excessively theoretical by using exemplification that covers the facts from the angle presented in this dissertation. It will also be

46、 noted that I do not provide precise information about where exactly I found specific examples(e.g. page numbers).0.3. An overview of the dissertation Writing a dissertation about business document translation, I am aware that this is a new profession and that the body of knowledge and of assumption

47、s that exists about business document translation is tentative, often controversial and fluctuating. This dissertation will not cover everything in business document translation studies, not even all aspects that are worth further study. It will only focus on which I consider pertinent in the contex

48、t of this dissertation.Comments and criticism are welcome.Chapter OneBusiness Document Translation1.1. Translation in general100 years ago, the majority of translated texts were religious, literary, scientific and philosophical. They were mainly read by educated elite in each country. In this centur

49、y, translation has become a force and an instrument of democracy. The subject matter translated has extended to the whole range of human knowledge. “It is impossible to obtain any figures about the quantity and the areas of the total mass of translation. UNESCO publishes figures for the production o

50、f original and translated books, from which it transpires that in 1973 out of a world production of 47,000 translated books, literature occupied 49%, followed by social sciences 12%, applied sciences 8.5%, geography 8%, history 7.5%, pure science 6%, religion 5.5% and arts philosophy with a slightly

51、 lower percentage. The Federal Republic produced the highest percentage of these translations at 14% followed by Spain at 9.5%, USSR at 9.4 and then a series of countries, Japan, Italy, USA, France and Brazil, each at under 5%.” (Peter Newmark, 2006:16-17)These figures have to be looked at with some

52、 caution, as they are all based only on numbers of books translated. If reports, papers,articles, journals, etc. were included, one could perhaps assume an increase of at least fivefold in the proportion of applied science translation and a corresponding decrease in creative literature as well as an

53、 enormous additional quantity of non-literary material: publicity, patents, notices, instructions, etc. so we can say translation will increase exponentially with the speed of literacy and education, wider means and channels of communication, and even the spread of foreign language learning. 1.1.1.

54、What is translation?In translation study, what is translation is a fundamental question. Translation can be claimed to be a skill, an art, a recreation and a science. As an interdisciplinary study, translation involves linguistics, logic, philosophy, etc. Translation facilitates mutual understanding

55、 among different and even conflicting racial, ethnic, religious and cultural groups, so the increase in international communication makes translation, especially business translation, more and more important. In the past centuries, many translators and scholars both at home and abroad have researched on translation and tried to define it in one way or another. Here is a selected collection of the definitions:Translation consists in replacing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language, first in