新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語2 unit 1 重難點(diǎn)

1、Words to noteActive reading 1: 1.radicalism n. Ua way of thinking or behaving that is based on the belief that important political and social changes are necessary. 激進(jìn)主義e.g 1.An extra step from truth, thus, lands us in absurdity. That single word later gave rise to both cultural radicalism and cultu

2、ral nihilism.真理向前多跨一步就是謬誤。把“流傳下來的”誤為“傳統(tǒng)的”，雖一詞之差，卻隱含著產(chǎn)生文化激進(jìn)主義和文化虛無主義的危機(jī)。2.His radicalism and refusal to compromise isolated him. 他的激進(jìn)主義與拒絕妥協(xié)使他受到孤立.3.The author is going to study the formation of radicalism in China from a new perspective, namely the perspective of literary politics.筆者從文學(xué)政治的

3、視角來研究中國激進(jìn)主義的形成。詞根：radicaladj. radical 激進(jìn)的，徹底的，根本的adv.radically 根本上；徹底地；以激進(jìn)的方式n. radical 基礎(chǔ)；激進(jìn)分子；物化 原子團(tuán)；數(shù) 根數(shù)vi.radicalize 激進(jìn)化；成為過激論者vt.radicalize 使激進(jìn)；使偏激近義詞：activism n. 激進(jìn)主義2.dissident a. & n. 1) a. in opposition to official policy 持不同政見的 e.g. dissident writers 持不同政見的作家 2) n.

4、C someone who publicly criticizes the government in country where this is punished 持不同政見者 e.g. 1. a political dissident 一個(gè)政見不同的人 2. The government has promised to release some dissidents.政府承諾釋放幾名政見不同的人。synonym： dissenter，protester，objector，contestant短語 veteran dissident 資深異見人士 dissident li

5、te 輕量級(jí)的異見分子 exiled dissident 流亡海外異見人士3.liberal n.& adj. 1) Csomeone who believes that social and political changes should be made gradually if most people want them 主張變革的2)showing or characterized by broad-mindedness 自由主義的E.g 1.There was a time when one could&#

6、160;not be elected in the US unless one was a liberal. and it was actually for the right reasons.在美國曾有過一個(gè)非“自由主義者”不能夠參加選舉的時(shí)期，事實(shí)上那時(shí)一個(gè)人是否是“自由主義者”是一種是否政治正確的理由。2. The Liberal Democrat's support fell away at the last minute. 自由民主黨的支持率在最后一刻有所下

7、降。3. The attitude of the medical profession is very much more liberal now. 現(xiàn)在，醫(yī)務(wù)人員的態(tài)度開明多了。詞根： liberalAdj. liberalist 自由主義的 liberalistic 自由主義的adv.liberally 大方地；自由地；公平地；充足地N. liberalization 自由化；自由主義化；放寬限制 liberalism 自由主義；開明的思想或見解 liberality 慷慨，大方；心胸寬闊，胸懷廣闊 liberalisa

8、tion 自由化；開放 liberalist 自由主義者 liberalness 公正；寬宏大量；慷慨Vi. liberalize 自由化Vt. liberalize 使自由化；寬大詞組短語liberal education 普通教育；文科教育liberal art 文科liberal party n. 自由黨 liberal democratic party n. 自由民主黨liberal democracy 自由民主；自由民主主義；自由民主制（一種政府形式，由人民選出的民意代表行使決策權(quán)力）

9、同義詞n. latitudinarian 自由主義者 adj. generous 自由主義的 慷慨的4.establishment n.1) (the ) the most important and powerful people in a country, who are often thought of as being conservative and wanting to preserve their own power and influence （國家的）統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)，當(dāng)權(quán)派 e.g. The public is treated with contempt by the art es

10、tablishment.公眾受到藝術(shù)界當(dāng)權(quán)派的輕視。U the process of starting or creating something such as an organization 建立，確立 e.g. the establishment of NATO北約組織的建立Word family ： establish vi.植物定植 vt. 建立；創(chuàng)辦；安置established adj. 確定的；已制定的，已建立的詞組短語permanent establishment 恒久的設(shè)施establishment of diplomatic relations

11、 建交；建立外交關(guān)系business establishment 營業(yè)處所branch establishment 分支機(jī)構(gòu)establishment of business relations 建立業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系同義詞v. build 建立 n. constitution 建造 The literary establishment generally looks down on artists. 文學(xué)界權(quán)威 John was eager to establish good relations with the business community. 與建立良

12、好關(guān)系 Reagan quickly established himself as a promising film actor. 使自己成為 Its an old established family firm. 老牌的5.passion n. C,U a powerful emotion such as love or anger （愛情、憤怒等）強(qiáng)烈的情感 e.g. He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature. 他激動(dòng)地談起藝術(shù)和文學(xué)的重要性。（1）他酷愛古典音樂。 He ha

13、s a passion for classical music.（2）.He spoke with great passion about the plight of the refugees. 他慷慨激昂地講述了難民們的困境。詞根： passionadj.passionate 熱情的；熱烈的，激昂的；易怒的passionless 不熱情的，冷淡的；冷靜的adv.passionately 熱情地；強(qiáng)烈地；激昂地詞組短語passion for 對(duì)的強(qiáng)烈愛好have a passion for 對(duì)有強(qiáng)烈的愛好passion fruit&#

14、160;植百香果；西番蓮果crime of passion 激情犯罪；沖動(dòng)犯罪passion is sweet 激情很美；強(qiáng)烈的情感是甜蜜的同近義詞n. 激情；熱情；酷愛；盛怒flame , love , fire , warmth6.passionate a. showing or expressing strong beliefs, interest, or enthusiasm 感情強(qiáng)烈的；激昂的 e.g. 1. a passionate young man一位感情熱烈的年輕人 2. a passionate

15、 kiss深情一吻7.protest n. & v. 1) n. C,U a strong complaint or disagreement; something such as a meeting or public statement by people who strongly disagree with a policy, law etc. （強(qiáng)烈的）抗議；異議；抗議集會(huì)e.g. 1. A small group of demonstrators staged a peaceful protest outside the UN Headquarters. 一小群示威者在聯(lián)合國

16、總部外舉行了和平抗議。 2. Students will hold a protest this weekend at the federal building. 這個(gè)周末學(xué)生們將在聯(lián)邦辦公樓舉行抗議集會(huì)。2) v. disagree strongly with something, often by making a formal statement or taking action in public 抗議e.g. 1. Workers are protesting against high unemployment and inflation. 工人們正在抗議高失業(yè)率和通貨膨脹。 2.

17、Prisoners began a hunger strike to protest at their conditions. 犯人們開始絕食來抗議他們的環(huán)境。The organization has made a formal protest against the nuclear testing. 抗議，反對(duì)We cannot pass this matter by without protest. 不反對(duì)地，樂意地The decision raised/provoked a storm of protest among students. 引起一片抗議的風(fēng)暴I went to the d

18、octor under protest. 不情愿地詞根： testant 抗議的；持異議的testingly 抗議地testant 抗議者；持異議者protester 抗議者；反對(duì)者；持異議者protestation 抗議，異議；聲明；斷言詞組短語protest against 反對(duì)，對(duì)提出抗議without protest 心甘情愿地；不反對(duì)地；經(jīng)在“不保留異議”的情況下under protest 抗議著；極不樂意地protest about 

19、;對(duì).提出抗議同義詞n. disagreement 8.alliance n. C,U an arrangement between two or more people, groups, or countries by which they agree to work together to achieve something 結(jié)盟，聯(lián)盟e.g. 1. Britains military alliance with her NATO partners 英國同其北約伙伴的軍事聯(lián)盟 2. the possibility of a political alliance between the tw

20、o parties 兩黨政治聯(lián)盟的可能性See also：form an alliance with.Word family:： ally v.9.launch vt. 1) start a major activity such as a military attack, a public investigation, or a new career or project 發(fā)動(dòng)；發(fā)起（軍事襲擊，公眾調(diào)查等）e.g.1. The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000. 為了籌集15萬美元，該組織發(fā)起了一場募捐活動(dòng)。 2.

21、The Canadian police plan to launch an investigation into the deal. 加拿大警方計(jì)劃對(duì)這宗交易展開調(diào)查。 2) make a new product, book etc. available for sale for the first time 新產(chǎn)品，新書等 投放市場，發(fā)行 e.g. The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October. 公司希望在十月份以前把新藥投放市場。 3) send a missile, space vehicle, satellite, o

22、r other object into the air or into space 發(fā)射（導(dǎo)彈，宇宙飛船，人造衛(wèi)星等）e.g. The agency will launch a new weather satellite next month. 該部門將在下月發(fā)射一顆新的氣象衛(wèi)星。發(fā)射人造衛(wèi)星 launch a man-made satellite創(chuàng)辦一個(gè)新企業(yè) launch a campaign 發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊 launch an attack 發(fā)起一次活動(dòng) launch a new enterprise將新產(chǎn)品投放市場 launch a new product 運(yùn)載火箭 launch vehic

23、le 發(fā)射臺(tái) launch pad 發(fā)射場；發(fā)射區(qū)；活力地帶（MSN的功能區(qū)之一）launch site  下水日期；發(fā)行日期；上市日期 launch date詞根： launchn.launching 發(fā)射；下水；創(chuàng)設(shè)launcher 發(fā)射器；發(fā)射臺(tái)；發(fā)射者v.launching 發(fā)射；發(fā)動(dòng)；開始從事（launch的ing形式）同義詞v. release sending10.characterize vt. be a typical quality or feature of someone or somethi

24、ng 成為的特征e.g. Bright colors characterize his paintings. 明亮的色彩是他畫作的特點(diǎn)。A bold use of color characterizes the bedroom. 這間臥室的特點(diǎn)是用色大膽。 Word family: characteristics典型的 characterless 無個(gè)性的 character印刻,性格 品質(zhì) 角色 characterize 刻畫性格, 在文藝作品中塑造人物 characterization（描述） (1) Ambition is a characteristic of all successf

25、ul businessmen. (2) Competitive sport helps to develop ones character.(3) The 1980s were characterized by high inflation and high employment.(4) They portray him as a weak leader, but I dont think thats a fair characterization .11.prime adj. (only before noun)most important 首要的；最重要的E.g1.Political st

26、ability, meanwhile, will be a prime concern.與此同時(shí)，政治穩(wěn)定將是頭等大事。2. The Prime Minister has been briefed by her parliamentary aides. 首相已聽取了她議會(huì)助手的簡要匯報(bào)。3. He was priming the bomb to go off in an hour's time. 他正在裝炸彈，設(shè)定為在一個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)爆炸。Responsible, compassionate sex should be an adjunct 

27、;to the process of coupling, not the prime reason for doing so. 負(fù)責(zé)任的、有共鳴的性行為應(yīng)當(dāng)成為伴侶結(jié)合過程中的附屬物，而不是主要原因。詞根： primadj.primary 主要的；初級(jí)的；基本的 primeval 原始的；初期的（等于primaeval）prim 拘謹(jǐn)?shù)?；整潔的；呆板?primal 原始的；主要的；最初的primed 待發(fā)的adv.primarily 首先；主要

28、地，根本上n.primary 原色；最主要者 primer 初級(jí)讀本；識(shí)字課本；原始物primal 被壓抑童年情緒的釋放 priming 底漆；裝雷管；起爆劑；裝點(diǎn)火藥；裝填物primality 原始；首要；根本；素性 primness 呆滯；拘謹(jǐn)；一本正經(jīng)v.primed 使準(zhǔn)備好；裝填；使泵起動(dòng)；涂底漆；修剪樹枝（prime過去分詞）為裝火藥vi.prim 顯得一本正經(jīng)Vt. prim 使顯得一本正經(jīng)；把打扮得整整齊齊 primal 釋放（被壓抑的童年情緒）詞組短語 prime minist

29、er 首相，總理prime time 黃金時(shí)間deputy prime minister 副總理；副首相prime number 素?cái)?shù)prime mover n. 原動(dòng)力；發(fā)起者同近義詞 adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的greatest , major , elementary , central , spect n. & v. n. 1. (s) chances of success, especially in a job or ca

30、reer 勝算；（尤指工作和事業(yè)方面）成功的可能性e.g. I had no job, no education, and no prospects.我沒工作，沒受過教育，前途渺茫。2. U,C the possibility that something will happen, especially something good （尤指好事發(fā)生的）可能性e.g. The prospects for employment in the technology sector are especially good right now. 當(dāng)前技術(shù)部門的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)極好。13.Resignation n

31、. C,U the act of leaving a job permanently 辭職 e.g. 1. The governor refused to accept Coxs resignation. 州長拒絕接受考克斯的辭職。 2. The scandal led to the ministers resignation.丑聞導(dǎo)致了部長的辭職。Word family: resign v.14.Obscure adj. 1) not clearly expressed or not easy to understand 2) not known about or not well know

32、nThe poem is obscure to those unlearned in the classics.這首詩歌在不懂古典詩作的人看來是費(fèi)解的。2. 他為什么退學(xué)的理由還不清楚。The reasons why he dropped out are obscure. 15. give rise to to make sth. happen or begin, esp. sth. unpleasant or unexpected words or expressions with similar meaning to give rise to to cause/ to lead to/ t

33、o result in/ to contribute to(1) Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes. (2) Honesty and hard work contribute to success and happiness.16. bring about to make sth. happen, esp. to cause changes in a situation 反對(duì)黨聯(lián)合工會(huì)發(fā)動(dòng)了一次

34、大罷工，最終導(dǎo)致政府的垮臺(tái)。The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.17. in itself without considering the rest(1) For the old lady buying the daily newspaper soon became an end in itself, since she really

35、just wanted to chat with the shopkeeper. 那老太太每天去買報(bào)紙，不多時(shí)便覺樂在其中，因?yàn)樗饕窍牒偷曛髁奶?(2) 這錢本身對(duì)他們來說是沒有什么價(jià)值的。 The money in itself meant nothing to them. Active reading 2: 1. Destruction that is so severe that something stops existing or can never return to its normal state (1) Destruction pursues the great. 樹大招

36、風(fēng)。(2) He who is unjust is doomed to destruction. 多行不義必自斃。 What natural factors have destructive effects?hurricane (颶風(fēng)); typhoon (臺(tái)風(fēng)); tornado (龍卷風(fēng)); tsunami (海嘯); volcanic eruption (火山爆發(fā)) landslide (山崩); mudslide (泥石流)2. profound adj. very great(1) a profound change 巨大的變化(2) profound differences 懸殊的

37、差距(3) a profound effect / influence / impact重大的影響(4) a profound sense of failure強(qiáng)烈的挫敗感(5) profound insights深刻的見解(6) profound knowledge淵博的知識(shí)(7) profound interest濃厚的興趣(8) profound significance重大的意義3. by definition as a part of the basic nature of somethingBy definition, a home is the place where peopl

38、e live. It is a family dwelling.4. take to (1) I took to John as soon as we met. 開始喜歡, 有好感(2) Recently hes taken to wearing a cap. 開始養(yǎng)成······的習(xí)慣(3) Joanne says shes ill, and shes taken to her bed. 到（某處）休息5. be associated with to be connected with something in some way e

39、xpressions with similar meanings be related to/be in connection with/have sth. to do with/ be relevant to(1) Rose is always associated with love.(2) I cant always open my emailsit has something to do with the type of attachment they come with. 我不是每次都能打開郵件，這同郵件的附件類型有關(guān)。(3) Anyone is welcome to these m

40、eetings, we do discuss all sorts of things not just topics related to work. (4) It is relevant to the agricultural sector and there are several references to environmental considerations in the draft proposal. (5) In November 1990 he had been arrested in connection with a protest by women against a

41、ban on women drivers. 6.-ment or ism.cyniccynicism colloquialcolloquialismPostmodernpostmodernism ConfucianConfucianismcollectivecollectivism individualindividualismdevelopdevelopment enhanceenhancementconservativeconservatism EliteelitismGoverngovernment AgreeagreementHeroicheroism Sexsexism Romant

42、icromanticism InvestinvestmentDifficult sentencesActive reading 1: 1. “If you can remember anything about the 1960s, you weren't really there,” so the saying goes. (Para 1)有這么一種說法：“要是你能記得20 世紀(jì)60 年代的任何事情，你就沒有真正經(jīng)歷過那段歲月?！盬hat can we infer about the life of people in the 1960s? This saying makes a j

43、oking comment about these years: this was a time in the West when many young people took drugs (like cocaine可卡因, marijuana 大麻and LSD一種麻醉藥), so they were there and didnt really remember much of what happened (because of the drugs, they were “in a haze of marijuana smoke”). If someone does remember th

44、ey werent really therethey must have been somewhere else, without drugs.2.In the 1960s, Californias colleges and universities had transformed the state into the seventh largest economy. (Para 2)20世紀(jì)60年代，加州的高校把本州變成了世界第七大經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體。What can we infer about the status of the University of California? It sees

45、itself as the link between education and economy in California and has been recognized as a very significant factor for many years.What does the Californian economy include? Hollywood (entertainment), Los Angeles (tourism), the Central Valley (agriculture: California is the worlds fifth largest supp

46、lier of food and agricultural products), Silicon Valley (computers, high technology) and wine production.3. The liberals replied that it was the ability to tolerate noisy, dissident minorities which made universities great. (Para 2)自由派人士回答說，大學(xué)之所以偉大正是因?yàn)樗鼈冇心芰θ萑绦[的、唱反調(diào)的少數(shù)人。Why is it was which instead o

47、f it was that used here? 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是 “It is (was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(主語、賓語或狀語) + who (that).”。一般說來,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)，用 who；指事物時(shí)用 that，但that 也可以指人。在美國英語中指事物時(shí)常用 which來代替 that。I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.   強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.  強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：I

48、t was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.  強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.   強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station4. Some people drop out, but the most apathetic stay the course because its too m

49、uch effort to leave. (Para 5)有些人輟學(xué)，但大多數(shù)已經(jīng)有些麻木，還是堅(jiān)持混到畢業(yè)，因?yàn)殡x開學(xué)校實(shí)在是太費(fèi)事了。What does “stay the course” mean?“Stay the course” is used in the context of a war or battle meaning to pursue a goal regardless of any obstacles or criticism. Its modern usage was popularized by American presidents George H. W. Bu

50、sh and Ronald Reagan. The phrase was first used by Bush in July 2003 while talking about his plan for Iraq, “We will stay the course, we will help this young Iraqi democracy succeed”5. College has become a means to an end, an opportunity to incr

51、ease ones chances on the employment market, and not an end in itself, which gives you the chance to imagine, just for a short while, that you can change th

52、e world.  大學(xué)已變成實(shí)現(xiàn)目的的手段，是在就業(yè)市場上增加就業(yè)幾率的一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，上大學(xué)本身不再是目的，不再是給你提供一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，讓你暫時(shí)想象一下：你能夠改變世界。 Analyze the sentence structure.這句話主語為college，謂語has become，表語為a means to an end an opportunity  employment market作為a means to an end的

53、同位語。not an end in itself同樣為has become的表語，與前面的a means to an end形成對(duì)比，它還做定語從句which gives you the chance to imagine的主語。imagine后面跟了一個(gè)賓語從句that you can change the world。  6.Gone are the&#

54、160;days when a son or daughter rang home once or twice a term.   (7) 兒子或女兒每學(xué)期往家里打一兩回電話的日子一去不復(fù)返  Gone are the days when意思為“······日子一去不復(fù)返了”。注意后面的從句中要用過去時(shí)。也可以變換句型

55、 The days when are gone. 7.“Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven!” (Paras. 8-9)“在那黎明時(shí)分活著是至福之事，年輕更是如進(jìn)天堂！”Read to learn the background of these lines.The major English romantic poet, William Wordsworth (1770-1850) wrote these words about

56、the early days (the dawn) of the French Revolution. He had lived in France and was impressed by the Revolution but on his return to England, he found that many people who had supported it changed their minds when they saw the killings that happened later. These words try to catch the spirit of the e

57、nthusiasts.Analyze the sentence structure.這是一個(gè)倒裝句。原句應(yīng)是 It was bliss to be alive in that dawn. Bliss was / is it to do sth. 和 it was / is heaven to do sth. 都表示“做······是一件非常幸福的事情?！盤araphrase the sentence.It was complete happiness to be alive in the Revolution, but to be y

58、oung was even better. It was perfect, like in paradise.Active reading 2: 1. This is the class where you look cool, a bit sleepy from too many late nights and wearing a T-shirt with some ironic comment such as “Been there, done that and yes, this IS the T-shirt”. (Para. 1) “Been there, done that and

59、yes, this IS the T-shirt”這種表達(dá)方式和旅游有關(guān)，就是說都去過經(jīng)歷過了，都買了留念的T-shirt了，已經(jīng)不想再去了。 這門課是讓你在課堂上扮酷的帶著一絲熬夜太多的困勁兒，穿著一件T恤衫，上面印著“去過那兒，干過那事兒，對(duì)，這就是那件T恤衫”或諸如此類帶有譏諷意味的俏皮話。2. But when I started to study postmodernism, something clicked and made me sit up and take a fresh look at college life. (Para.1) If something clicks,

60、 it means that you suddenly understand it. 可是當(dāng)我開始學(xué)習(xí)后現(xiàn)代主義的時(shí)候，我突然開了竅。我提起精神，開始重新審視大學(xué)生活。 eg. But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple. 當(dāng)我去廚房喝飲料的時(shí)候，我突然間靈機(jī)一動(dòng)，意識(shí)到解決問題的方法實(shí)際上可能很簡單。 A word had clicked in peter's

61、brain .一個(gè)詞突然在彼得腦里一閃。3. The American college as we used to know it is coming to an end. (Para.3) 這里的 the American college as we used to know it 指的是美國大學(xué)曾經(jīng)是產(chǎn)生激進(jìn)社會(huì)變革的發(fā)源地，即 an incubator of radical social change。20世紀(jì)60年代美國反傳統(tǒng)文化遠(yuǎn)動(dòng)大多起源于大學(xué)校園，例如1964 年在Berkeley 爆發(fā)的自由言論運(yùn)動(dòng)。 In brief, the period of modernism has

62、come to an end and nothing has replaced it. Language and cultureThe Vietnam War: Vietnam had wars with France in the 19th century (18581884),Japan(1940-1945),and France(1945-1954) after which North and South Vietnam became separate countries. What Americans call the Vietnam War involv