大學英語四級翻譯和語法

1、應用能力考試漢譯英講義一、漢譯英應試原則和基本程序（一）漢譯英應試原則手法靈活（如遇難譯之處，換用其它相近說法表達）語法正確（避免時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復數(shù)等語法錯誤）內(nèi)容忠實（必須把原文的內(nèi)容準確而完整地表達出來，不得有任何歪曲、遺漏或增刪）語言閃光（譯文符合英語表達習慣，且用詞準確、多樣）（二）漢譯英基本程序1理解 通讀并透徹理解原文含義2翻譯 確定譯文句子的時態(tài)、句型、結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞 3審校 首先檢查譯文是否正確地轉(zhuǎn)述了原文內(nèi)容，是否有錯譯和漏譯；其次，檢查是否有語言上的明顯錯誤，如時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復數(shù)、拼寫、大小寫、標點符號等。發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤，及時改正。二、漢譯英專項練習一、倍數(shù)增減的表示法1)Force

2、 N1 _(比力N2大2.5倍). 2)This substance _(反應速度是另外那種物質(zhì)的三倍). 3)The earth _(是月球大小的49倍).4)The landlord _(想將租金提高三分之一). 5)They _(計劃將投資增加一倍).二、時態(tài) 1)Be quick, _(否則等我們到達教堂時婚禮就已經(jīng)結(jié)束了). 2)When she got home, _(孩子們已經(jīng)睡著了). 3)When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _(我姐姐將在海邊度假). 4)I_(一上午都在修改我的簡歷). 5)Do you

3、often go on holiday? _(不，我已經(jīng)有五年沒有度假了). 6)He joined the army in October, 2001. _(他參軍已五年了). 三、被動語態(tài)1)The blackboard and chalk _(正在被電腦和投影機所取代).2)The book _(到今年年底就將已出版). 3)Computer models _(可以用來演示細胞工作的方式). 4)When the bill of fare was brought, _(我驚呆了，價格大大超出了我的預料). 5)_(必須立即采取有效措施)to eliminate sandy storms.

4、四、情態(tài)動詞1)The phone is ringing, _(但是沒人接聽。她一定不在家).2)I cant find my sunglasses. _(我可能昨天落在咖啡店里了).3)You screamed in your sleep last night. _(你一定夢見什么可怕的東西了). 4)Its a pity. _(你本應該邀請她來參加你的畢業(yè)典禮的). 5)_(其實我沒必要穿上我最好的套裝去參加那次聚會的); most of the guests were wearing jeans and sweaters.五、虛擬語氣1)I wish _(我年輕的時候有你們這樣的機會).

5、 2)If only _(他知道這病是可以治好的)! Then he would not have killed himself.3) Would you like him to paint your door with yellow stars? Id rather he _(漆成藍色的，而且不帶任何裝飾). 4)Its high time that _(采取措施解決交通堵塞的問題). 5)Hugh usually talks _(仿佛在大會上發(fā)表演說似的). 6)We insist that _(讓杰克立刻進醫(yī)院).7)It was advised that _(在居民區(qū)設立更多的流動商店

6、). 8)His proposal was that _(他們成立一個專門委員會來檢查這個問題). 9)We are going to discuss his suggestion that _(取消期中考試). 10)It is ridiculous that _(我們在一個總是下雨的國家還缺水).11)It is essential that _(每個人都為緊急情況做好準備). 12)_(如果他按照我告訴他的辦法訂票), we would have had quite a comfortable journey.13)I was to have made a speech _(要不是有人把

7、我的話打斷了).14)It didnt rain last night. _(要是下了，地就會濕的). 15)_(如果我一直住在紐約), I would know the U.S. well now.16)If the doctor had not come in time, _(他現(xiàn)在就不在人間了). 17)But for his help, _(我們就不會以這么低的價格租到房子了). 18)I used my calculator; _(否則，我會花更長的時間才能算出這道題).19)Were I in your place, _(我會毫不猶豫地抓住機會). 20)Had it not be

8、en for their opposition, _(這項法案早就通過了). 21)Should there be another world war, _(人類的繼續(xù)存在就會有危險). 22)He walked lightly _(以免驚醒嬰兒).六、不定式1)It was a great achievement _(10個月建成一棟24層的樓). 2)It is necessary _(我們在考試前好好地睡一晚上覺). 3)It is generous _(你把這么多錢捐給災區(qū)人民). 4)The teacher decided _(不懲罰那些上課遲到的學生). 5)Mr. Green w

9、as wondering _ (是否去看望在法國的兒子). 6)The gardener _(剛才警告我不要在中午給花澆水). 7)We _(請他給我們做有關現(xiàn)代藝術的講座). 8)He feels it challenging _(在這么大一所大學做學生會主席). 9)We hope to have more opportunities _(把我們在課堂上學到的東西應用于實踐). 10)The bad weather _(破壞了我們在露天放電影的計劃). 11)The environmentalists are against _(在郊區(qū)建一座核電站的決定). 12)Sally Ride w

10、as the first _(探索外部空間的美國婦女). 13)They lifted a rock _(結(jié)果砸了自己的腳). 14)He was surprised _(在這個山村遇見一個中學同學). 15)I am sorry _(占用了您這么多時間). 16)I happened _(在他沖進來的時候站在門口). 17)She doesnt like _(被當作客人). 18)If you want to save money, youd better _(到校園書店買舊書). 19)We did nothing _(除了整天打橋牌). 20)We were made _(進屋之前在墊子

11、上擦擦腳). 七、分詞1)This is the first time that I heard _(用意大利語唱“祝你生日快樂”). 2)The cars _(停在消防通道的) will be ticketed. 3)The war went on for years, _(奪去了成千上萬人的生命). 4)The farmers used a new insecticide, thus _(將平均產(chǎn)量提高了15%). 5)Einstein watched the toy in delight, _(想推導出它的運轉(zhuǎn)原理). 6)_(看到大家都在聚精會神地看書), we stopped tal

12、king and began to study. 7)_(被這個男孩的事跡深深打動了), they decided to pay for his education. 8)_(從一個年輕朋友的眼光來看), Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man. 9)_(好久沒有收到父母的來信了), he was worried about them. 八、動名詞1)_(每天洗冷水澡) does him a lot of good. 2)They tried to avoid _(讓女兒做她不喜歡的事情). 3)Developing varieties i

13、s the key to _(使我們的產(chǎn)品進入國際市場). 4)It is no use _(為灑了的牛奶而哭泣). 5)He denied_(偷看了同桌的試卷). 6)We congratulated her on _(被提升為經(jīng)理). 九、非謂語動詞用法區(qū)別1)Success means _(非常努力地工作). 2)John meant _(開車去那兒，但他的車出了故障). 3)I heard him _(在跟他的母親談話). 4)I heard him _(跟他的母親談了一個小時). 5)He jumped into the pool to save the child _(結(jié)果卻摔斷了

14、自己的腿). 6)He jumped from the burning house, _(摔斷了雙腿). 7)He was happy _(看到父母很健康). 8)_(看到父母安然無恙), he issued a sigh of relief. 9)_(跟隨著它的腳印), the zoologists spotted the hungry panda.10)The pop, _(后面跟著兩個保鏢), came to meet his fans. 十、名詞從句1)_(他們?yōu)槭裁措x開家鄉(xiāng)去云南) is still a secret. 2)_(最讓我不解的) was that he spoke En

15、glish so well. 3)_(這么做是故意的) became obvious. 4)It is not clear yet _(誰應該為這件事負責). 5)It is none of your business _(瑪麗與誰訂婚). 6)Dont put off till tomorrow _(今天能做的事). 7)This novel is just _(我一直在尋找的). 8)It is not yet known _(機器人是否有一天能擁有象人一樣的視力). 9)_(她是否喜歡那個禮物) is not clear to me.10)My main problem right no

16、w is _(我是否應該請求另一筆貸款). 11)It all depends on _(他們是否會支持我們). 12)You have yet to answer my question _(我是否可以指望你的投票). 13)Finally, the workers got an answer _(政府做不了什么事來提高他們工資).14)Obviously, there was little certainty _(主席會同意他的提議). 十一、定語從句1)Everyday many tourists come to visit _(魯迅出生的那棟房子). 2)The old lady di

17、ed _(在她兒子到達的那天). 3)This is _(我贊成這一改革的理由). 4)Let ABC be _(一個三邊不等長的三角形). 5)Some of the roads were flooded, _(這使我們的旅程更為艱難). 6)He introduced me to his students, _(他們大部分是英語專業(yè)的學生). 7)_(眾所周知), water is a liquid. 十二、狀語從句1)_(不管我們談論什么), Jim brings polities into the discussion. 2)_(不管哪一方獲勝), I shall be satisfi

18、ed. 3)_(不管觀眾中的一些人如何使勁地難為他), the comedian always had a quick, sharp reply. 4)We climbed high _(這樣我們就可以看到更好的風景). 5)The problem so very complicated _(花了我們兩個周才解決). 6)You can go out _(只要你答應晚上11點以前回來). 7)I remember the whole thing _(仿佛是昨天發(fā)生的). 十三、比較級最高級1)Does she dance _(跟她姐姐一樣地優(yōu)美)? 2)The buildings look _

19、(在倫敦比在這兒難看得多). 3)This is _(他畫的最好的畫之一). 4)The higher you climb, _(空氣就越稀薄). 十四、倒裝句1)Scarcely had she fallen asleep _(一陣敲門聲就把她吵醒). 2)No sooner had Anne arrived _(就生病了).3)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. _(他妻子也沒說一句歡迎的話).4)Only then _(那個醫(yī)生才意識到他的病人需要手術).5)Only when you adjust down your price

20、 _(我們才能做成這筆買賣).十五、強調(diào)句1)_(正是Jefferson寫下了)the Declaration of Independence.2)_(作者是帶著真摯的情感)praises all that is progressive. 3)_(正是因為水漲了)we could not cross the river. 4)_(人們聽見正是Jim 這個無情的家伙) shouting at his mother in the dead of night. 5)_(直到我告訴她) Mrs. Williams knew anything about it. 三、漢譯英專項練習答案及解析一、倍數(shù)增減

21、的表示法1)is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考點：倍數(shù) + 形容詞/副詞比較級 + than）2)reacts three times as fast as the other one （考點：倍數(shù) + as + 形容詞/副詞 + as）3)is 49 times the size of the moon （考點：倍數(shù) + 名詞）4)wants to raise the rent by a third （考點：動詞 + by + 數(shù)詞/百分比/倍數(shù)）5)plan to double their investment （考點：double + 名詞）二、時

22、態(tài) 1)or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考點：將來完成時）2)the children had fallen asleep （考點：過去完成時）3)my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考點：將來進行時）4)have been revising my resume all the morning （考點：現(xiàn)在完成進行時）5)No. It has been five years since I went on holiday

23、 （考點：It has been since sb. did sth. 表示某人有多長時間沒有做某事了）6)He has been in the army for 5 years （考點：1. 現(xiàn)在完成時；2.要用持續(xù)性動詞才能接一段時間）三、被動語態(tài)1)is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考點：被動語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在進行時）2)will have been published by the end of this year （考點：被動語態(tài)的將來完成時）3)can be used to demonstrate the way th

24、at cells work （考點：1. 被動語態(tài)與情態(tài)動詞聯(lián)用; 2. 漢語有些沒有“被”字等標志詞的句子也表示被動, 要譯成英語的被動語態(tài)）4)I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated （考點：同“3”的考點2）5)Effective measures must be taken immediately （考點：漢語的無主句通常翻譯成英語的被動語態(tài)）四、情態(tài)動詞1)but there is no answer. She cant be at home （考點：情態(tài)動詞可以表示

25、可能性，cant 表示“一定不”）2)I may have left them in the coffee shop yesterday （考點：“情態(tài)動詞can/could, may/might, must + 完成式”用于表示對過去發(fā)生的動作的主觀判斷）3)You must have dreamed of something terrible （考點：同上）4)You should have invited her to your graduation ceremony （考點：“情態(tài)動詞should/ought to + have done” 用于評論過去應該做而實際并未做的動作，含有批

26、評的意思）5)I neednt have put on my best suit to go to the party （考點：“情態(tài)動詞neednt + have + done”表示對過去發(fā)生的動作進行評論，認為“無須發(fā)生”，“不必做”）五、虛擬語氣1)I had had your opportunities when I was young （考點：I wish后的that從句中用過去完成式表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)或不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望）2)he had known this disease is curable （考點：If only 引導的感嘆句表示“但愿”或“要是就好了”，用法與 I wish基

27、本相同）3)painted it blue, and without any decorations （考點：would rather 后的that從句中用過去式表示不是事實）4)measures were taken to solve the problem of traffic jams （考點：Its (about/high) time 后的that從句中用過去式，表示“該是的時候了”）5)as though he were delivering a speech at an assembly（考點：as if / as though引導的從句中用過去式表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所

28、懷疑）6)Jack (should) be sent to hospital right now（考點：表示“建議、命令、要求、想法”的動詞所接的賓語從句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虛擬形式）7)more mobile shops (should) be set up in the residential area（考點：表示“建議、命令、要求、想法”的動詞所接的主語從句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虛擬形式）8)they (should) set up a special board/committee to examine this p

29、roblem（考點：表示“建議、命令、要求、想法”的名詞所接的表語從句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虛擬形式）9)the mid-term exams (should) be canceled （考點：表示“建議、命令、要求、想法”的名詞所接的同位語從句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虛擬形式）表示“建議、命令、要求、想法”的動詞及其名詞常見的有：advise (advice), agree (agreement), decide (decision), decree, demand, determine (determination), gr

30、ant, indicate (indication), insist (insistence), order, prefer (preference), propose (proposal), request, require (requirement), resolve (resolution), stipulate (stipulation), suggest(suggestion), urge, vote;常見的這類動詞還有：allow, arrange, ask, beg, concede, demonstrate, ensure, intend, move, pledge, pray

31、等10)we (should) be short of water in a country where it is always raining（考點：在It is/was +形容詞后的that從句中常用“sb. should do”的形式表示建議驚奇等。這類形容詞常見的有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper, natural, necessary, obli

32、gatory, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing等）11)everyone (should) be prepared for emergency （考點：同上）12)If he had booked tickets in the way I told him（考點：在非真實條件句中用過去完成式表示與過去的事實相反）13)if I had not been interrupted （考點：同上）14)If it had rained, the ground would be wet（考點：在非真實條件句中，當主句與從句表示的動作不是同時發(fā)生時，

33、就根據(jù)情況用適當?shù)闹^語動詞形式）15)If I had been living in New York（考點：同上）16)he would be dead now（考點：同上）17)we could not have rent a house at such a low price（考點：but for經(jīng)常作為非真實條件句中if的代用語）18)otherwise, it would have taken me more time to work out this question（考點：otherwise也經(jīng)常作為非真實條件句中if的代用語）19)I would seize the oppor

34、tunity without hesitation （考點：在非真實條件句中如果有were, had, should這三個詞，可以省去if，采用主謂語倒裝的形式來表示條件）20)this act would have been passed much earlier（考點：同上）21)the continued existence of the human race would be in jeopardy（考點：同上）22)lest he should awaken the baby（考點：lest (以免)引導的從句通常用sb. should do的形式表示虛擬）六、不定式1)to com

35、plete a 24-story building in 10 months （考點：不定式作主語時常用it作形式主語放在句首代替不定式，而將不定式移到謂語后面）2)for us to have a good nights sleep before the test（考點：有時用“介詞for + 代詞/名詞”來表示不定式的邏輯主語，這時整句的謂語描述的對象是事情，這種情況下謂語中常用的形容詞有：necessary, important, possible, impossible, all right, essential等）3)of you to donate so much money to

36、 the people in the disaster area（考點：有時用“介詞of + 代詞/名詞”來表示不定式的邏輯主語，這時整句的謂語描述的對象是人，這種情況下謂語中常用的形容詞有：absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, cowardly, cruel, foolish, generous, good, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful, thoughtless, wicked, wise, wrong等）4)not to punish th

37、ose students who had been late for class（考點：1. 用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作decide的賓語；2.不定式的否定形式是在to前加not）（能帶不定式作賓語的動詞常見的有：afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, consent, decide, demand, desire, dislike, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn

38、, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, resolve, start, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow, want, wish） 5)whether to visit their son in France（考點：“疑問詞+不定式”作動詞wonder的賓語。能以這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞通常有ask, consider, decide, discover, exp

39、lain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder等） 6)warned me just now not to water flowers at noon（考點：不定式作賓語補語）7)invited him to give us a lecture on modern art（考點：同上）（能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補語的動詞有advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, compel, enable, determine, en

40、courage, expect, feel, find, force, get, hate, have, hear, help, inform invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish等。注：劃線的動詞后面的不定式不帶to）8)to be the chairman of stu

41、dents union in so large a university（考點：動詞 + it + 形容詞/名詞 + 不定式。it是形式賓語，不定式是真正賓語）9)to apply what we have learned in class to practice（考點：不定式作定語）（不定式常用作以下名詞/代詞的定語：ability, ambition, anything, attempt, capability, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, not

42、hing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something, tendency, time, way, wish等）10)ruined our plan to show the film in the open air （考點：同上）11)the decision to build a nuclear power station in the suburbs （考點：同上）12)American woman to explore the outer space（考點：由only, last, next，序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級

43、修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語）13)only to drop it on their own feet（考點：不定式作結(jié)果狀語）14)to meet a high school classmate in the mountain village （考點：不定式作原因狀語）15)to have taken up so much of your time（考點：1. 不定式作原因狀語；2. 不定式的完成時）16)to be standing in the doorway when he rushed in （考點：不定式的進行式）17)to be treated as a guest（考點：不定式的

44、被動形式）18)go to the campus bookstore to buy used books （考點：不帶to的不定式）19)but play bridge the whole day （考點：同上）20)to wipe our feet on the mat before going into the room （考點：當動詞see, make, hear等用于被動語態(tài)時，不定式要保留to）七、分詞1)“Happy birthday to you” sung in Italian（考點：分詞作賓語補語）（catch, discover, feel, find, get, have

45、, hear, keep, leave, make, notice, see, watch等動詞常用分詞形式作賓語補語）2)parked in the fire lane（考點：分詞作定語）3)killing thousands upon thousands of people（考點：分詞作結(jié)果狀語） 4)raising the average yield by 15 percent （考點：同上）5)trying to deduce its operating principle（考點：分詞作伴隨狀語） 6)Seeing that everyone was bending over his/

46、her book（考點：分詞作原因狀語）7)Deeply moved by the boys deeds（考點：同上）8)Seen from the eyes of a young friend（考點：分詞作方式狀語）9)Not having heard from his parents for a long time（考點：1. 分詞作原因狀語；2.分詞的否定形式；3.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）八、動名詞1)Taking a cold bath every day（考點：動名詞作主語）2)making their daughter do what she didnt like to do （考點：動

47、名詞作動詞的賓語）（下列動詞后的賓語只能是動名詞而不能是不定式：admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, dread, encourage, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, cant help, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, cant stand,

48、stop, suggest）3)getting our goods into the international market（考點：動名詞作介詞的賓語）4)crying over spilled milk （考點：動名詞用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)。動名詞經(jīng)常與以下詞組連用：be worth, have difficulty (in), it be no good/use/worthwhile, there be no need/no point in, how/what about, whats the point of, whats the use of）5)having peeked at his n

49、eighbors test paper（考點：動名詞的完成式）6)being promoted to manager（考點：動名詞的被動式）九、非謂語動詞用法區(qū)別1)working very hard. （考點：mean表示“意味著”）2)to drive there, but his car broke down （考點：mean表示“打算”）（類似需要區(qū)別的動詞還有forget, remember, regret, go on, stop等）3)talking to his mother （考點：強調(diào)正在進行）4)talk to his mother for an hour （考點：強調(diào)整

50、個過程）5)only to break his own leg （考點：意料之外的結(jié)果）6)breaking his legs（考點：意料之中的結(jié)果）7)to see his parents in good health （考點：不定式作原因狀語位于句末）8)Seeing his parents safe and sound（考點：分詞作原因狀語位于句首）9)Following its footprints（考點：現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)主動）10)followed by two body guards（考點：過去分詞強調(diào)被動）十、名詞從句1)Why they left their hometown for Yunnan（考點：主語從句）2)What confused me most（考點：同上）3)That this was done on purpose（考點：同上）4)who should be responsible for this matter（考點：較長的主語從句可以后置，用it作形式主語）5)whom Mary is engaged to（考點：同上）6)what can b