系解筆記四肢骨 顱骨

1、教學(xué)內(nèi)容：四肢骨目的要求：1. 掌握四肢骨的組成、位置。2. 熟悉腕骨、跗骨的名稱和排列，髖骨的組成，四肢骨的重要骨性標(biāo)志。3. 了解四肢骨各骨的一般形態(tài)。四肢骨 The Bones of Limbs一、上肢骨 Bones of upper limbsComposition:上肢帶骨Should girdle 鎖骨Clavicle 2×1 肩胛骨Scapula 2×1自由上肢骨Bones of free upper limbin arm： 肱骨Humerus 2×1 in forearm： 橈骨Radius 2×1 尺骨Ulna 2×1in h

2、and： 腕骨Carpal 2×8 掌骨Metacarpals 2×5 指骨Phalanges 2×141.鎖骨 Clavicle鎖骨骨折多在中、外1/3交界處2.肩胛骨Scapula喙突Coracoid process 關(guān)節(jié)盂Glenoid cavity 肩峰Acromion 肩胛岡Spine of scapula下角：平對第7肋或第7肋間隙，是計(jì)數(shù)肋的標(biāo)志3.肱骨HumerusThe upper end ：肱骨頭Head of humerus 大結(jié)節(jié)Greater tubercle 小結(jié)節(jié)Lesser tubercle The shaft ：橈神經(jīng)溝Sulcu

3、s for radial nerve 三角肌粗隆Deltoid tuberosity The lower end ：肱骨小頭Capitulum of humerus 肱骨滑車Trochlea of humerus外上髁Lateral epicondyle 內(nèi)上髁Medial epicondyle 尺神經(jīng)溝Sulcus for ulnar nerve 鷹嘴窩Olecranon fossa 4.橈骨Radius和尺骨Ulnar橈骨粗隆Radial tuberosity 莖突Styloid process 鷹嘴Olecranon冠突Coronoid process 滑車切跡Trochlear not

4、ch 尺骨粗隆Ulnar tubersity尺骨莖突Styloid process 5.手骨Bones of the hand(腕骨Carpal bones+掌骨Metacarpal bones+指骨Phalanges of fingers)腕骨Carpal bones：舟月三豆, 大小頭鉤Proximal row (lateral to medial)： 手舟骨Scaphoid 月骨Lunate 三角骨Triquetral 豌豆骨PisiformDistal row (lateral to medial)： 大多角骨Trapezium 小多角骨Trapezoid 頭狀骨Capitate 鉤骨

5、Hamate掌骨Metacarpal bones指骨Phalanges of fingers近節(jié)指骨Proximal phalanx 中節(jié)指骨Middle phalanx 遠(yuǎn)節(jié)指骨Distal phalanx二、下肢骨 Bones of Lower limbsComposition:下肢帶骨Pelvic girdle 髖骨Hip bone 2×1 自由下肢骨Bones of free lower limbin thigh：股骨Femur 2×1 髕骨Patella 2×1 in leg： 脛骨Tibia 2×1 腓骨Fibula 2×1in f

6、oot： 跗骨Tarsal bones 2×7 跖骨Metatarsal bones 2×5 趾骨Phalanges of toes 2×141.髖骨Hip bone: 由髂骨ilium 、恥骨pubis和坐骨ischium組成髖臼Acetabulum 閉孔Obturator foramen髂嵴Iliac crest 髂前上棘Anterior superior iliac spine 髂前下棘Anterior inferior iliac spine 髂結(jié)節(jié)Tubercle of iliac crest坐骨大、小切跡Greater/Lesser sciatic n

7、otch 坐骨棘Ischial spine 坐骨結(jié)節(jié)Ischial tuberosity 恥骨結(jié)節(jié)Pubic tubercle 恥骨嵴Pubic crest 恥骨聯(lián)合面Symphysial surface2.股骨Femur Upper end: 大轉(zhuǎn)子Greater trochanter 小轉(zhuǎn)子Lesser trochanter 轉(zhuǎn)子間線Intertrochanteric line 轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴Intertrochanteric crest Shaft: Lower end: 內(nèi)、外側(cè)髁Medial / Lateral condyles 內(nèi)、外上髁Medial / Lateral epicondy

8、les 收肌結(jié)節(jié)Adductor tubercle 3.髕骨Patella4.脛骨Tibia 脛骨粗隆Tibial tuberosity 內(nèi)踝Medial malleolus 5.腓骨Fibula 外踝Lateral malleolus 6.足骨Bones of the foot (跗骨Tarsal bones+跖骨Metatarsal bones+趾骨Phalanges of toes)跗骨Tarsal bones: 距上跟下，舟連三楔，骰在外Posterior row: 距骨Talus 跟骨Calcaneus Intermediate row: 足舟骨Navicular boneAnter

9、ior row (medial to lateral):內(nèi)側(cè)楔骨Medial cuneiform bone中間楔骨Intermediate cuneiform bone 外側(cè)楔骨Lateral cuneiform bone骰骨Cuboid bone思考題：簡述上、下肢骨的組成。說出腕骨的排列和名稱。名詞： 橈神經(jīng)溝 髂結(jié)節(jié) 坐骨結(jié)節(jié)教學(xué)內(nèi)容：顱骨分論目的要求：1. 掌握顱骨的區(qū)分，腦顱骨的組成。2. 熟悉面顱骨的組成，顱骨的重要骨性標(biāo)志。3. 了解顱骨各骨的一般形態(tài)。顱骨 Bones of the skull (cranium)組成: 腦顱骨Cerebral cranium (8)： 形成顱腔

10、，容納腦. 面顱骨 Facial cranium (15)：形成面部支架.一、腦顱骨Cerebral cranium Composition:Unpaired bones: 額骨Frontal bone 篩骨Ethmoid bone 蝶骨Sphenoid bone 枕骨Occipital bone Paired bones: 顳骨Temporal bone 頂骨Tarietal bone 前額(1)后枕(1)中央蝶(1) ，上蓋頂骨(2)兩側(cè)顳(2) ，篩骨(1)額中切1.額骨Frontal bone：分為額鱗、眶部和鼻部2.篩骨Ethmoid bone：分為篩板、垂直板和篩骨迷路(篩竇)垂直

11、板Perpendicular plate 篩板Cribriform plate上鼻甲Superior nasal concha 中鼻甲Middle nasal concha3.蝶骨Sphenoid bone分為蝶骨體sphenoid body、大翼greater wing、小翼lesser wing和翼突pterygoid process.視神經(jīng)管Optic canal 垂體窩Hypophysial fossa 眶上裂Superior orbital fissure圓孔Foramen rotundum 卵圓孔Foramen ovale 棘孔Foramen spinosum翼管Pterygoid

12、 canal4.顳骨Temporal bone：分為鱗部squamous part 、鼓部tympanic part和巖部petrous part .弓狀隆起Arcuate eminence 三叉神經(jīng)壓跡Trigeminal impression內(nèi)耳門Internal acoustic pore 乳突Mastoid process 莖突Styloid process 下頜窩 Mandibular fossa 關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)節(jié)Articular tubercle 外耳門External acoustic pore5.枕骨Occipital bone：分為基底部、枕鱗和兩側(cè)部 枕骨大孔Foramen magnum 枕髁Occipital condyle6.頂骨Parietal bone二、面顱骨Facial craniumComposition:Paired bones： 上頜骨Maxilla 腭骨Palatine bone 顴骨Zygomatic bone鼻骨Nasal bones 淚骨Lacrimal bones 下鼻甲Inferior nasal conchaUnpaired bones： 犁骨Vomer 下頜骨Mandible 舌骨Hyoid bone上頜鼻淚顴甲腭，