建筑學(xué)外文翻譯—基于歷史回顧聚落、城和鄉(xiāng)村街區(qū)的依存關(guān)系

1、HISTORICALREVIEWOFTHEINTERDEPENDENCEOFSETTLEMENTSANDURBANANDRURALBLOCKSLjiljanaVukajlovAbstract.Duetotheemergenceofanewwayofshapingsettlementspace,processwhenthebasiccharacteristicsofthetraditionallyformedblocksarelost,anideaaboutsearchingtheroleoftheurbanandruralblockinformingthestructureandtheiden

2、tityofasettlementisinitiated.1Thebasicaimoftheresearchistoprovethattheblockhasalwaysbeenanintegralpart,andsometimeseveninseparablepartofasettlementstructure,itsrecognizableelementandasignificantplaceofneighboring,andthatduetothisitisimportanttopreserveitsvaluesinfutureinterventionsinsettlements.Inor

3、dertounderstandthecauseforthedisappearanceofthetraditionalblock,itscharacteristicshavebeenresearchedinthesettlementsfromthepastandtheinterdependencebetweentheformsofsettlementsandtheblockshasbeenestablished.Keywords:Settlements,urbanblock,ruralblock,interdependence,morphology1. IntroductionBlockexis

4、tedinmostofthesettlementsbuiltindifferenthistoricalperiodsonallcontinents.Ithadspecialsignificanceintheancientworld,becauseitrepresentedamoduleinplanningandorganizingsettlements,alsointheRenaissance,whenitwasaninseparablepartoftowns.Duringallhistoricalperiodsblockrepresentedalsothecommunityofthepeop

5、lewhoweremutuallyconnectedwithintheblock,indifferentways(intermsofreligion,race,class).Duringthe20lhcentury,oneofwhosecharacteristicsarebrokenconnectionswiththepastinallareasoflifeandnegationoftradition,therewasachangeofattitudetowardsformingandshapingspace,andatthesametimetowardsthebasicelementsoft

6、hesettlementstructure.Becauseofthat,thebasiccharacteristicsoftheblockwerechanged.Itsdisappearancewasobservedaswell.Attheendofthe20,hcenturyblocksinolderpartsofsettlementswereradicallyreconstructed,duetothistheidentityoftheseareaswaschanged.Thephysicaltransformationsofablockalsocausednewsocialconditi

7、onsandcontactsamongpeople.Neighboringunitsstartedtodisappear,andpeoplebecamemoreandmorealienatedfromeachother.Blockis,anareaofinhabitedterritory,determinedforbuilding,oralreadybuilt,limitedbystreets,square,park,riverbank,etc.n1orsomeotherareas.Mostcommonlyitisagroupofbuildings,houses,oracombinationo

8、fboth,andtherearecasesthatthewholeblockisonehouse(unitblock)2.Ithasbeenproventhatthehistoryofmankindisconnectedtotheappearanceanddevelopmentofsettlements,andthereforedataonsettlementscanbetracedbacktotheappearanceofthefirstorganizedhumancommunities.Byresearchingsettlementsfromtheearliesttimes,untiln

9、owadays,thedevelopmentoftheruralandurbanblockcanbefollowedaswell.Blockasanelementofsettlementstructureexistedinallperiods,ancienttimes,MiddleAges,andmodernage.Someofitscharacteristicswhichhavesurvivedduringseveralthousandsofyears,remainedevennowadays,andareofgreatimportancefordeterminingnotonlythesi

10、gnificanceofblockforformingthestructureandidentityofsettlements,butalsoforthefutureinterventionswithinblocksandsettlements.2. ReviewofFormingofBlockthroughShapesSignificantfortheHistoryofSettlementsThefirsthabitatswherepeoplesatisfiedonlytheirbasicexistentialneedsareforerunnersofruralsettlements3.Th

11、eruralsettlementswereformedonnaturallysuitablelocationswithfavorableclimaticconditions,nearwaterandfertilesoil,oronnaturalelevations,evenoninaccessibleandhiddenplacesfarawayfromroads.Smallersettlementswereformedofonlyfewbuildings,freelylocatedandgroupedinspace.InprehistoricsettlementsGlastonburyinEn

12、gland(Fig.1)orSkaraBraeinScotland(Fig.2)blocksdidnotevenexist.Blockregularityofthestructureexistedasearlyasintheprehistoricperiod/Thestructuralregularityofthesettlementsonwoodenpilesabovemarshlandwastheconsequenceofthestructuralsystemofplatformsonwhichthosesettlementswerecreated,aswellasaconsequence

13、ofefficiencyinusingitssurfacearea(Fig.3)4.Nowadays,therearealsosimilarsettlementsonwoodenpiles,suchasZanvie,avillageinBenininAfrica(Fig.4).Theconcentrationandefficiencyofusinglandhavealwaysbeenthebasiccharacteristicsofvillagesettlements.Urbansettlementswereformedlaterthatruralones,asaconsequenceofre

14、ligiousneeds,appearanceofhandicrafts,surplusofproductsandtheneedforexchangeofgoods.Thatiswhytheyweremostfrequentlyformedinplacesofspecialspiritualenergy,nearroads,attheirintersections,attheriverbanksorseashores.ChatalHuyuk(QatalHuyiik)isasettlementconsideredtobethefirsttown(Fig.5).3Itwasformed6,500B

15、CintodaysTurkey,soonaftertheappearanceofagriculture.Mostprobablytherewere6,000inhabitants.Itisthebestexampleofasettlementinwhichpeopleexchangedfruitsfromthesurroundingareaforgoodsfromotherareas5.Thehouseswerebuiltofbricksandearth,andwereplacednexttoeachother.Therewerenodoors,buttheentrancewasthrough

16、anopeningontheroof,becauseitwassaferthatway(Fig.6).Throughthoseonlyopeningssmokewentout.Therewerenowallssurroundingthesettlement.Sincethebuildingswerepositionednexttoeachother,flatroofswereusedasstreets.Insidethebuildingsthewallswerepainted,andpeoplesleptonplatforms.Thedeadwereburiedinsidethebuildin

17、gsaswell.SomeruralsettlementseventuallydevelopedintourbansettlementssuchasUr.Townsettlementsoftenwereveryspecificanduniqueinvariousaspects,thatiswhyitismoredifficulttocomparethemthanvillagesettlements.However,byconsideringsettlementsfromdifferentperspectives,takingintoconsiderationthehistoricalmomen

18、toftheircreation,processofdevelopment,thecauseoftheirdeclineanddisappearance,aswellastheirpeopleneeds,itispossibletounderstandtheirrelevanceandthecharacteristicsofalloftheirelements.3. MorphologicalDependenceofSettlementsandBlocksBysystematizationofsettlementsaccordingtotheshapeofthebaseofthesettlem

19、entsandblocks(Table1)greatdiversitywasnoted,andasimpledivision,notonlyofthesettlementsbutalsooftheblocks,intwobasiccategories,regularandirregularwasmade.Theshapeofthebaseofthesettlementistheconsequenceofmanyfactors,andinthispaperthesignificanceofphysicalshapeofablock,oneofthemostimportantelementofth

20、esettlementstructure,isspeciallyemphasized.Regularshapesofsettlementbasesarealwaystheconsequenceofregularlyorganizedstreetnetv/orksandshapesofblocks,andirregularshapesofsettlementsareeitherconsequenceofirregularshapesofblocksortheyareconditionedbynaturalspecificcharacteristics(movedrelief,presenceof

21、curvedwatersurface,biggerterraininclineandthesimilar).Regularityoftheshapesofthesettlements1baseandblocksisaconsequenceofthewaythesettlementswerecreated.Thosesettlementsthatwereformedascompleteinaveryshortperiod,weremostfrequentlybuiltfromtheouterborders,wallstowardsthecentre,inwhichprocessblocksofr

22、egularshapesweremostcommonlyformed,andthesettlementswhichwerecontinuallyformed,duringalongerperiodoftime,werespreadingfromthecentertowardstheoutskirtsofthesettlements,andtheblocksweremostfrequentlyofirregularshape.Therearesettlementswhichwereformedwithinregularlypositionedwalls,andtheblocksareofregu

23、larshapes.Therearealsosettlementswhichwerecreatedbymultiplicationofregularlyshapedblocks;thereforetheregularbasesofthesettlementswereformed.Thus,itcanbeconcludedthattheregularityofblockswastheconsequenceofthesettlementorganization,butalsotheregularityofblocksinfluencedtheregularityoftheshapeoftheset

24、tlements*bases.Thesquareblockshape(Fig.8)isnotedinRomanmilitaryfortifications,castra,whosebasesareofregularshapes,suchasinTimgadinAfrica(Fig.7)orinKorsabad(Table1).Alloftheblocksareofthesameshapeandsize.WithintheWorkerssettlement(Fig.9),ofasquarebase,whichwasbuiltnearAk-hetaton(Akhetatonaround1350BC

25、,todayTelelAmarn),elongatedrectangularblockswereformedonlyforstaffbuildersresidential(Fig.10).RectangularshapeofsettlementsandblocksexistedalsoinBabylon(2,500BC),Ka-hun(2,500BC),Mompazje(Figures11and12),Elblong(1237),Brasilia(I960)(Figures27and28)andManchester(79).ThespecificcharacteristicsofMompazj

26、ethattherectangularblock(Fig.12),whoseshapeoriginatedintheshapeandsizeofthebuildinglot,wasusedasamoduleinformingofthesettlement(Fig.11).Trapezoidal,hexagonor''L''(Fig.14)shapesofblocksaretheconsequenceofformingregularstar-like,nonago-nalshapeofthebaseofPalmanovaandcharacteristicshape

27、ddefensesystem(1593)(Fig.13).ThespecificshapesofblocksinPalmanovawerenecessaryelementsforformingstreetsandsquares,andatthesametimeinseparablepartofthetowncompleteness.Irregularshapeofthesettlementhasnotalwaysbeentheconsequenceofblockirregularity,butalsoitdependedonthespecificnaturalsurroundings.Thus

28、,forexample,Milet(479BC)(Fig.15),whichisorganizedwiththeregularblocks(Fig.16),hasirregularshapeofthebaseduetojaggedshore.ThesimilarexamplesarealsoPriene(300BC),Dubrovnik(7Ihcentury)(Figures17and18)andNewYork(1625)(Figures19and20).Althoughthenaturalconditionsgreatlyinfluencedthelocationofsettlementsa

29、nditsdesign,theinfluenceofrulersmustnotbeneglected.Already,severalrulersinBabyloncontinuouslybuiltandeditacityonthebanksoftheEuphrates.NebuchadnezzarhadbuiltIshtariangate,rebuilttheEtamenantempleandbuiltSemiramis,hanginggardens(oneoftheSevenWondersoftheWorld)6.Oneofthemostsignificantfactorsofforming

30、,organizinganddevelopingtownsettlementswastraffic.Thedevelopmentoftrafficcaused,rreduction"ofdistancesbetweensettlements,thusthesettlementsbecamemorecloselyconnected,butalsoitinfluencedthespreadingofexistingsettlements,thustheybecamelargerandlarger(eg.NewYork).Somenewsettlements(e.g.Brasilia)we

31、rebuiltoverlargeareas,whichcouldbeeasilytravelledowingtocomplexanddevelopedtrafficsystems.Specificshapesandsizesofblockswereformedastheconsequenceoftrafficnetworks.Irregularshapesofblocksexistinirregularlyshapedsettlements,andtheywereformedastheconsequenceofirregularstreetnetworks,forexampleinAthens

32、(702)(Figures21and22),SanGimignano(12thcentury),Avignon(12,11century)(Figures23and24),Carcassonne(13,hcentuiy),Orvietto(13,hcentury),Welwyn(1920)(Figures25and26)andRedbarn(1929).4. ConclusionOnthebasisonthecomparativeanalysisofthestructureandidentityofsettlementsandtheirblocksfromdifferenthistorical

33、periods,andbyobservingthewaysoftheircreation,severalconclusionsweredrawn.Althoughthereisagreatdiversityofthebaseshapesofthesettlementsandblocks,settlementsandblockscanbedividedintotwocategories:regularandirregular(Table1).Thesignificantinterdependenceoftheshapeofsettlementbaseandblockswithinthemisno

34、ticeable.Regularityoftheshapeofsettlementbaseismostfrequentlyconsequenceoftheregularityofblocks,but,insomecases,regularityofblocksisconditionedbytheorganizationofthesettlementswithintheirgeometricborders.Irregularshapeofsettlementsismostfrequentlyconsequenceoftheblockirregularityorspecificnaturalsur

35、rounding.Ithasbeennoticedandthattheshapesofthesettlementbasesdependonthewayofcreationanddevelopmentofthesettlement.Insomesettlements,blockhadafunctionofamodule.Whenitwas,settlementwereformingbymultiplyingblocks,andlatercontinuedwithitsdevelopment,buildingnewblocks.Ithasbeennotedthattherectangularsha

36、peoftheblockisthemostrepresentedinthesettlementsandthatwasalwaysthemostefficientforlandexploitation.Rectangularblockshapecamefromtheresultofmultiplicationplotsrectangularshape,andsometimeswastheresultoforganizingorthogonalstreetnetwork.Blockshapesaremostlyaconsequenceofthestreetnetworkcharacteristic

37、s.Trapezoidal,hexagonalornLnblockshapesusuallyformedduetotheresultofaneedforsquaresandstreetsorasconsequenceofformingspecificshapesofsettlementbase(eg,idealcities).Urbandispositionsofblocksinthesettlementwereextremelyimportantfortheorganizationandimplementationofcertainfunctions.Itobservedthatthecen

38、tralblocksarespecificandmoresignificantthanotherblocks.Mostofthemarenon-residential,unlikemostofotherunitswhosepurposeisresidential.Urbanstructureofsettlementshasalwaysemphasizedhierarchicalorganizationofthesocietyandcausedcertainwayofliving.Theblocksareallocatedoftheenvironmentalconditionsinthesett

39、lement,dependingonthelocationandtheirpurpose.Realizingthedifferenceinthewaysofbuildingblocks,itwasconcludedthatthefreewayofbuildingtheformationofenvironmentallycorrectarea,butlesssecure.Marginalwayconstruction,onthecontrary,createslessfavorableenvironmentalconditions,butprovidesahigherdegreeofsecuri

40、ty.Freewaytobuildingmoreandledtoblockdestructionandthealienationamongthepeople.基于歷史回顧聚落、城市和鄉(xiāng)村街區(qū)的依存關(guān)系LjiljanaVukajlov摘要：由于聚落空間形狀呈現(xiàn)出的新形式，當(dāng)傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)形式的基本特征已經(jīng)消失時(shí)，一個(gè)關(guān)于尋找城市和鄉(xiāng)村街區(qū)在聚落結(jié)構(gòu)形式和特性中的角色定位的想法被建立并深入研究。研究的基本目標(biāo)是證實(shí)街區(qū)一直以來都是一個(gè)整體，在某些時(shí)候甚至是一個(gè)聚落結(jié)構(gòu)中不可分割的部分，也是聚落中具有辨識(shí)度的要素和鄰里間一個(gè)具有象征意義的地方，盡管如此在聚落收到未來因素干擾時(shí)，街區(qū)對(duì)維持自身價(jià)值也非常重要

41、。為了理解傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)消失的原因，研究了關(guān)于聚落形成的過去和聚落形式和已建成的街區(qū)之間的依存關(guān)系。關(guān)鍵詞：聚落、城市街區(qū)、鄉(xiāng)村街區(qū)、依存關(guān)系、形態(tài)1 .引言街區(qū)存在于大多數(shù)的聚落中，被建于不同的歷史時(shí)期和所有的大陸。當(dāng)它在城鎮(zhèn)中是不可分割的部分時(shí)，它在古代世界也有特殊的意義，即使是在文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，因?yàn)樗枥L了規(guī)劃和聚落組織中的一個(gè)模塊。就是在歷史上的所有時(shí)期，街區(qū)描繪了社區(qū)中的人們通過不同的方式（如宗教、種族、階級(jí)）彼此相互聯(lián)系。20世紀(jì)期間，當(dāng)很多特性中的一個(gè)特性在與所有地區(qū)在生活上的聯(lián)系被破壞和否認(rèn)傳統(tǒng)時(shí)，對(duì)待空間形式和空間形狀，同時(shí)還有聚落結(jié)構(gòu)中的基本要素的態(tài)度將有所變化。因?yàn)檫@，街區(qū)的基本

42、特性改變了。它的消失也被觀察到了。在20世紀(jì)末，街區(qū)為了分離聚落被瘋狂的再建，正因如此，這些地區(qū)的標(biāo)志性發(fā)生了改變。一個(gè)街區(qū)自身的轉(zhuǎn)變也會(huì)造成新的社會(huì)條件和人與人之間新的聯(lián)系。鄰里單元開始消失，人們之間的關(guān)系變得越來越疏遠(yuǎn)。街區(qū)是“一個(gè)居住領(lǐng)域、已定的建筑或建成的建筑，被街道、廣場(chǎng)、公園、河岸等限制的范圍”或一些其他地區(qū)。大多數(shù)情況下是一個(gè)組團(tuán)的建筑，房子，或是兩者結(jié)合，也有一些例子是整個(gè)街區(qū)只有一個(gè)房子（單元街區(qū)）。人類的歷史和聚落的出現(xiàn)、發(fā)展已被證實(shí)是有聯(lián)系的，因此聚落的數(shù)據(jù)可以追溯到歷史上第一次有組織的人類群體活動(dòng)的出現(xiàn)。通過從最早時(shí)期到現(xiàn)在的聚落的研究，也可以找到鄉(xiāng)村和城市街區(qū)的發(fā)展軌

43、跡。在所有時(shí)期街區(qū)都作為一個(gè)要素存在于聚落結(jié)構(gòu)中，包括古代、中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代。一些經(jīng)過幾千年還能存留的街區(qū)特性到現(xiàn)在依然得到保留，它們不僅對(duì)決定聚落結(jié)構(gòu)形式和特性有非常重要的意義，而且對(duì)街區(qū)和聚落的未來發(fā)展非常重要。2 .通過聚落歷史的形狀象征意義回顧街區(qū)的形式第一個(gè)僅能滿足人們生存基本需求的棲息地是鄉(xiāng)村聚落的前身。鄉(xiāng)村聚落形成于自然中有適合氣候條件的合適地點(diǎn)，靠近水和肥沃的土地，或者在海拔不可接受和遠(yuǎn)離道路的隱蔽的地方。更小聚落的形成只有很少的幾個(gè)建筑，散落的布局和空間組團(tuán)。在史前的聚落，英國(guó)的Glastonbury或蘇格蘭的SkaraBrae街區(qū)甚至都沒有出現(xiàn)。街區(qū)早在史前時(shí)期就整齊的出現(xiàn)在結(jié)

44、構(gòu)中。沼澤上的聚落整齊的木樁結(jié)構(gòu)是那些聚落在木樁平臺(tái)的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)中能已被建成的結(jié)果，也是地區(qū)使用外觀有效性的結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)在還有類似的建在木樁上的聚落，比如在非洲貝寧的一個(gè)村子Zanvie。使用土地的集中和有效性一直都是村落的基本特征。城市聚落比鄉(xiāng)村聚落形成的時(shí)間稍晚，它是宗教需要和手工業(yè)的出現(xiàn)后有了產(chǎn)品的剩余和有貨物交換需求的結(jié)果。這就是為什么它們都是被經(jīng)常性的建造在有特殊精神能量，靠近馬路和交叉路口，在河邊或海岸等地方。ChatalHuyuk（?atalHyuk）是一個(gè)被認(rèn)為是第一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的聚落。它形成于公元前6500年位于今天的土耳其，在農(nóng)業(yè)出現(xiàn)后不久就形成了。很可能當(dāng)時(shí)就有6000聚集居民。這是

45、有周圍地區(qū)的人們來交換水果和從其他地區(qū)來交換貨物的最好聚落例子。這些房子是用磚和泥土建造的，他們都緊挨在一起。他們都沒有門，都是通過一個(gè)開放的屋頂進(jìn)入，這樣的方式更安全。煙也只能從這些開口跑出來。整個(gè)聚落也沒有圍墻包圍。自從建筑的位置緊挨著其他建筑，標(biāo)志性的屋頂就成為了街道。在建筑內(nèi)的墻體都上了漆，人們睡在平臺(tái)上。即使是死了的人也是埋在建筑里。一些鄉(xiāng)村聚落甚至發(fā)展在城市聚落中，比如Ur.Town聚集區(qū)在各種方面都很特別和獨(dú)一無二，這就是為什么更難將他們與鄉(xiāng)村聚落相比較。然而，從各個(gè)不同的角度去考慮各種聚落，包括考慮他們的建立的歷史時(shí)刻，進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，造成他們衰落和遺失的原因，還有人們的需求，這

46、就更容易去理解他們所有元素的相關(guān)性和特性。3 .聚落和街區(qū)在形態(tài)上的依存關(guān)系根據(jù)聚落和街區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)形狀的多樣性注意到了聚集區(qū)的系統(tǒng)化，經(jīng)過簡(jiǎn)單的分割，不僅在聚落中，而且在街區(qū)中都是由規(guī)則和不規(guī)則這兩個(gè)基本類型構(gòu)成。聚落的基礎(chǔ)形狀的形成是很多因素作用的結(jié)果，在這文章中探討的街區(qū)的自身形狀的意義和聚落結(jié)構(gòu)中最重要的一個(gè)元素都是被特別強(qiáng)調(diào)。聚落基本布局的規(guī)則形狀總是規(guī)律組織街道網(wǎng)絡(luò)和街區(qū)形狀的結(jié)果，聚落的不規(guī)則形狀則是街區(qū)不規(guī)則形狀或是他們被自然特殊性質(zhì)（松軟和滲水的地表，較大的坡度等類似條件）限制的結(jié)果。聚落和街區(qū)規(guī)則的形狀是聚落被創(chuàng)造的一個(gè)方式的結(jié)果。這些聚落都是在一個(gè)很短的時(shí)期內(nèi)形成，都是被經(jīng)常性的從外圍的邊界、圍墻向中心建造的，形成了最常見的規(guī)則的街區(qū)和形成連續(xù)性的聚落，經(jīng)過很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間后，聚落才是從中心向外發(fā)散，并頻繁的出現(xiàn)了不規(guī)則的街區(qū)形狀。有很多聚落都是在位置整齊的圍墻中形成的，街區(qū)的形狀也是規(guī)整的。也有很多聚落是通過多個(gè)規(guī)則的街區(qū)創(chuàng)建的。因此，聚落的基本規(guī)律形成了。所以，可以總結(jié)為街區(qū)的規(guī)整是聚落組織的結(jié)果，但也是規(guī)整的街區(qū)影響著聚落的規(guī)整形狀。方塊的形狀是羅馬防御工事的標(biāo)志，Castra的基地是規(guī)整的形狀，就像是非洲的Timgad或Korsabad。所有的塊都是一樣形狀和尺寸。在一個(gè)被建造在Akhetaton（Akhetaton大約公