外研版初中英語(yǔ)各冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1、外研版初中英語(yǔ)各冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)名詞所所有格：表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's, students' rooms, father'sshoes。(2) . 如復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)尾不是s的仍加s，如：Children's Day 。(3) .在表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國(guó)家等名詞的所有格要用's , 例如：a twenty minutes' walk , ten miles' journey , a boat's length , two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth 。(

2、4) . 無(wú)生命名詞的所有格則必須用 of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a mapof China, the end of this term , the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。特殊情況：the key to the door/ the answer to the questionthe ticket for the concert(5) . 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's 。【注意】如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"，例如：John's an

3、d Mary's rooms (約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間)；Tom's and Mary's bikes(兩人各自的自行車)。兩個(gè)名詞并列，只有一個(gè)'s ,則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room (約翰和瑪麗共有一間); Tom and Mary's mother (即TomW Mary是兄妹)。名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化單復(fù)數(shù)通同形：人們說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)和日語(yǔ)，瑞士人喜歡綿羊、鹿和雨fish 、sheep、deer、people > Chinese > English不規(guī)則變化：男女孩子的腳，踩住老鼠的牙Women 、 m

4、en、feet、mice、 teeth1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事嗎？提出建議邀請(qǐng)，如果同意，用YES I' d loveto./all right /A good idea.如果拒絕，也要客氣的回絕。would like sth想要某物Would like sb to do sth想讓某人做某事Would like to do 想去做一件事情 Would you please do sth? 請(qǐng)求2、表示時(shí)間的介詞At 后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，周末 at the weekendIn 用在年、月、季節(jié)或上午、下午、晚上等名詞前On后一般跟具體的

5、某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上3、look、see、watch、readLook集中注意力看，強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作，如跟賓語(yǔ)，要用 atSee 強(qiáng)調(diào)看的結(jié)果，看見(jiàn)，看到Watch 強(qiáng)調(diào)專注地看，有欣賞的意味，常用語(yǔ)看電視，看球賽Read 閱讀，看書1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事嗎？提出建議邀請(qǐng)，如果同意，用YES, I' d loveto./all right /A good idea.如果拒絕，也要客氣的回絕。would like sth想要某物Would like sb to do sth想讓某人做某事Would like to do想

6、去做一件事情 Would you please do sth? 請(qǐng)求2、表示時(shí)間的介詞At 后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，周末 at the weekendIn 用在年、月、季節(jié)或上午、下午、晚上等名詞前On后一般跟具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上初一下冊(cè)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)2、形容詞和副詞形容詞比較級(jí)用法:1 .最明顯的提示詞是 than ,其結(jié)構(gòu)為"A+比較級(jí)+than+B”。2 .有表示程度的副詞a little , a bit , a few, a lot , much, even, still , far , rather ,any等修飾時(shí)，用形容詞比較級(jí)。3 .表示兩者之間進(jìn)行選擇“哪一個(gè)更”時(shí)

7、，句型“Which/Who is+形容詞比較級(jí)，A or B?'4、表示“越來(lái)越:即"比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”，多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞時(shí)用“ moreand more+形容詞原級(jí)”。5、表示“越就越”時(shí)，用“ the+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。形容詞最高級(jí)用法：1 .表示三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用最高級(jí)形式。最高級(jí)前必須加定冠詞the ,句末常跟一個(gè)in/of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示范圍。2 .表示在三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)，用“Which/Who is+the+最高級(jí)，A B or C?'3、表示“最的之一”時(shí)，用“ one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)

8、，4、形容詞最高級(jí)前面可以加序數(shù)詞，表示“第幾最一"、詞匯1、enjoyenjoy sth/doing 喜歡某物/做某件事情enjoy oneself= have a good time玩的愉快派生t: enjoyable ,令人愉快的 enjoyment, 樂(lè)趣2、dress,put on, wear,be indress后常跟人作賓語(yǔ)，給穿衣服 ,get dressed 或dress oneselfput on 意為穿上，強(qiáng)調(diào)穿的動(dòng)作，賓語(yǔ)通常是衣服、鞋帽wear穿著，戴著，強(qiáng)調(diào)穿的狀態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)可以是衣帽也可以是飾品be in也表狀態(tài)，后面要加顏色，表示穿著什么顏色的衣服3 、 b

9、ring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。bring意思為“拿來(lái)”、“帶來(lái)”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來(lái)”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.carry是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思，不表明來(lái)去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get是去某處將某物拿回來(lái)。Please go to my office to get some chalk.4、strict adj. be strict with sb.對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)

10、格be strict in sb對(duì)某事要求嚴(yán)格5、6、spend人+spend+ 時(shí)間 / 金錢 + on sth/ (in) doing sthget ready forget ready for sthget ready to do sth be ready for sth be ready to do sth為做準(zhǔn)備（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作） 準(zhǔn)備去做（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作） 準(zhǔn)備好（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）準(zhǔn)備好去做（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）get sth ready 把 sth 準(zhǔn)備好7、look forward to doing8、be good/bad atdo well/badly in9、hope與wish的區(qū)別：希望去做 ho

11、pe to do sth/wish to do sth希望sb去做 wish sb to do hope與wish后都可以接that從句.二、金牌句型1、 It is more difficult for old people to learn English.It is +adj.+(for sb)+to do sth.2、It is the best way to get to school.3、What' s the population of Shanghai?在詢問(wèn) 有多少人口用 "What' s the population of "/"

12、;How large is thepopulation of ”表示 “有多少人口" 用 " have/has a population of ”形容人口的多少用large 和small,而不用 many,much和few,little4、有關(guān)how的疑問(wèn)句短語(yǔ)How 10ng多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間或物體長(zhǎng)度How soon- -過(guò)多久，用于將來(lái)時(shí)間How often頻率How far多遠(yuǎn)，指距離5、What be sb like?詢問(wèn)某人什么樣，可以是外貌或性格等；What do/does sb look like? 詢問(wèn)相貌。初二上冊(cè)考試重點(diǎn)一、語(yǔ)法1、時(shí)態(tài)的考察，對(duì)于各種時(shí)態(tài)主要看

13、時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞，尤其是：just now/just/now;ago/before; five years ago/since five years ago/for five years,時(shí)態(tài)的考察以現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為重點(diǎn)，注意非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成加時(shí)間的情況下需要變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性狀態(tài)的詞。have been to /have been in/ have gone to2、反義疑問(wèn)句*祈使句Let引導(dǎo)的祈使句有兩種情況：1) Let's go home, shall we/ shan't we?2)Let us/me. , will you 或 won't you 。Let me ha

14、ve a try, will you/won't you?3)動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭的祈使句都用 will you 或won' t you*當(dāng)陳述部分含I think (believe, suppose.)that.結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其反意疑問(wèn)句須與從句的主、謂語(yǔ)保持一致，注意主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱。例如： 若是非第一人稱，則與主句的主語(yǔ)相一致n' t he?*當(dāng)陳述部分為從句時(shí)，若主句主語(yǔ)為I ,反意部分的主語(yǔ)為從句主語(yǔ) ；若不為I ,反義 部分的主語(yǔ)為主句主語(yǔ)。 I know your father is a worker, isn't he?'tshe?few, l

15、ittle, seldom , hardly, never, 等，其反意疑問(wèn)句需用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。 she knows your father is a worker, doesn*當(dāng)陳述部分含有以下這些含有否定意義的詞時(shí): not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither 例如： He is never late for school, is he?*陳述部分是there be句型時(shí)，其反意疑問(wèn)句中要用there。There was a hospital here, wasn't there?* 陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是everything, noth

16、ing, anything 或 something 時(shí)， 反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)用代詞it。Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it?我的收音機(jī)出毛病了，是吧？* 陳述部 分的主 語(yǔ)是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 時(shí)，其反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)需用復(fù)數(shù)代詞they。例如：Everyone is here, aren't they?大家都到了，是嗎？3、to do 不定式1 .不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用 it作

17、形式主語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的不定式放在句子后部。It is exciting to surf the Internet.It's . of sb. to do sth.與 It's. for sb. to do sth.形容詞形容人的時(shí)候用of,形容事情的時(shí)候用forIt's very kind / nice of you to help me。It's hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian.中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)俄語(yǔ)是很難的。2 .動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)，如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要先用 it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將該不定式 后置。注意

18、：一些動(dòng)詞之后可以接to和doing作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如stop , forget , remember, try,need等I don't think it right to do it in that way.我覺(jué)得以那種方式去做是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。I find it hard to get along with him.我發(fā)現(xiàn)與他相處不是件容易的事。4.作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)有些動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 感官動(dòng)詞 使役動(dòng)詞help sb. do 或help sb. to do當(dāng)此類句子改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要補(bǔ)上to.He is often heard to sing this song.The wor

19、kers were made to work 12 hours a day.在think, find, consider, discover等動(dòng)詞后常用to be +adj.結(jié)構(gòu)作賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí) to be可省略。We all think/ consider/ find/ discover him (to be) kind and honest.動(dòng)詞不定式的省略1)不定式在使役動(dòng)詞let, have, make和感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, notice , observe, hear,smell, feel, find等后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，省略 to。help 可帶to ,也可不帶to -help

20、sb (to)do sth 。2) Why not 后面接不帶to的不定式。常用來(lái)表建議。Why not have a break?3) but和except ： but/except前的部分出現(xiàn)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，其后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞不定式可以不帶to。比較：He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.Last night I did nothing but (to )watch TV.He does everything except (to) work.4)由and, or或than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)不定式的to可以省去。例如

21、：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.5) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去 to be :He is supposed (to be) an honest man.4、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must是重點(diǎn)1)表示義務(wù)。意為“必須”(主觀意志)。否定形式是needn' t,2)表示揣測(cè)。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定形式是can' t3) musH t本身表示“禁止”，“不允許”，“不能” 二、重點(diǎn)詞匯、句型1、XWhat/how abou

22、t doing ?XWhy not/why don' t you do .?X It is +adj.+for sb to do sth? 此句型到第九模塊會(huì)重點(diǎn)講解 2、X other系列詞anotheradj./pron泛指多個(gè)中的另一個(gè)otheradj./pron,其他的，別的one - the other一個(gè) 另一個(gè)（屈共后兩者）one-another一個(gè)另一個(gè)（總數(shù)三者以上者）other+n.=others其余的一些The other+n.=the others其余的全部a little修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，有點(diǎn)修飾不用數(shù)名詞，一點(diǎn)，一些a bit修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，有

23、點(diǎn) ,=a little加介詞of后可修飾/、可數(shù)名詞a few修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式4 、X no one 和 noneno one (=nobody)不加ofwho提問(wèn)沒(méi)有人單三動(dòng)詞none可加ofhow many 提問(wèn)沒(méi)有人沒(méi)有物單、復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞5、 bring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。bring意思為“拿來(lái)”、“帶來(lái)”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來(lái)”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來(lái)”或“拿到”某處之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.c

24、arry是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義, 不表明來(lái)去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get是去某處將某物拿回來(lái)。Please go to my office to get some chalk.6、through/across/overthrough 穿越，指從空間內(nèi)穿越 through the dooracross ,橫越穿過(guò)，從表面走過(guò)，或從一邊到另一邊 ，across the roadover翻越，跨越7、provide /offerprovide sth for sb / provide sb with st

25、hoffer sth to sb / offer sb sth（主動(dòng)提供）8、happen / take placehappen指事件偶然發(fā)生，還可以表示“碰巧”之意 ，不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) sth happen to sbsb happen to do sth.It happens that+ 句子take place多指按計(jì)劃或者安排而發(fā)生，不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)9、ewith比較 e - to .比喻10、depend on sb 依賴 depend on sth依而定初二下冊(cè)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)一、重點(diǎn)詞匯1、 makemake + 賓語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形 He made us stay with him.make

26、 + 賓語(yǔ) + 形容詞 He tried to make his mother happymake + 賓語(yǔ) + 名詞-He made me his friend.make + 賓語(yǔ) + 介詞短語(yǔ) He asked us to make ourselves at home.make + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 What made him so frightened?2、seemSeem+ 形容詞 English seems a little difficult.Seem to do He doesn ' t see m to have any friends.=It seems that

27、he doesn ' t have any friends.It seems as if they were in a dream.3、suggestsuggest+ 名詞、代詞suggest doing建議做某事suggest sb do建議某人做某事4、refuse to do sth拒絕做某事5、beat打敗，后接運(yùn)動(dòng)員、球隊(duì)、對(duì)手win 接比賽、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)6、avoid doing sth 避免做某事7、 dependdepend on sb 依賴depend on sth依而定8、on one' s own 獨(dú)自of one ' s own 某人自己的9、ha

28、ve problem with在哪一方面有麻煩是不可數(shù)名也可把強(qiáng)調(diào)前面的have problem/trouble/difficulty （in）doing, 其中 trouble/difficulty詞，前面用 no/much/some/little any 修飾10、出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生1）發(fā)芽，2）太陽(yáng)升起3 ）發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)4 ） 被提及 A number of questions came up at the meeting.11、 in order to 、to+動(dòng)詞原形、so as to,so - that.so that , in order that in order to 、to+動(dòng)詞原形

29、、so as to引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào),in order to , to do 放在句首，否定形式是 in order not to,so as not to12、as well as 并且，還，可與 not only - but also 互換，但是 as well as 內(nèi)容，not only - but also 強(qiáng)調(diào)后面的內(nèi)容1) 連接兩個(gè)并歹U成分He as well as his friends likes going shopping.2) as well as 還可以表示 和一樣好"，well是副詞，用于修飾實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。3) as well 可單獨(dú)做副詞，

30、表示 也”，位于句末。13、such adj. 如此，這樣so +adj.+a/an+ 單數(shù)名詞such+a/an+adj.+ 單數(shù)名詞such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng) adj. 是 many/much/few/little 時(shí)用 so14、倒裝句So + be/ 助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)“某人或某物也一樣”I will go there tomorrow. So will she.So +主語(yǔ)+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞"的確如此""It was very cold yesterday.""昨天很冷。""So it

31、 was.""的確如此。"對(duì)于上述兩種情況，當(dāng)前一句是否定句時(shí)，so須改用neither或nor。15、besides , but , except 和 except forbesides : 除了 還包括 He has another car besides this.but與except同義，但but多用在every , any, no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞 except : 除了 ； 例句： Except you, there is no one can help me.除了你沒(méi)人能幫except for :在一類中除去另一類，Smith is a goo

32、d man, except for his bad temper二、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)1、賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如：I hear (that) physics isn ' t easy.I think (that) you will like this school soon.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?Please tell me when we ' ll have the meeting.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)主句賓語(yǔ)從句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一切時(shí)態(tài)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去范疇的某一時(shí)態(tài) (一般過(guò)去時(shí)；過(guò)去進(jìn) 行時(shí)；過(guò)去完成時(shí)；過(guò)去

33、 將來(lái)時(shí))如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句該用什麼時(shí)態(tài)就用什麼時(shí)態(tài)。I don ' t think （that） you are right.Please tell us where he is.Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句只能用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)（一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)）。例如：He asked what time it was.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.He aske

34、d if you had written to Peter.知識(shí)拓展：賓從的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)（或賓語(yǔ)）相同時(shí)，可把從句替換為“疑問(wèn)詞+ to do ” .I haven ' t decided where I will go =I haven' t decided where to go .He asked me what I bought = He asked me what to buy.2、狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1 ）由when, as soon as ,before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。2）帶有till 或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句里

35、，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到時(shí)”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句用否定式，其含義是“直到才”，"在以前不”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。例如：The young man read till the light went out.We won條件狀語(yǔ)從句1）條件狀語(yǔ)從句遵循“主將從現(xiàn)"原則，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。2） “祈使句+ and （or）+ 陳述句”在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。 Hurry up, or you ' ll be late. =If you don ' t hurry up, you ' ll be lat

36、e.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句由 sothat, such that, so that此知識(shí)點(diǎn)牽扯到重點(diǎn)詞匯中的so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞such+a/an+adj.+ 單數(shù)名詞such +adj.+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng) adj.是 many/much/few/little 時(shí)用 so3、to do 和doing做賓語(yǔ) 常考的動(dòng)詞后加-ing.1. Enjoy doing sth2. Like doing sth3. Have fun doing sth4. Practice doing sth5. Spend doing sth6. Keep doing sth7. How a

37、bout doing sth8. What about doing sth9. Have a difficulty doing sth10. Have a good time doing sth11. Feel like doing sth12. Can't help doing sth13. start doing sth14. go on doing sth15. mind doing sth16. finish doing sth17. be busy doing sth18. see/hear sb doing19. remember doing sth20. forget d

38、oing sth21. try doing sth22. mean doing sth23. can't help doing sth24. stop doing sth.一、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)喜歡做某事喜歡做某事玩得開(kāi)心練習(xí)做某事花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事（主語(yǔ)是人）保持一直做某事做某事怎么樣（表建議）做某事怎么樣（表建議）做某事有困難玩得開(kāi)心想要做某事禁不住做某事開(kāi)始做某事繼續(xù)做某事介意做某事完成做某事忙于做某事看到/聽(tīng)到某人正在做某事記住曾做過(guò)某事忘記曾做過(guò)某事做某事試試看有何效果意味著做某事禁不住做某事停止正在做的事初三上冊(cè)考試重點(diǎn)知識(shí)1、時(shí)態(tài)名稱時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)seldom,often,us

39、ually every week, on Sundays, once a week經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、 客觀真理、 條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示 將來(lái)一般過(guò)去時(shí)ago,last week,just now In+過(guò)去的時(shí)間， the day before過(guò)去某個(gè)事件發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)now,at this time,these days,還有其他結(jié)構(gòu)：look , listen現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或 存在的狀態(tài)， 狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)at this time yesterday,at that time, When和while 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ) 從句過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某階段正在 發(fā)

40、生的動(dòng)作一般將來(lái)時(shí)tomorrow,next week,soon,in+ # 時(shí)間， how soon,from now on將來(lái)某時(shí)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 打算要做某事 Shall多于A人稱連用， 一 般疑問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求、建議現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)ever,just,recently,befo re, already,yet,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn) for+ 時(shí)間段，so far過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在 的影響；過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在； 終止性動(dòng)詞不能和表示一段 時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊用法：1、不及物動(dòng)詞帶介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ) ，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，仍然要帶上介詞，如The teacher is listened t

41、o carefully by the students in class.The new students are looked after in the school.The things are take good care of .2、當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶有符合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，并且賓補(bǔ)是省去“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中應(yīng)加上“to”，一感，二聽(tīng)，三讓，四看They make us do all the work. -We are made to do all the work.We often hear her sing English songs. -She is often heard to s

42、ing Englishsongs.I see him walk to school. -He is seen to walk to school.3、當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶雙賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)提前作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)；如果是將指物或指事的賓語(yǔ)提前，則指人的賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加上to、for如：£I am given some nice presents.its are given to me.-The children are often told some stories (by him)He often tells the children some stories. Somestories

43、 are often told to the children (byhim). 動(dòng)詞后力口 to : give,show,send,bring,lend,promise 等。 動(dòng)詞后力口 for: pay,buy,sing,make,get 等 3、定語(yǔ)從句 修飾人只用 who的情況： a. 先行詞是 one , ones , anyone , those 時(shí)。b. there be 句型中修飾名詞時(shí)。c.先行詞后有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)。1)Anyone who hasn ' t handed in his home- work should stay after school.2)The

44、re is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate.3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 修飾人或物只用that的情況：(1) 先行t是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything等不定代詞時(shí)。All that he said is true.(2) 先行t被only, no, any, all, 等詞修飾時(shí)。He is the only foreigner that has

45、been to that place.(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的詞。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5)先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如： 修飾物只用which的情況：a.先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)b.先行詞為that時(shí)1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived .這就是魯迅以前住過(guò)的房子。2)What

46、' s that which you are holding in your arms?你抱著的那個(gè)是什么?定語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為短語(yǔ) 1.定語(yǔ)從句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)；定語(yǔ)從句為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分 詞短語(yǔ)。2 .定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)(be)后是介詞短語(yǔ)，可簡(jiǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。3 .定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式。eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun.=I bought a book written by Lu Xun.2)Tell the children who are playing there no

47、t to do that.=Tell the children playing there not to do that.3)The book that is on the table is mine.=The book on the table is mine.4 ) We have nothing that we should fear.=We have nothing to fear.4、冠詞和數(shù)詞1、a/an用在序數(shù)詞之前表示“再一次，又一次2、the用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”。例如： the Browns, the Whites 等。3.表示一個(gè)具體數(shù)字時(shí)，h

48、undred, thousand, million一律不用復(fù)數(shù)；在表示一個(gè)不確定數(shù)字時(shí)則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：There are three thousand students in our school.After the war, thousands of people became homeless.(3)表示“十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來(lái)表示人的歲數(shù)或年代，例如：He is in his early thirties.He died still in his fortiesThis took place in 1930s5、主謂一致1 .語(yǔ)法一致的原則(2)并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同

49、一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.(3)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)之前如果分別由each, every 修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.(4)主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí)，盡管后面跟有but ,except, besides, with ,as well as等短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。例如：The teacher with his students is going to

50、visit the museum.(5) 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如 people, police, cattle, clothes 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are looking for lost boy.(7)有兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞，如 glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Where are my shoes? I can ' t find them.Your trousers are dirty. You ' d better change the

51、m.如果這類名詞前用了a pair of 等，則往往用作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： My new pair of socks is on the bed.2 .意義一致的原則(1)表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如： Twenty years is not a long time.Ten dollars is too dear.(2)有些集合名詞，如 family, team等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：My family is big one.My family are

52、 watching TV.(5) “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)/the rest+of+ 名詞”構(gòu)成的詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要以of后面的名詞而定。名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：名詞是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.(8)凡是以“定冠詞+形容詞(或分詞)”作主語(yǔ)，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果這種主語(yǔ)指的是一類人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指的是一個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：Th

53、e sick have been cured and the lost have been found.The dead is a famous person.3 .鄰近一致的原則4 1)由連詞 or, either or, neither nor, not only - but also,等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近 它的主語(yǔ)一致。例如：Either you or I am right.Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.5 2)在“ There be ”

54、句型中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語(yǔ)一致。There are two apples and one egg in it.6 4)以here開(kāi)頭的句子，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語(yǔ)一致。Here is a letter and some books for you.詞匯1、 do some reviews about 表示 “對(duì) 做評(píng)論“；do an interview with 表示 ”采訪".2、tooto太而不能He is too young to go to schoolso- that 如此以至于 ，enough to ，注意同義句轉(zhuǎn)換3、as far as就而言，據(jù)一as long as 只要：I don't mind as long as it doesn't rain.as soon as 一就 T'll write you as soon as I get there.as well as 和一 樣 He grows flowers as well as vegetables.4、please兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)是請(qǐng)，一個(gè)是取悅，Mark tr