英美文學(xué)期末考試復(fù)習(xí)

1、第一章殖民主義時期的文學(xué)1、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.American Puritanism influences on American literature:a.Idealism and optimism 理想主義和樂觀主義b.Symbolism 象征主義c.Simplicity. 簡潔清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：a、narratives 日記 b、journals 游記清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：1）t

2、heir voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 凈化信仰和行為方式2) Wishto restore simplicity to churc

3、h and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位來源：( - 美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)1（colonialism)_苗苗_新3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not to be accepted. 認為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4）puritan oppos

4、ition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.強調(diào)上帝嚴厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins

5、 the history of religious toleration in America.2、Jamestown詹姆斯敦 was the first English Colony in America.3、May Flower 1620: A New Look at a Pilgrim Voyage 1620年 五月花號：一次承載著希望和夢想的航行 .4、Anne Bradstreet安妮(1612-1672) was a Puritan poet who wrote ponderous verses of interminable, inter-locking poems” on th

6、e four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poemsas the “Tenth Muse”who appeared in America. 英國最早移民到美國的詩人.在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor,

7、 rose to the level of real poetry.The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans,French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.5、 Philip Freneau 菲利普弗倫諾(1752-1832) “Poet of the American Revolution” “Father of American Poetry ” (美國詩歌之父) ,第一位美國抒情詩人兼記者 a) The Rising Glory of America 1772 美洲光輝的興起b) Th

8、e House of Night 1779, 1786 夜之屋c) The British Prison Ship 1781 英國囚船d) To the Memory of the Brave Americans 1781 紀念美國勇士e) The Wild Honey Suckle 1786f) The Indian Burying Ground 1788g) The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi 奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆柴吉6、Captain John Smith約翰史密斯(1580-1631) is the first American writer.1) A De

9、scription of New England (1964)2) Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywher e(1631)3)The True Travels, Adventure, and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)4)General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)第二章18世紀，清教文學(xué)，特點：形式有限，內(nèi)容死板。主要為政府、革命服務(wù)。1、

10、 The 18th Century was The Age of Reason and Revolution .2、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富蘭克林(1706-1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist,

11、statesman, and diplomat. 他有一連串的頭銜作家，發(fā)明家，出版商，科學(xué)家，外交家，哲學(xué)家，啟蒙思想家。 窮理查德年鑒 諺語集 名言格言。E g: 1. Well done is better than well said. 說得好 不如做得好2. If youd have a servant that you like, serve your self 最令人滿意的仆人是你自己3. Have you somewhat to do tomorrow do it today 明天如有事，今天就去做4. He that sows thorns should not go bar

12、efoot 種荊棘者勿赤腳 5. By diligence and patience the mouse bit in two the cable 只要功夫深鐵杵磨成針6. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise 早睡早起，健康富有又聰明7. You may delay but time will not 時間不可拖延。8. Half the truth is often a great lie 半句真話常是謊言自傳 Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding

13、 Fathers of the United States. He is often thought of as the revolutionary figure who led protests against the Stamp Act, helped draft the Declaration of Independence, coordinated the peace treaty ending the American Revolution, and co-wrote and signed the U.S. Constitution It is ironic, however, th

14、at Franklin is remembered more as the civic figure-the man on the $100 bill-than as the man who invented the stove or the man who formulated his own theories about lightning and electricity. The irony stems from the fact that Franklin often thought of himself as more of a scientist than a political

15、thinker. This self-identification comes through in the Autobiography, which does not discuss the Revolution in any capacity and hardly even refers to events after 1757. Indeed, in the Autobiography, we get a full picture of Franklin as the Renaissance scholar, fascinated by all types of learning and

16、 interested in doing whatever he could to make life a little bit better for mankind, based on the notion that the way to please God was by doing good to other men. This interest manifested itself in public service and scientific progress.第三章1815-1860 浪漫主義1、Washington Irving華盛頓歐文（1783-1859）with the p

17、ublication of the sketch book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-1820). He won a measure of international recognition. 美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的浪漫主義作家。 The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. The father of American literature.the first great belletrist 第一個純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個主要contri

18、bution: the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家“Sketch Book”見聞札記, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleti

19、es.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識融入了這種體裁。2、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯費尼莫庫珀(1789-1851)皮襪子故事集，的主人公是：Natty Bumppo 第四章1835-1860 浪漫主義高峰期1、Time: 1836-1855: in 1836 a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson.拉爾夫

20、沃爾多愛默生對美國思想產(chǎn)生重大影響。作品：1. Nature 2. The American Scholar 3. Self-reliance Nature regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism新英格蘭超驗主義的圣經(jīng)The American Scholar regarded as Americans Declaration of Intellectual Independence簡答題A . First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis or spirit, or the ov

21、ersoul ,as the most important thing in the universe .B , Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. C, Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.2、 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉爾夫沃爾多愛默生（1803-1882） in fact ,the Ameri

22、can scholar has been regarded as Americans Declaration of Intellectual Independence.美國思想獨立的。3、Henry David Thoreau亨利戴維梭羅（1817-1862） Walden瓦爾登湖第五章1860-1914 現(xiàn)實主義1、Nathaniel Hawthorne納撒尼爾霍桑（1804-1864）美國偵探小說之父。 紅字1850 .闡述了原罪思想。Major themes SinThe experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of A

23、dam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledgespecifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as her passport into regions where other women dared not tread, leading her to speculate about

24、 her society and herself more boldly than anyone else in New England.3As for Dimmesdale, the cheating minister of his sin gives him sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrates in unison with theirs. the scarlet letter ABesides the characters, the most ob

25、vious symbol is the scarlet letter itself, which has various meanings depending on its context. It is a sign of adultery, penance, and penitence. It brings about Hesters suffering and loneliness and also provides her rejuvenation. In the book, it first appears as an actual material object in The Cus

26、tom House preface. Then it becomes an elaborately gold-embroidered A over Hesters heart and is magnified in the armor breast-plate at Governor Bellinghams mansion. Here Hester is hidden by the gigantic, magnified symbol just as her life and feelings are hidden behind the sign of her sin.Still later,

27、 the letter is an immense red A in the sky, a green A of eel-grass arranged by Pearl, the A on Hesters dress decorated by Pearl with prickly burrs, an A on Dimmesdales chest seen by some spectators at the Election Day procession, and, finally, represented by the epitaph On a field, sable, the letter

28、 A, gules (gules being the heraldic term for red) on the tombstone Hester and Character ListHester Prynne A young woman sent to the colonies by her husband, who plans to join her later but is presumed lost at sea. She is a symbol of the acknowledged sinner; one whose transgression has been identifie

29、d and who makes appropriate, socio-religious atonement.Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale Dimmesdale is the unmarried pastor of Hesters congregation; he is also the father of Hesters daughter, Pearl. He is a symbol of the secret sinner; one who recognizes his transgression but keeps it hidden and secret, ev

30、en to his own downfall. Pearl Pearl is the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. She is the living manifestation of Hesters sin and a symbol of the product of the act of adultery and of an act of passion and love.Roger Chillingworth The pseudonym assumed by Hester Prynnes age

31、d scholar-husband. He is a symbol of evil, of the devils handyman, of one consumed with revenge and devoid of Style：Narrator Symbolism Setting Ambiguity2、Herman Melville（1819-1891）Herman Melville is best known as the author of Moby-Dick第六章1、Walt Whitman沃爾特惠特曼(1819-1892)自由詩體主要講了 自由、民主.的概念。揭露批評了一切違背民主

32、思想的罪惡。Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass is an attempt to give everyday American linguistic usage poetic value. Whitmans poem includes discourse that does not comply with the traditions of European poetics but that is proclaimed nevertheless to be poetry in order to suggest that the liberal-democratic Am

33、erican state has a natural beauty equivalent to the most refined poem. 2、Emily Dickinson艾米莉狄金森（1830-1886）第一位女詩人。我一直在愛這是鳥兒們回來的日子簡答題The themes in Dickinsons poems ：1. religion2. death and immortality3. love4. nature The themes in Dickinsons poems :Dickinsons poems are usually based on herexperiences h

34、er sorrows and joys. But withinher little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issuesthat concern the whole human beings whichinclude religion death immorality love andnature.1. religion In some of her poems she wrote about herdoubt and belief about religious subjects. The themes in Dickinsons poems 2.

35、death and immortality Closely related to Dickinsons religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality （不朽）ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. Dickinsons greatest rendering （描寫） of the moment of death is to be found in “I heard a Fly bu

36、zz when I died ” a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces. The themes in Dickinsons poems 3.Love Love is another subject Dickinson dwelton. One group of her love poems treats thesuffering and frustration love can cause. Thesepoems are clearly the reflection of her ownunhappy experience

37、closely related to herdeepest and most private feelings.3.LoveThe other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire in which Dickinson dealt with allegorically the influence of the male authorities over the female emphasizing the power of physical attraction and expressing a mixture

38、 of fear and fascination for the mysterious magnetism between sexes. The themes in Dickinsons poems 4. nature In her poems Dickinsons skepticism aboutthe relationship between man and natureis well-expressed. 1 On the one hand sheshared with her romantic and transcendentalpredecessors who believed th

39、at a mythical 神話的 虛構(gòu)的 bond between man and natureexisted that nature revealed to man thingsabout mankind and universe.2 On the other hand she felt strongly about natures inscrutability （不可預(yù)測 性） and indifference to the life and interests of human beings.Dickinsons artistic characteristicsDicksons poe

40、try is unique and unconventional in its own way.1 no titles.2 dashes are used as a musical device3 capital letters as a means of emphasis.Dickinsons artisticcharacteristics4 The form of her poetry is familiar communal （公共的） and sometimes irregular.5 short a singly image or symbol one subject matter.

41、6 personal and meditative.7 She often used persona and personification Dickinsons artistic characteristicsDickinsons poetry despite its ostensible（表面上的）formal simplicity is remarkable for itsvariety subtlety and richness and her limitedprivate world has never confined the limitlesspower of her creat

42、ivity and imagination.She wanted to live simply as a complete independentbeing and so she did as a spinster.第七章1、 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加愛倫坡（1809-1849）浪漫主義最后一位。對美的定義：The death of a beautiful young women Beautiful Death -The Death motif in Edgar Allan Poes work第八章1、William Dean Howells豪威爾斯l837-1920The Ris

43、e of Silas Lapham塞拉斯拉帕姆的發(fā)跡(1885)是他的代表作，寫一個剝削礦工發(fā)財致富的暴發(fā)戶，批評家認為其中充滿了“敏銳的觀察”和“善意的批評”。2、Henry James亨利詹姆斯（1843-1916）心理現(xiàn)實主義小說創(chuàng)作的三個時期：主要作品的主題多為他所熟悉的美國和歐洲這兩種不同文化和價值體系間的沖突即所謂的“國際主題”（THE INTERNATIONAL THEME）。他的創(chuàng)作生涯可以大致分為三個階段：第一階段1863-1886，作品包括THE AMERICAN美國人，DAISY MILLER戴西米勒，THE EUROPEANS歐洲人，WASHINGTON SQUARE華

44、盛頓廣場*（即電影“情感的禁區(qū)”）和THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY*淑女本色；第二階段1886-1901，作品包括：THE BOSTONIANS波士頓人，THE TURN OF THE SCREW螺絲在擰緊和THE BEAST IN THE JUNGLE叢林猛獸；第三階段從1901年開始，又稱“主要階段”（THE MAJOR PHASE），作品包括他最成熟的三部小說：THE WINGS OF THE DOVE*鴿翼（我的最愛），THE AMBASSADORS專使和THE GOLDEN BOWL*金碗。（*已有電影改編) 第九章Mark Twain馬克吐溫（1835-1910）。1

45、884湯姆索亞歷險記所有的美國文學(xué)都來自這里。語言特點：口語化colloquial,創(chuàng)了美國小說口語化的先河,以幽默諷刺的寫作基調(diào),夸張、對比、口語等表現(xiàn)手法,形成了獨特的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格,在現(xiàn)實主義小說語言風(fēng)格方面為美國文學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了卓越貢獻,對后世作家產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。第十章自然主義，現(xiàn)實主義的高峰，持續(xù)到1戰(zhàn)結(jié)束。1、Stephen Crane,斯蒂芬克萊恩18711900 Maggie, A Girl of the Street街頭女郎The Red Badge of Courage紅色英勇勛章2、Frank Norris弗蘭克諾里斯 1870-19021894-1895 麥克提格 1901

46、章魚-best work3、Theodore Dreiser西奧多德萊塞(1871-1945)嘉莉妹妹4、Jack London杰克倫敦(1876-1916)鐵蹄5、O. Henry歐亨利，原名為威廉西德尼波特（1862-1910）麥琪的禮物第十一章意象派：“Imagism”Ezra Pound(1885-)The coming of the ImageThe new age demanded proper literary expression. Imagism came as a reaction to the traditional English poetics with its ia

47、mbic pentameter, its verbosity, and extra-poetic padding; but it served, first and foremost, to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age. 簡答題Three Imagist poetic principles: (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective; (2) To use absolutely no word that does not con

48、tribute to the presentation: and (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 第十二章Thomas Stearns T.S. Eliot托馬斯貝爾斯登“T.S.愛略特(1888-1965)荒原第十三章Robert Frost羅伯特弗羅斯特(1874-1963)波士頓以北1914He received honors from forty-four institutions, and bec

49、ame the nations unofficial poet laureate when invited to read his poems “The Gift Outright” at President Kennedys inauguration in 1961.Chang Yao-xin(198)points out:|”Readers tend to find wit and wisdom, peace and harmony, serenity and joy from his poetry”.第十四章1、 Scott Fitzgerald弗司各特菲茨杰拉德 （1896-1940）

50、The Great Catsby 了不起的蓋茨比。It is his masterpiece。It embodies the disillusionment of the American Dream。The Grapes of Wrath憤怒的葡萄2、Ernest Miller Hemingway厄內(nèi)斯特米勒，海明威(1899-1961)現(xiàn)實主義“The lost generation”迷惘的一代太陽照常升起（The Sun Also Rises)他愛上護士，故事情節(jié)、永別了，武器（A Farewell to Arms)1928(1952) The Old Man and the Sea第十

51、五章William Faulkner威廉?？思{（1897-1962）南方周末小說家The sound and the Fury喧嘩與騷動1929.詩歌：1、annabel lee安娜貝爾李的解析Edgar Allan PoeSetting: The narrator (persona) writes about a fictional kingdom along the ocean shore. It is an idyllic, beautiful, land of enchantmenta paradise on earthwhere he and Annabel Lee fell in

52、love as adolescents. One can imagine that they strolled the beaches, hand in hand, in gentle breezes while the sun went down and the tide rushed in. This kingdom, where love ruled their hearts, remains dear to the memory of the poet after Annabel Lee dies, for his soul remains united with hers. Char

53、acters: Narrator (persona): A man of deep sensibility who extolls a young maiden with whom he fell deeply in love. Annabel Lee: Beautiful young maiden loved by the poet. She was of noble birth, as Line 17 of Stanza 1 suggests when it says she had “highborn” relatives. Annabel Lee probably represents

54、 Poes wife, who died at a young age. Seraphs: Members of the highest order of angelsaround the throne of God. According to the Bible, they each had three pairs of wings. In the poem, the seraphs are so envious of the love between the narrator and Annabel Lee that they cause Annabels death. Relative

55、of Annabel Lee: A“highborn kinsman” (Line 17, Stanza 1) who carries away and entombs her body. Date of Publication: Annabel Lee was published on October 9, 1849, in the New York Daily Tribune. Theme: Eternal love. The love between the narrator and Annabel Lee is so strong and beautiful and pure that

56、 even the seraphs, the highest order of angels in heaven, envy it. They attempt to kill this love by sending a chilling wind that kills Annabel Lee. However, the love remains aliveeternalbecause the souls of the lovers remain united. The death of a beautiful woman is a common theme in Poes writing.

57、Romeo and Juliet Motif: Like Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, the narrator and Annabel Lee are both very young when they fall deeply in love. In addition, like Shakespeares “star-crossed” lovers, Poes lovers become victims of forces beyond their control. Finally, the narrator and Annabel Leelike Romeo and Julietexperience a love beyond the understanding of older p