企業(yè)存貨管理中的問題和對(duì)策外文文獻(xiàn).docx

1、淮陰工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯系院）.江淮學(xué)院專業(yè). .會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)姓名. .孫露銘學(xué)號(hào)3082113127外文出處. .The American Society of Mechanical（用外文寫）Engineers Agency, 2007:27-33附件. .1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語:簽名：附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文 a distribution networkconsisting of a central depot and a number of localstockpoints is investigated. Chiang andMonahan pres

2、ent a two-echelon dual-channel inventory model in which stocks are kept in both a manufacturerwarchouse (upper echelon) and a retail store (lowerechelon), and the product is available in two supplychannels: a traditional retail store and an internet-enabled direct channel. Johansen's system isas

3、sumed to be controlled by a base-stock policy. Theindependent and stochastically dependent lead timesare compared.lb sumup, these papers consider two- or N-echeloninventory systems, with generally stochastic demand, except for one study that considersMarkov-modulateddemand. They generally assume con

4、stant leadtime, but two of them accept it to be stochastic. Theygain exact or approximate solutions.In multi-echelon inventory management there aresome other research techniques used in literature, such as heuristics, vary-METRIC method, fuzzy sets, model predictive control, scenario analysis, stati

5、stical analysis, and GAs. These methods are used rarclyand only by a few authors.A multi-product, multi-stage, and multi-periodscheduling model is proposed by Chen and Lee to deal with multiple incommensurable goals fora multi-echelon SC network with uncertain marketdemands and product prices. The u

6、ncertain marketdemands are modeled as a number of discrete scenarios with known probabilities, and the fuzzy sets areused for describing the sellers' and buyers* incompatible preference on product prices.供給鏈下的多級(jí)存貨管理從歷史上看，多級(jí)供給鏈、倉庫、分銷商、零售商等，已經(jīng)通過大量的庫存緩 沖被獨(dú)立管理。競爭壓力的增加和市場的全球化迫使企業(yè)開展能夠快速滿足客戶需 要的供給鏈。為了保

7、持競爭力，降低庫存，這些企業(yè)必須交互使用多級(jí)庫存管理， 同時(shí)降低運(yùn)營本錢，改善客戶效勞。因各種不同的原因，存貨以不同形式存在在供給鏈中。在整個(gè)供給鏈中，存貨 管理失衡，經(jīng)常會(huì)引起“牛鞭效應(yīng)，即需求逆流而上，逐級(jí)變異放大的一個(gè)階段。 這種效應(yīng)引起企業(yè)過多的存貨積壓，使收入減少，運(yùn)輸效率降低，擾亂了庫存方案 和產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)方案，同時(shí)降低了企業(yè)的效勞水平。許多學(xué)者已經(jīng)對(duì)這些問題進(jìn)展了研究，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)了對(duì)有效地滿足客戶需求的供 給鏈各階段之間進(jìn)展整合的必要性。除了整合問題，為了確定一個(gè)有效地供給鏈庫 存政策，還必須處理不確定性問題。除了對(duì)供給和需求的不確定性，與生產(chǎn)和銷售 過程相關(guān)的信息延遲也是供給鏈的一個(gè)

8、特點(diǎn)。多級(jí)供給鏈中的庫存管理是一項(xiàng)重要的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)橛性S多方面兩者都必須相互 配合，協(xié)調(diào)合作。它們還必須對(duì)它們的庫存進(jìn)展協(xié)調(diào)安排。有許多因素使成功的庫 存管理變得復(fù)雜，例如。需求的不確定、交貨時(shí)間、投產(chǎn)日期、產(chǎn)品價(jià)格、木錢等, 尤其是在不確定性的需求和交貨時(shí)間下，管理者不能夠?qū)⒍嗉?jí)供給鏈中的存貨管理 得最優(yōu)。大多數(shù)制造企業(yè)被組織起來形成了一個(gè)制造和分銷為一體的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)包 括了原材料的采購、加工和產(chǎn)品的銷售。當(dāng)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)過多個(gè)階段才到達(dá)最終用戶 時(shí)，多級(jí)或者多層次生產(chǎn)/分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)這些代名詞也和前面所述的這樣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)意思一 樣。因各種不用的原因，存貨以不用的形式存在在整個(gè)供給鏈中。在任何一個(gè)制造

9、過程中，它們可能作為原材料、在制品或者產(chǎn)成品存在。它們存在于配送倉庫，存 在于運(yùn)輸途中，或者存在于管道里，它們存在于這些設(shè)備的每個(gè)鏈接處。制造商從供給商處采購原材料，將它們加工成產(chǎn)品并銷售給分銷商，然后由分 銷商銷售給零售商或者用戶。當(dāng)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)過多個(gè)階段才到達(dá)最終用戶，它就形成 了一個(gè)多級(jí)庫存系統(tǒng)。某一庫存節(jié)點(diǎn)的級(jí)庫存等于這個(gè)庫存節(jié)點(diǎn)上的所有庫存加上 轉(zhuǎn)移或者正在轉(zhuǎn)移的任何一個(gè)后續(xù)節(jié)點(diǎn)的庫存，減去后續(xù)節(jié)點(diǎn)的缺貨。在商界有關(guān)多級(jí)庫存系統(tǒng)的分析己經(jīng)有著悠久的歷史。在許多領(lǐng)域，多級(jí)庫存 管理系統(tǒng)被廣泛運(yùn)用于向客戶分銷產(chǎn)品。鑒于這些系統(tǒng)的重要性，許多研究人員通 過各種各樣的條件和假設(shè)開場研究他們的運(yùn)

10、行特點(diǎn)。自從哈里斯提出經(jīng)濟(jì)訂貨批量 模型以來，研究人員和實(shí)際工作者更加積極地關(guān)注在不同操作參數(shù)和模型假設(shè)條件 下系統(tǒng)的分析和模型設(shè)計(jì)。在過去的十年里，對(duì)于多級(jí)庫存管理模型的研究己經(jīng)獲 得了重要成就，主要是因?yàn)橥ㄟ^利用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)，使各個(gè)過程和分銷階段的供給 鏈的整體控制逐漸變成可能?？死撕退箍ǚ蜃钤缪芯績呻A段存貨模型。他們證實(shí) 了庫存系統(tǒng)的根底存貨政策的最優(yōu)性，并提出了一種用于計(jì)算最正確訂貨批量的政 策。貝斯勒和凡諾特進(jìn)一步開展了兩階段模型，使其包含一般塊莖構(gòu)造。上面提到 的車間倉庫問題通過埃本和施拉格分析一個(gè)缺貨的中央倉庫模型解決了。他們?cè)谙?等的訂貨點(diǎn)分配假設(shè)條件下，對(duì)訂購批量做出了更近

11、似的表述。一些作者也已經(jīng)考 慮到了在各種形式下的這個(gè)問題。由于多階段問題的復(fù)雜和棘手，哈德利和懷廷建 議對(duì)庫存系統(tǒng)采用單層次、單階級(jí)模型。夏布魯克把一個(gè)訂購政策看做是一個(gè)倉儲(chǔ)和零傳商的兩級(jí)模型，他假設(shè)零售商 的缺貨是完全積壓的，而且，夏布魯克還建立了矩陣可收回工程控制的多級(jí)技術(shù)） 模型，它明確了在有預(yù)算約束的一個(gè)低級(jí)階段中使庫存水平最小化，這個(gè)模型是管 理效勞局部庫存的第一個(gè)多級(jí)模型，此后，很多研究者提出了一大套模型，他們一 般都是在多級(jí)框架下尋求最正確批量和平安庫存。除了分析性模型，仿真模型也被 開發(fā)了出來用于研充多級(jí)庫存問題中復(fù)雜的相互作用問題。到目前為止，相關(guān)的一些文獻(xiàn)主要關(guān)注于對(duì)需求的

12、預(yù)測，以及對(duì)多階段供給鏈 庫存政策的開展。需求隨機(jī)的多階段系統(tǒng)的存貨控制政策已經(jīng)具有了一個(gè)廣泛的研 究領(lǐng)域。近年來有許多論文都包含了斯?fàn)柛：团煽说挠^點(diǎn)。用于定期評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng) 一采購的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以通過規(guī)定不同階段的訂購水平獲得連續(xù)不斷的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這是 就所有庫存而言，而不是單指設(shè)備。勞以及其他人，迪克斯和戴科克，唐格和里，密特拉和查特基，哈里加，陳， 阿克斯特和章，諾齊克和特納基斯特以及賽歐和鄭都在他們的研究中利用了數(shù)學(xué)模 型技術(shù)去管理供給鏈中的多級(jí)存貨。迪克斯和戴科克的研究考慮到了不同的多級(jí)存 貨系統(tǒng)，比方配送系統(tǒng)或者生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，并且假設(shè)訂單在一個(gè)固定的時(shí)間內(nèi)到達(dá)。哈 里加提出了由假設(shè)干個(gè)裝配或者

13、整理和儲(chǔ)存設(shè)備串聯(lián)在一起組成的單個(gè)周期生產(chǎn) 系統(tǒng)的隨機(jī)模型。阿克斯特，諾齊克和特納基斯特在他們的文章中都提到了兩階段 庫存系統(tǒng)。阿克斯特和特納基斯特認(rèn)為零售商都面臨不變的無偏好的泊松需要。麥 徹和查特基研究了博特和格拉夫模型，并在他們關(guān)于實(shí)行快速配送商品的觀點(diǎn)的論 文“對(duì)隨機(jī)需求下的多級(jí)存貨問題策略不連續(xù)回憶"中進(jìn)展了進(jìn)一步的闡述。這個(gè) 模型的提出和改良能夠擴(kuò)展多個(gè)階段和兩階段配送系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容。在勞爾的模型中， 假設(shè)訂貨時(shí)間忽略不計(jì)，需求率和生產(chǎn)率是確定的，而且保持固定不變的情況下， 缺貨是不允許的。賽歐和鄭運(yùn)用分析模型分析兩個(gè)重要因素，這兩個(gè)因素能夠幫助 半導(dǎo)體制造商根據(jù)經(jīng)歷推測訂單

14、數(shù)量變化的最高程度：一個(gè)是供給商的訂貨時(shí)間， 另一個(gè)是預(yù)測的需求更新情況。他們認(rèn)為那兒的零售商面臨的外部需求與兩個(gè)連續(xù) 的時(shí)間段相聯(lián)系，并旦零售商利用最新的需求信息來更新它們未來的需求預(yù)測。此 外，他們還認(rèn)為供給商的供貨時(shí)間是變動(dòng)的，而且受零售商的訂貨量的影響。頓和 里在他們的論文中再次闡述了克拉克和斯卡夫的連續(xù)多級(jí)存貨系統(tǒng)并得出了三個(gè) 關(guān)鍵的結(jié)論。第一，他們提出了最正確多級(jí)存貨水平的最小近似值以及克拉克和斯 卡夫關(guān)于根本模型的整個(gè)系統(tǒng)本錢的最大值。第二，他們利用馬丁格爾預(yù)測理論模 型說明了克拉克和斯卡夫的最優(yōu)存貨政策構(gòu)造保存了在與時(shí)間線關(guān)聯(lián)下的按需處 理。第三，他們把近似值拓展到了與時(shí)間相關(guān)

15、聯(lián)的需求的過程和研咒，特別是對(duì)于 一個(gè)回歸需求模型，訂貨時(shí)間的影響和一系列存貨系統(tǒng)性能的相關(guān)性。通過對(duì)有關(guān)利用數(shù)學(xué)模型技術(shù)研究供給鏈下的多級(jí)存貨管理的文獻(xiàn)的回憶，總 括起來，可以說，這些文章都考慮到了具有不確定的或者確定的需求的兩級(jí)，三級(jí) 或者假設(shè)干級(jí)系統(tǒng)。他們認(rèn)為訂貨時(shí)間是固定的，為零，是一個(gè)常量，確定的或者 是可以忽略的。他們獲得了準(zhǔn)確的或者是相似的結(jié)論。德克爾等人分析了數(shù)量分段規(guī)律對(duì)存貨本錢的影響。數(shù)量分段規(guī)律是指傳遞來 自供給商的大訂單，以及來自最近的零售商的小訂單，也就是所謂的進(jìn)展分段數(shù) 量判定訂單是小型的還是大型。在由一個(gè)供給商和多個(gè)零售商組成的系統(tǒng)中，假設(shè) 所有零售商的客戶都存在

16、需求。然而，德克爾等人指出傳遞來自供給商的那些大型 的訂單會(huì)導(dǎo)致零售商們考慮降低自身的存貨本錢。德克爾等人的研究成果還涉及到 了供給商的存貨本錢。在莫訶比和波斯納的研究中包含了存在補(bǔ)充訂單和銷售損失 的不斷審查的存貨系統(tǒng)的本錢分析。在范德等人的文章中考慮到了當(dāng)同時(shí)存在需求 和訂貨時(shí)間不確定情況下的多級(jí)存貨，周期審查，訂制點(diǎn)這些政策。飯?zhí)镞@篇文章的主要目的是說明近期政策對(duì)于多級(jí)庫存問題是可承受的。他假 設(shè)在各階段的訂貨時(shí)間是固定的。陳和宋的目標(biāo)是縮小系統(tǒng)中的長期平均本錢。在 陳的系統(tǒng)中，各地應(yīng)用一種定期回憶或者訂貨點(diǎn)庫存政策。他們說明各地的庫存位 置是穩(wěn)定的，并且這種穩(wěn)定的分銷是均勻且獨(dú)立于其他

17、的。在明納等人的研究中， 他調(diào)查了在一個(gè)由中心倉庫和一些當(dāng)?shù)貛齑纥c(diǎn)組成的分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，生產(chǎn)不確定性對(duì) 庫存投資的影響。將和莫納罕論述了一個(gè)兩梯隊(duì)雙通道庫存模型，在這個(gè)模型中庫 存是由生產(chǎn)商倉庫上游）和零售店（下游）共同負(fù)責(zé)的，而產(chǎn)品使用兩種供給渠 道：傳統(tǒng)的零售店和網(wǎng)絡(luò)直銷。約翰森的系統(tǒng)被假設(shè)由根本庫存策略控制，其中比 擬了獨(dú)立的和隨機(jī)不獨(dú)立的訂貨期?？傊@些文章都基于一般隨機(jī)需求來考慮兩梯隊(duì)或者N梯隊(duì)庫存系統(tǒng)，但有 一篇例外，它考慮了馬爾可夫需求調(diào)節(jié)。通常他們假設(shè)固定的訂貨點(diǎn)，但是其中有 兩個(gè)認(rèn)為那是隨機(jī)的。而他們得出了一樣或者相近的解決方法。在這些多級(jí)庫存管理文獻(xiàn)中用到了很多其他研究方法，

18、比方啟發(fā)法、變化度量 法、隱約集法、模型預(yù)測控制法、情景分析法、數(shù)據(jù)分析法和匯編語言，這些方法 很少用而且只有少數(shù)作者會(huì)用到。陳和李提出了一個(gè)多產(chǎn)品、多階段、多時(shí)期方案模型來解決帶有市場需求和產(chǎn) 品價(jià)格不確定性的多級(jí)存貨供給網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的多目標(biāo)。其中不確定的市場需求通過一系 列各種可能性建成的離散方案模型解釋，而模糊設(shè)置用于解釋買賣者基于產(chǎn)品價(jià)格 的不相容偏好。附件2:外文資料翻譯原文Multi-echelon inventory management in supply chainsHistorically, thccchclons of the supply chain, warehouse,

19、distributors, rctailcrs,ctc., have been managed independently, buffered by large inventories. Increasingcompetitivepressures and market globalization are forcing firms to develop supply chains that can quicklyrespond to customer needs. To remain competitive and decrease inventory, these firms mustus

20、e multi-echelon inventory management interactively, while reducing operating costs andimproving customer service.Inventories exist throughout the SC in variousforms for various reasons. The lack of a coordinated inventory management throughout the SC oftencauses the bullwhip effect, namely an ainpli

21、ficationof demand variability moving towards the upstreamstages. This causes excessive inventory investments,lost revenues, misguided capacity plans, ineffectivetransportation, missed production schedules, andpoor customer service.Many scholars have studied these problems, as wellas emphasized the n

22、eed of integration among SCstages, to make the chain effectively and efficientlysatisfy customer requests (e.g. reference). Bcsidcthc integration issue, uncertainty has to be dealt within order to define an effective SC inventory policy. Inaddition to the uncertainty on supply (e.g. lead times) and

23、demand, information delays associated with themanufacturing and distribution processes characterize SCs.Inventory management in multi-echelon SCs is animportant issue, because there are many elementsthat have to coordinate with each other. They mustalso arrange their inventories to coordinate. Thcrc

24、arc many factors that complicate successful inventory management,e.g.uncertaindemands,leadtimes,productiontimes,productprices,costs,etc.,especiallythe uncertainty in demand and lead times wherethe inventory cannot be managed between echelonsoptimally.Most manufacturing enterprises are organized into

25、networks of manufacturing and distribution sites thatprocure raw material, process them into finishedgoods, and distribute the finish goods tocustomers.Thc terms 'multi-cchclon'or 'multileverproduction/distribution networks are also synonymous with suchnetworks (or SC), when an item move

26、s through morethan one step before reaching the final customer.Inventories exist throughout the SC in various formsfor various reasons. At any manufacturing point, theymay exist as raw materials, work in progress, or finishedgoods.Theyexistatlhedistributionwarehouses,and they exist in-transit, or 4i

27、n the pipclinc on cachpath linking these facilities.Manufacturers procure raw material from suppliers and process them into finished goods, sell thefinished goods to distributors, and then to retail and/or customers. When an item moves through morethan one stage before reaching the final customer,it

28、 forms a 4inulti-echelon, inventory system. Theechelon stock of a stockpoint equals all stock at thisstock point, plus in-transit lo or on-hand at any ofits downstream stockpoints, minus the backordersat its downstream stockpoints.The analysis of multi-echclon inventory systemsthat pervades the busi

29、ness world has a long history. Multi-echelon inventory systems are widelyemployed to distribute products to customers overextensive geographical areas. Given the importanceof thesesystems, many researchers have studiedtheir operating characteristics under a variety of conditions and assumptions.Sinc

30、e the developmentof the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula byHarris (1913), researchers and practitioners havebcen actively concerned with the analysis and modeling of inventory systems under different operatingparanieters and modeling assumptions.Researchon multi-echelon inventory models has gai

31、nedimportance over the last decade mainly becauseintegrated control of SCs consisting of several processing and distribution stages has become feasiblethrough modern information technology.Clark and Scarf were the first to study the two-echelon inventory model. Theyprovcd the optimality of a base-st

32、ock policy for thcpurc-scrial inventory system and developed an efficient decomposing method to compute the optimal base-stock ordering policy. Bessler and Veinottextended the Clark and Scarf model toinclude general arbores cent structures. The depot-warehouse problem described above was addressedby

33、 Eppen and Schrage who analyzed a modelwith a slockless central depot. They derived aclosed-fbrmexpressionfortheordcr-up-to-lcvclundcrthccqualfractilcallocationassumption.Scvcralauthors have also considered this problem in various forms. Owing to the complexity and intractability of the multi-echelo

34、n problemHadley and Whitinrecominend the adoption of single-location, single-echelon models for the inventory systems.Sherbrooke considered an ordering policy of a two-echelon model for warehouse and retailer. It is assumed that stock outs at the retailers are completely backlogged. Also, Sherbrooke

35、 constructed the METRIC (multi-echelon technique forcoverable item control) model, which identifies the stock levels that minimize the expected number of backorders at the lower-echelon subject to a budget constraint. This model is the first multi-echeloninventory model for managing the inventory of

36、 serviceparts.Thereafter,alargesetofmodelswhich generally seek to identify optimal lot sizes andsafetystocksinamulti-echelonframework, wereproduced by many researchers. In additionto analytical models, simulation models have alsobeen developed to capture the complex interactionof the multi-echelon i

37、nventory problems.So far literature has devoted major attention to the forecasting of lumpy demand, and to the development of stock policies for multi-echelon SCs Inventory control policy for multi-echelon systemwithstochasticdemandhasbeenawidelyresearched area. More recent papers have been covered

38、bySilver and Pyke. The advantage of centralizcdplanning, available in periodic review policies, canbc obtained in continuous review policies, by defining the reorder levels of different stages, in terms ofechelon stock rather than installation stock.Rau et al. , Diks and de Kok , Dong and Lee ,Mitra

39、 and Chatteijee , Hariga , Chen ,Axsater and Zhang , Nozick and Tumquist ,and So and Zheng use a mathematic modeling technique in their studies to manage multi-echelon inventory in SCs. Diks and de Kok's study considers a divergent multi-cchclon inventory system, such as a distribution system or

40、 a production system, and assumes that the order arrives after a fixed lead time. Hariga, presents a stochastic model for a single-period production system composed of several assembly/processing and storage facilities in series.Chen, Axsater and Zhang, and Nozick andTurnquistconsider a two-stage in

41、ventory system in their papers. Axsater and Zhang and Nozickand Turnquist assume that the retailers face stationary and independent Poisson demand. Mitra and Chatteijee examine De Bodt and Graves, model (1985), which they developed in their paper* Continuous-review policies for a multi-echelon inven

42、tory problem with stochastic demand for fast-moving items from the implementation point of view. The proposed modification of the model can be extended to multi-stage serial and two -echelon assembly systems. In Rau et al.'s model, shortage is not allowed, lead time is assumed to be negligible,

43、and demand rate and production rate is deterministic and constant. So and Zhengused an analytical model to analyze two important factors that can contribute to the high degree of order-quantity variability experienced by semiconductor manufacturers: supplier's lead time and forecast demand updat

44、ing. They assume that the external demands faced by theretailor are correlated between two successive time periods and that the retailer uses the latest demand informalion to update its future demand forecasts. Furthermore, they assume that the supplier's delivery lead times arc variable and arc

45、 affected by the retailer's order quantities. Dong and Lee's paperrevisits the serial multi-echelon inventory system of Clark and Scarf and develops three key results. First, they provide a simple lower-bound approximation to the optimal echelon inventory levels and an upper bound to the tot

46、al system cost for the basic model of Clark and Scarf. Second, they show that the structure of the optimal stocking policy of Clark and Scarf holds under time-correlated demand processing using a Martingale model of forecast evolution. Third, they extend the approximation to the time-correlated dema

47、nd process and study, in particular for an autoregressive demand model, the impact of lead times, and autocorrelation on the performance of the serial inventory system.After reviewing the literature about multi-echeloninventory management in SCs using mathematicmodeling technique, it can be said that, in summary, these papers consider two, three, or N-cchclon systems with stochastic or dctcnninistic demand. Theyassume lead times to be fixed, zero, constant, deterministic, or negligible. They gain exact or approximatesolutions.Dekker et