英漢語言對比靜態(tài)與動態(tài)

1、 Part IVStative vs. Dynamic Translate the following sentences : 1)醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá)，并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人，因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。 2)他能吃能睡 3)他既不抽煙，也不喝酒。 4)他失業(yè)以后，就很不合群了。 5) The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 6) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 7) 他們立刻出動去追擊敵人. 8) 有人給他撐腰。 9) 他在讀書。 10)

2、 機(jī)器正在運(yùn)行 11) 說完這些話，她便走開了。 English: Static Chinese: Dynamic R.Quirk: Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as stative in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete ( physical) like house, table, paper, or abstract ( of the mind) like hope, bota

3、ny, length. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as dynamic: they are fitted ( by their capacity to show tense and aspect, for example) to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions. Stative English 1.Nominalization 2.Agentive nouns in place of verbs

4、. 3.Preparation- Prominent 4.Verbs-weaken 5.Ajectives and adverbs in place of verbs1.Nominalization Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses, which contain finite verbs, with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts. 名詞化主要指用名詞（短語）來表達(dá)原來屬名詞化主要指用名詞（短語）來表達(dá)原來屬于動詞（短語）所表達(dá)的信息，如用抽象

5、名詞來于動詞（短語）所表達(dá)的信息，如用抽象名詞來表達(dá)動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)等表達(dá)動作、行為、變化、狀態(tài)等。 For example: because the surface of the retina is spherical-because of the sphericity of the retinal surface something is near the nucleus- something occupies a juxtanuclear position Dennis Freeborn points out: Formal acdemic writing tends to use

6、 a characteristic style which caters for other academic rather than the general public. 1)醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá)，并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人，因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。 The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily. The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommo

7、nly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 2. To use Agentive Nouns in place of Verbs 1) 他能吃能睡 He is a good eater and a good sleeper 2) 他既不抽煙，也不喝酒。 He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler. 3)他失業(yè)以后，就很不合群了。 Since he lost his job, hes been a loner. 4) The computer is a f

8、ar more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查的更細(xì)心、更勤快。 5) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 過去我常常胡思亂想。 3 Preparation- prominent 3.1Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases 英語常用介詞短語代替動詞短語，即“以靜代動” 3.2noun+preparation 名詞+介詞的優(yōu)勢常見于英語里大量的弱式短語。 3.1 Preparation phrases in pl

9、ace of verb phrases1）他們立刻出動去追擊敵人。 They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. 2）有人給他撐腰。 He has someone behind him. 3)他在讀書。 He is at his books. 4)機(jī)器正在運(yùn)行。 The machine is in operation5) 說完這些話，她便走開了。With these words, she went away. 3.2名詞名詞+介詞的優(yōu)勢常見于英語里大量的弱式短介詞的優(yōu)勢常見于英語里大量的弱式短語。語。 give rise to (arous

10、e) make contact with (meet) arrive at a decision (decide) bring to a conclusion (finish) undertake a study of ( study) take into consideration ( consider) afford an opportunity to (allow) carry out experiments ( experiment) conduct an investigation into (investigate) of a kindly nature (kind) of an

11、unusual character ( unusual) beyond the shadow of a doubt ( certain) due to the fact that ( because) on two separate occasions ( twice) in view of the foregoing circumstances ( therefore) 4. Verb- weaken動詞的弱化與虛化動詞的弱化與虛化 4.1 英語里最常用的動詞正是動作意味最弱的動詞-to be，其各種形式包括must be, maybe, should have been都缺乏動態(tài)感，由it

12、或there與be構(gòu)成的句式，其靜態(tài)意味更加明顯： There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida 佛羅里達(dá)東海岸有一場熱帶風(fēng)暴 A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. 一場熱帶風(fēng)暴襲擊了佛羅里達(dá)東海岸 4.2 英語還常把動詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生成名詞,置于虛化動詞(have, make, take, do)之后做其賓語,如have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a

13、 proposal等。這類動詞短語顯得虛弱而平淡無味。如： After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit. After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. 杰克與老板爭吵之后就辭職了 5. Ajectives and Adverbs in place of Verbs 5.1英語常用動詞的同源形容詞與弱化動詞相結(jié)合的方式表達(dá)動詞的意義。 1) I am doubtful whether he is still alive( doubt, live) 我懷疑他是否還活著 2)The doctor felt

14、 sympathetic with his patients(sympathize) 醫(yī)生同情他的病人 5.2英語還常用副詞來表達(dá)動詞的意義。英語還常用副詞來表達(dá)動詞的意義。 1) Im afraid Mr. Brown is out, but hell be in soon 恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快會回來的 2)Hell be home in half an hour 他將在半小時內(nèi)到家 3) The newspaper was down at six yesterday 昨天報紙六點(diǎn)鐘付印 4) Down with the old and up with the new. 破舊立新。

15、 Dynamic Chinese 1.動詞連用是漢語常見現(xiàn)象 2.動詞（詞組）可充當(dāng)漢語句子的各種成分 3.漢語動詞常常重復(fù)或重疊 1.動詞連用是漢語常見現(xiàn)象動詞連用是漢語常見現(xiàn)象 連動式、兼語式、把字式、被動式 1）He thought his way out of the dilemma. 他想辦法擺脫了困境（連動式） 2）We asked her to sing 我們請他唱歌（兼語式） 3）Go to the classroom and call him back 你去教室把他叫回來（把字式） 4）I was called to the office by the teacher to

16、make a self-criticism 我被老師叫到辦公室去做檢討（被字式） 2.動詞（詞組）可充當(dāng)漢語句子的各種成分動詞（詞組）可充當(dāng)漢語句子的各種成分 2.1可充當(dāng)助動詞，置于主要動詞的前后，形成動可充當(dāng)助動詞，置于主要動詞的前后，形成動詞連用。詞連用。 他來借書 他借書來了 他來借書來了 Hes come to borrow books 2.2漢語動詞可充當(dāng)介詞漢語動詞可充當(dāng)介詞 葵花朵朵向太陽 Sunflowers turn towards the sun 向自然開戰(zhàn) to wage a battle against nature 人們來來往往 People are coming

17、and going 他往東走去 He went in an eastward direction 2.3漢語動詞常常重復(fù)或重疊漢語動詞常常重復(fù)或重疊 1）我等著要上路，越等越不耐煩，哪里是等一會兒，一等就是老半天。 I waited with growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time. 2）要吃有吃，要穿有穿。 You will have enough to eat and enough to wear. 3）來的來，去的去。 Some come, and

18、others leave. 4）學(xué)問，學(xué)問，要學(xué)要問，邊學(xué)邊問，才有學(xué)問。 Acquistion of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation 漢語許多日常用語和文章標(biāo)題，常用富于動態(tài)的動詞，如果譯成英語，常常要轉(zhuǎn)換為富于靜態(tài)的名詞、形容詞或副詞，這樣才比較有“洋味”。 1）走開！ Stay away! 2）別管我！ Leave me alone! 3）他吃素，不吃葷 He is a vegetarian 4）她們飛上了藍(lán)天（報紙標(biāo)題） Women Pilots in China 5）周阿斗尋父記（文章標(biāo)題） A Reunion of Father and Son 6）你老是看鐘等著下課??！ Oh! Youre a clock-watcher! S. Potter: Our western civilization, it has been said, favours an over-development of the intellect at the expense of the emotions. That is why people prefer nouns to verbs. They suffer from what the Ge