2016新SAT模擬測(cè)試題2

1、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案Section 1Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Atul Grover, “Should Hospital Residency Programs Be Expanded to Increase the Number of Doctors? ” ? 2013 Dow Jones & Company.Thanks to baby boomers, the population over 65 willhave doubled between 2000

2、and 2030. And when theAffordable Care Act takes full effect, up to 32 million new patients will seek access to medical care, many of whom will 5 need treatment for ailments that have gone undiagnosed for years, such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis and heart disease.This surge in demand means the U.S.

3、 will have a shortfall ofat least 90,000 doctors by the end of the decade, according tothe Association of American Medical Colleges Center for10 Workforce Studies. Many parts of the country have too few doctors already.A small, vocal minority of researchers suggest we don't need more doctors. Th

4、at minority clearly is having an impact: many clinicians and policy makers say there is 20%15 to 30% "waste" in our health-care system. Elliott Fisher, aDartmouth professor, says those numbers are backed up byDartmouth research.The Dartmouth studies base their conclusions about waste on co

5、mparisons of health-care spending in different geographic areas. But other studies have shown that differences in the health status of patients in the different regions explain the majority of variations in spending. In other words, urban areas, with their high concentrations of poor people, tend to

6、 have a higher disease burden and thus higher medical needs. Sicker patients, along with high labor costs, explain the higher levels of spending found in these urban areas - not too many doctors.There is no question that delivery of care needs to be better organized, and that some current reforms ar

7、e likely to improve patient outcomes. That's true, for example, with experiments in team-based care. However, these improvements in patient care have not translated to any reduction in the need for physician time.Another new experiment-accountable-care organizations,which allow groups of provide

8、rs to share any savings gained by keeping their patients healthy-also hasn't been shown to20253035reduce the number of physicians needed. Indeed, there is a lot of wishful thinking associated with ACOs, just as there文檔was with HMOs 1 in the 1990s that everyone would be40 cared for in a way that

9、would cost less and would prevent people from ever getting sick. Unfortunately, that didn't turn out to be the reality.Primary care and prevention will increase the need for doctors. An 8-year-old girl with acute leukemia today has an4580% chance of survival. If she survives, in the years thatfo

10、llow, she is likely to get a vaccine to avoid cervical cancer, take cholesterol-lowering drugs and undergo multiple screenings for breast cancer. She may still develop heart disease or cancer. And as she and millions of other people50 continue to age, their risk for other conditions like50Alzheimer&

11、#39;s will increase dramatically. But she, like everyone else, deserves first-rate care every step of the way. We need more doctors, not fewer.1 Health maintenance organizationsProjected Supply and Demand, Physicians.工00梅第第Ikrnun ISmppty1. Which of the following provides the best summary of the pass

12、age' s main idea?(A) The US health care system is about to suffer a significant collapse, and hundredsof hospitals will have to be shut down.(B) There is too much wasteful spending in the current health care system, whichadditional doctors cannot correct.(C) The US needs to prepare for increasin

13、g health care demands by training more doctors.(D) Accountable care organizations (ACOs) will improve the current health care system and reduce unnecessary care.2. The author argues that the US will experience a shortfall of doctors because(A) a large portion of doctors are choosing to retire early.

14、(B) new legislation and an aging population will increase the demand for healthcare.(C) many doctors waste too much of their time on non- essential treatments rather than more important ailments.(D) many medical programs have closed and fewer doctors are being trained.3. Which choice provides the be

15、st evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Lines 7-10 ("This surge Studies ")(B) Lines 13-15 ("That minority system ")(C) Lines 22-25 ("In otherneeds ")(D) Lines 45-48 ("If she cancer")4. The passage most strongly suggests that(A) primary care and

16、 prevention, while important, will not solve the issue of a doctor shortage.(B) preventing diseases via primary care will help reduce costs for healthcare by reducing early death.(C) relocating doctors from urban to rural areas will reduce US medical costs.(D) the first step in resolving the doctor

17、shortage is conducting more extensive research on its causes.5. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Lines 20-22 (" But otherspending " )(B) Lines 25-27 ("Sicker patients doctors ")(C) Lines 31-33 (" However these time ")(D

18、) Lines 43-44 ("Primary caredoctors ")6. As used in line 12,“vocal " most nearly means(A) blunt.(B) outspoken.(C) out loud.(D) forthright.7. The passage suggests that the 20%-30%"waste " mentioned in lines 14-17 is(A) likely to result in a reduction in the demand for physici

19、an time.(B) a significant expense, but still less expensive than the cost of training enough new doctors.(C) mostly explained by differences in patient health, rather than wasteful spending.(D) best explained by the fact that affluent patients tend to spend more on healthcare.8. The primary purpose

20、of the fifth paragraph (lines 34-42) is to(A) discuss another potential option to mitigate the coming shortage in physicians.(B) offer a historical account of physicians ' various organizations.(C) provide evidence that the government is coming up with clever options to address problems in healt

21、hcare.(D) support the author ' s claim that new experiments in patient care will not solve the coming doctor shortage.9. As used in line 44,“acute " most nearly means(A) critical.(B) keen.(C) severe.(D) sharp.10. Which of the following best expresses the main point of the final paragraph (l

22、ines 43-53)?(A) Even though patients may live longer, primary and preventative care still offer savings.(B) We must provide the highest quality of care possible, in order to reduce costs.(C) The shortage of physicians is best explained by an excessive amount of primary care.(D) Although we have a re

23、sponsibility to provide high- quality care, we should not expect for that to decrease medical costs.11. Which of the following claims is best supported by the graph?(A) There will be more doctors in 2020 than at any time since 2008, and a greater shortage of doctors.(B) The doctor shortage will cont

24、inue to grow until there are 91,500 fewer doctors in 2020 than there were in 2008.(C) By 2015, around 850,000 patients will need a doctor, but only about 750,000 will receive any form of treatment.(D) An increase in the supply of doctors over time will cause an even greater increase in the demand.Qu

25、estions 12-22 are based on the following passages.The following passages are adapted from Chensheng Lu and Janet H. Silverstein, "Would Americans Be Better Off Eating an Organic Diet? ” ? 2014 by Dow Jones& Company.Passage 1Is there definitive scientific proof that an organic diet ishealthi

26、er? Not yet. Robust scientific studies comparing foodgrown organically and food grown conventionally don'texist, thanks to a lack of funding for this kind of research in5 humans.But let's be clear: Some convincing scientificwork does exist to suggest that an organic diet has its10152025benef

27、its. What's more, it only makes sense that food free of pesticides and chemicals is safer and better for us than food containing those substances, even at trace levels. This was illustrated in a study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives in 2006. That study, which I led, sh

28、owed that within five days of substituting mostly organic produce in children's diets for conventional produce, pesticides disappeared from the children's urine.Many say the pesticides found in our food are nothing to fear because the levels fall well below federal safety guidelines and thus

29、 aren't dangerous. Similarly, they say the bovine growth hormone used to increase cows' milk yield is perfectly safe. But federal guidelines don't take into account what effect repeated exposure to low levels of chemicals might have on humans over time. And many pesticides were eventuall

30、y banned or restricted by the federal government after years of use when they were discovered to be harmful to the environment or human health.Organic skeptics like to cite a meta-analysis studypublished in the Annals of Internal Medicine last year that suggested organic foods are neither healthier

31、nor morenutritious than their conventional counterparts. Left out of30 that analysis, however, were recent field studies showing that organic produce, such as strawberries, leafy vegetables, and wheat, not only tastes better but contains much higher levels of phenolic acids than conventional produce

32、. Phenolic acids are secondary plant metabolites that can be absorbed easily35 through the walls of the intestinal tract, and can act as potent antioxidants that prevent cellular damage, and therefore offer some protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. Knowing that we could red

33、uce our exposure to pesticides and increase our exposure to antioxidants by40 eating organic food, it makes great common sense to consume more of it.45505560Passage 2There is no definitive evidence that organic food is more nutritious or healthier than conventional food, but there is proof that eati

34、ng more fruits and vegetables and less processed food is.Therefore, our focus as a society should be to eat as much fresh food and whole grains as possible regardless of whether it is organically grown or not.It is difficult to compare the nutritional value of organic versus conventional food becaus

35、e the soil, climate, timing of harvest, and storage conditions all affect the composition of produce. Still, published studies have found no significant differences in nutritional quality between organic and nonorganic produce or milk. Similarly, there is no evidence that giving bovine growth hormon

36、e (BGH) to cows changes the composition of milk or affects human health. BGH is inactive in humans and degrades in the acidic environment of the stomach.As for pesticide exposure, the U.S. in 1996 established maximum permissible levels for pesticide residues in food to ensure food safety. Many studi

37、es have shown that pesticide levels in conventional produce fall well below those65707580guidelines. While it's true that organic fruits and vegetables in general contain fewer traces of these chemicals, we can't draw conclusions about what that means for health as there haven't been any

38、 long-term studies comparing the relationship between exposure to pesticides from organic versus nonorganic foods and adverse health outcomes. It may seem like “ common sense " to reduce exposure to these chemicals, but there are currently no good evidence-based studies to answer the question.W

39、e would like to think that organic food is grown locally, put in a wheelbarrow and brought directly to our homes. However, much of it comes from countries where regulations might not be as tightly enforced as in the U.S., and labeling of the foods might be misleading. And just because food is labele

40、d organic doesn't mean it is completely free of pesticides. Contamination can occur from soil and ground water containing previously used chemicals, or during transport, processing and storage. Organochlorine insecticides were recently found in organically grown root crops and tomatoes even thou

41、gh these pesticides haven't been used for 20 years.Given what we know, the best diet advice we can give85 families is to eat a wide variety of produce and whole grains.Whether they want to buy organic is up to them.12. The author ' s main purpose in Passage 1 appears to be to(A) discuss the

42、implications of new research into the health effects of organic foods.(B) persuade readers that eating organic food has potential health benefits.(C) critique research which claims to show that there are no health benefits from eating organic food.(D) argue that more funding is required to perform b

43、etter research about organic food.13. The first passage most strongly suggests that(A) study results conflict on some points, but agree that it is healthiest to eat an all- organic diet.(B) organic diets have unique health benefits, despite some incomplete studies that claim the contrary.(C) all stu

44、dies conducted on humans show that organic diets are essential to health.(D) studies are inconclusive regarding the benefits of an organic diet, except when it comes to the diets of children.14. Which choice within Passage 1 provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Line

45、s 2-5 ("Robust scientific . humans ")(B) Lines 12-15 ("That study . urine")(C) Lines 22-25 ("And many . health " )(D) Lines 29-33 ("Left out . produce ")15. The attitude of the author of Passage 2 towards health claims about organic foods would best be describ

46、ed as(A) derisive.(B) skeptical.(C) enthusiastic.(D) quizzical.16. As used in line 42 within Passage 2,a definitive “ most nearly means(A) conclusive.(B) consummate.(C) accepted.(D) specific.17. As used in line 68,“adverse " most nearly means(A) harmful.(B) antagonistic.(C) unlucky.(D) contrary

47、.18. The author ' s purpose in lines 72-74 within Passage 2 ("We would homes ") is most likely to(A) provide a detailed description of the process that most people believe is implied by organic labeling.(B) characterize the organic food industry as inefficient and unsophisticated.(C) c

48、aricature misconceptions aboutorganic food to help create a stark contrastwith reality.(D) offer avision for how organicagriculturecould operate if theauthor 'srecommendations are adopted.19. Passage 1 differs from Passage 2 in that(A) Passage 1 argues that only organic foods should be eaten, wh

49、ile Passage 2 argues that only non-organic foods should be.(B) Passage 1 argues that people should consume more organic foods, while Passage 2 states that it is more important to focus on eating a less processed diet.(C) Passage 1 argues that organic foods are important for health, while Passage 2 a

50、rgues they are harmful.(D) Passage 1 argues that organic foods are overemphasized in the media, whilePassage 2 argues they are not emphasized enough.20. The authors of both passages would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) It is reasonable to conclude that long-termexposure

51、 to even low levels ofpesticides has a negative effect on human health.(B) Scientific studies on organic foods cannot be trusted, as they often conflict with one another.(C) Food labels are highly variable and all but useless, and it is better to select foods based on their freshness.(D) There is en

52、ough information available about the health impacts of various foods to enable informed decisions about diet.between21. Based on the two passages, which best describes the relationship organic food and health risks?(A) Organic foods offer nutritional benefits which more than offset their health risk

53、s.(B) Organic foods clearly protect against a variety of known health risks.(C) Organic foods have a reputation for being healthy, but actually increase certain risks.(D) Organic foods may reduce exposure to possible but unconfirmed health risks.22. Which choice provides the best evidence for the an

54、swer to the previous question?(A) Lines 46-48 (a Therefore, our . not(B) Lines 63-68 (“While it ' s . outcomes ")(C) Lines 72-74 (“We would . homes ")(D) Lines 80-83 (“Organochlorine insecticides . yearsQuestions 23-32 are based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Lyn

55、ne Peeples “Moths Use Sonar-Jamming Defense to Fend Off Hunting Bats. " ? 2009 by Scientific AmericanAn insect with paper-thin wings may carry much the same defense technology as some of the military's heavyduty warships. The finding that a species of tiger moth can jam the sonar of echoloc

56、ating bats to avoid being eaten5 seems to be the "first conclusive evidence of sonar jamming in nature," says Aaron Corcoran, a biology PhD student at Wake Forest University and the lead author of the paper reporting the discovery. "It demonstrates a new level of escalation in the bat

57、-moth evolutionary arms race."10Before Corcoran's study, scientists were puzzled by whycertain species of tiger moths made sound. Some speculated that the moths use it to startle bats. A few pointed to its potential interference with their echolocation. General consensus, however, fell with

58、 a third hypothesis: clicks15 function to warn a predator not to eat the clicking prey because it is toxic, or at least pretending to be.To test these hypotheses, Corcoran and his team pitted the tiger moth Bertholdia trigona against the big brown2025303540bat Eptesicus fuscus , a battle frequently

59、fought after sundown from Central America to Colorado. High-speed infrared cameras and an ultrasonic microphone recorded the action over nine consecutive nights. The process of elimination began. If moth clicks served to startle, previous studies suggested the bats should become tolerant of the sound within two or three days. "But that's not what we found," says Corcoran, explaining the lack of success bats had in capturing their clicking prey even through the last nights of