2016年職稱英語理工類新增(臨時抱佛腳)(DOC)

1、12012年職稱英語理工類 新增文章閱讀理解（6篇）.3頁+第四五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers完形填空（6篇）.20頁+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇 “ Liquefaction ” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示 A 級文章；*表示 B 即文章；其他為 C 級文章；2 、閱讀理解，請參見第 3 頁；完形填空，請

2、參見第 20 頁；3 、 2012 年詞匯部分與 2011 年教材相比未作任何變化 。1閱讀理解Small But Wise1On December 14,NASA blastedblastid, bl?stid adj. adj.有力的；強有力的；有勢力的telescopetelisk ?uped WISEand is about as wide around as a trashcan ize foolyou:WISE has a powerful digital camera2of some the wildest objects in the known universe?r ?idz

3、 n.小行星,faint stars 暗星 ,blazing galaxies nd starsare born.枯萎的；被害的；被咒的a small but mightymaiti n.望遠鏡；into space. The telescope is calltr? ?k? n n.垃圾桶. Dont let its small s數(shù)字?jǐn)z像機,and it will be taking picturesn.宇宙；世界；領(lǐng)域,including asteroids3and giant clouds of dust where planets aIm very excited because w

4、ere going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seen before,said NedWright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravitycr?viti n.重力，地心弓丨力in a polar orbit4(this mean sit crosses close to the n orth and sou

5、th poles5with each lap ).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE willsnap a pictureof a different part of the sky every11 minutes. After six months it will have takenpicturesacross the entireadj.全部的sky.The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs,however. W

6、ISEstands for可以替代Wide-field Infraredadj.紅外線的Surveyn.調(diào)查Explorern.探險家；探測者，探測 器.As its namesuggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of featuresn.產(chǎn)品特點that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7that becomesvisible i

7、n a rainbow,is an example of radiation. Whenan ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,forexample,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camerathrough the lens,theyre processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Wave

8、s of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras dont seethem,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can bedetected as warmth by the skin.Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other

9、 telescopes cant. Not everything in the universeshows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space一 but they absorb most ofthe light that reaches them. They dontreflect light,so theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared te

10、lescope like WISE will beable to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.8Brown dwarfs are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISEs pictures.9These objects arefailed stars一 which means they are not massive enough to

11、 jump startthesame kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. Theyreso dim that theyre almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.詞匯：trashcan / tr? ?,k? n/n 垃圾箱 infrared/infr?red/ adj 紅外線asteroid/?st

12、?r ?id/ n. 小行星dwarf/dw ?:f/ n. 矮星注釋：1.NASA （美國國家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是 National Aeronautics and Space Administration2. the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天體。 wild 有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的” 意思。3. faint stars, blazing galaxies ：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體。+第四五篇? st24. polar orbit ：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運行時能到達

13、南北極區(qū)上空， 即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。 需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進行觀測和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、 導(dǎo) 航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。5. lap ：一圈。原指競賽場的一圈或游泳池的一個來回，如：She overtook the other runners on thelast lap. 她最后一圈超過了其他參賽者。6. infrared radiation ：紅外線輻射7. spectrum of light ：光譜，即，光輻射的波長分布區(qū)域。8. Brown dwarfs ：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jump start: 啟動練習(xí)：1 .What

14、 is so special about WISE?A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word snap in the third par

15、agraph? A make.B shoot.C takeD photograph.3. The camera on WISEA is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4. Which of the follo

16、wing is NOT correct aboutasteroids according to paragraph 7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids pictures by ordinary cameras,D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids5.What is implie

17、d in the last paragraph?A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案與題解：1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。 WISE 的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機能拍 到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測到宇宙空間中( in the

18、known universe )的未知天文現(xiàn)象。 其他選項都不是短文表達的意思。2. A snap 是個多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里 shoot, take 和 photograph 都是 snap 的同義詞。3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機看到的光是 visible lights ，看不見 紅外線輻射( infrared radiation) ，而 WISE 的相機能夠看到。4. A 短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發(fā)出可見光，比如 asteroids ，所以 A 是正 確選項。其他選項的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。35.

19、B 最后一段的第一句說， 褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在 WISE 照片中，根據(jù)上文對 WISE 望遠鏡的描述只有 WISE 望 遠鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B 是正確選擇。+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers1Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as aresult of their activity as ecosystem engineers

20、 and predators. The study, published in the Journal of AnimalEcology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.2Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients inthe soil. This can indirectly impact the l

21、ocal populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species muchhigher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vastnumbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecolog

22、y and Conservation, said:Ants arevery effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre3also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory againstother predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.In this research, we stud

23、ied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found isthat despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase4in density and diversity of other animal groups . They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a biginfluence on the gr

24、assland food web, Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densitiesof black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. Itfound that a low density of ants in an area incr

25、eased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:What w

26、e find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrientlevels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatoryimpacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.Ants are important components of ec

27、osystems not only because they constitute a great part5 6of the animalbiomass5but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6is incredibly high and theseorganisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear howsuch disturb

28、ance damages the maintenance8of ant servicesto the ecosystem Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemicalenvironment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.詞匯：predator / pred ?t ?/ n 食肉動物 nutrient/ nju:tri ?nt

29、/ n 營養(yǎng)物； adj 營養(yǎng)的 decomposer/,di:k ?mp?uz?/ n 腐生物；分解體prey/prei/ vsubtlety/ sherbivore/ h注釋：捕食；n.被捕食的動物?tlti/ n ，微妙，精妙?:biv ?: / n 食草動物1.the University of Exeter ：?？怂固卮髮W(xué)。 1851 年建校，位于英國西南部重要商業(yè)中心?？怂固?市，是英國著名的傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)之一。2. nest building：筑巢43. territorial ：領(lǐng)地的。在此用來形容螞蟻的本性，即具有很強的領(lǐng)地意識，并且會竭盡全力保衛(wèi) 自己的領(lǐng)地。4. an incr

30、ease in density and diversity of other animal groups：其他動物群體在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。5. biomass ：物質(zhì)名詞，由 bio 和 mass 兩部分組成，意為“生物量”“生物質(zhì)”。6. biodiversity ：物質(zhì)名詞，由 bio 和 diversity 兩部分組成，意為“生物多樣性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護作用。8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）過程，即影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的過程。 練習(xí)：1 .Why

31、 are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2. As predators, antsA prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soilC collect food

32、 as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3. Dir Sanders study centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4

33、. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small. B Ants bring about a positiveinfluence to an area when their population is small. C Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they mayhave on an area.D At higher density, ants p

34、roduce a positive influence on an area.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?5C How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ec

35、osystem?D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案與題解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。 A 不是正確答案，因為并不是因為螞蟻會筑巢才被譽為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程 師，而是因為它們筑巢和獲取食物的方式改變了土壤的營養(yǎng)水平， 為整個食物鏈提供了很好的生態(tài)環(huán)境 (見第二段) 。2.A 答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們，螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣，甚至包括比它們體積更 大的動物( larger animals)。prey 在這里的意思是“捕獵， 捕食”， 作為動詞， 后面跟介詞 on或 upon。3.D Dirk

36、Sanders 說：“ In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties ofit. ”(第五段)所以， D 是正確選擇。句中 the subtleties of it 的意思是：螞蟻對 環(huán)境影響的精妙之處。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，螞蟻數(shù)量小(a lowdensity of ants)的話，能使其他動物的品種和數(shù)量增加( increased the diversity and density of other animals )，從而給環(huán)境帶來積極 影

37、響；第三句說，如果螞蟻的數(shù)量大( At higher densities )，就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者是相反 的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵銷螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表達了大體相同的內(nèi)容。第二句告訴我們， 螞蟻極易受人類的影響 ( these organisms)，第三句告訴我們，科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如”it is not clear howsuch disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. ”) 。5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供

38、了答案。are highly responsive to human impact何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護作用1完形填空+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surpris ing magn etic effect of light discovered by Uni versity of Michiga n researchers couldlead to solar power without traditi onal semic on ductor-based solar cells.The researchers fou

39、nd a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephe n Rand, a professor in the departments ofElectricalEngineeringand Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.Light has electric and magn etic comp onen ts. Un til now, scie ntists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were soweak that they could be ignore

40、d. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right inten sity,whe n lightis traveli ngthrough a material that does not con ductelectricity, the light field can gen erate magn etic effects that are 100 millio ntimes stro ngerthan 3 expected. 4 these circumsta nces, themagn etic effects develo

41、p stre ngth equivale ntto a strong electric effect.This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semic on ductors and without absorpti on to produce chargeseparation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets2absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat

42、load . In stead of the light being absorbed,energy is stored in the magnetic momenf. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and the n it isultimately capable of providi ng a capacitive power 6.What_4makes this possible is a previouslyundetected brand of optical rectification，” says Wi

43、lliamFisher, a doctoralstudent5in applied physics. In traditional opticalrectification,lightselectric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6in a material. This setsup a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery. _Rand and Fisher found that under the right cir

44、cumstancesand in right types of materials,the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7a 9 that does not 10electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an8inten sityof 10 milli on watts per square cen timeter . Sun light isnt this intense

45、on its own,but new materials are being sought that would work at lower inten sities, Fisher said.9I n our most recent paper, we show that i ncohere nt lightlike sun light is theoreticallyalmost as. 11 in produc ing charge separati on as laser light is, Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power

46、cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materialsthey could achieve 10 perce nt efficie ncy in 13 solar power to useable en ergy. Thats equivale nt to todayscommercial-grade solar cells.To manu facture 14 solar cells, you have to do exte nsive semic on ductor process in g, Fish

47、er said. All wewould n eed are len ses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass10works for 15 . Its already made in bulk, and it does nt require as much process ing.Tran spare nt ceramics might be eve n better.詞匯：optical / ?ptik ?l / adj .光學(xué)的in cohere nt /, ink?u hi ?r? nt/ adj.非相干的capaciti

48、ve / k ?p?sitiv/ adj. 電容（量）的semiconductor/,semik?nd?kt?/ n .半導(dǎo)體rectification /, rektifikei?n/ n .改正，修正 ceramics / si r?miks / n .陶瓷注釋：1.U niversity2:密歇根大學(xué)。建校于 1817 年，是美國名列前茅的公立大學(xué)，擁有優(yōu)良的 師資和頂尖的商學(xué)院、法學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院和工學(xué)院。2. heat load ：熱負(fù)荷3. magnetic moment ：磁矩4. optical rectification：光學(xué)校正5. doctoral student ：博士生6

49、. positive and negative charges ：正電荷與負(fù)電荷7. shone through ： shone 是 shine 的過去式。 shine through 是“（光）通過”。8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter ：每平方厘米一千萬瓦特的強度9. incoherent light ：非相干光10.Its already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生產(chǎn)。 in bulk 是“大量，成批”。練習(xí)：1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D ba

50、ttery2. A modifications B effects C applications D results3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally4.A Under B At C On D Over5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism6.A plant B equipment C source D line7.A down B up C together D apart8. A this B that C those D it9. A material B lens

51、C meter D detector10.A produce B convey C use D conduct11.A remote B poor C effective D rare12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting14.A compact B modern C durable D handy15. A others B some C all D both答案與題解：1.D 第一段說密歇根大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽

52、能發(fā)電， 從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太 陽能電池。 因此本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是 battery 。 opticalbattery是“光電池”。optical microscope（光學(xué)顯微鏡） 、 optical instrument（光學(xué)儀器）或 optical fiber （光纖）與第一段的意思沒有聯(lián)系。2.B 選擇本題的答案的依據(jù)還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語是“ A dramatic andsurprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心議題是用 magnetic effect of light開發(fā)新型的太陽能電池。而以前的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為magneti

53、c effect of light太微弱，不值得去關(guān)注它。因此，本題選 effects 與上下文的意思很連貫。3. C 本句的意思是：當(dāng)光通過一種絕緣材料時，光場產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要強一億倍。previously 是當(dāng)然的選擇。 其他三個選項填入句子中， 意思不合邏輯： frequently （頻繁地） /privately （私下地）/formerly （正式地） expected 。4. A under these circumstances 是固定詞組，意為“在這種情況下”。也可以說in thesecircumstances ，而 at 、 on 或 over 都不與 circum

54、stances 連用。35.A 通篇文章談的是光產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)，所以在太陽能電池中，當(dāng)然是光進入某種材料起作用。答案是選 項 A。6. C 密歇根大學(xué)的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽光產(chǎn)生強烈的磁效應(yīng)，再轉(zhuǎn)換為電，所以磁效應(yīng)是產(chǎn)生電的源泉4（source ）。power plant （發(fā)電廠）、power equipment（電力設(shè)備）或 power line（輸電線）與上文的意思接不上。7. D or在本句的意思是“即”，后面的詞語是解釋專業(yè)術(shù)語charge separation （電荷分離）。選 apart與 pushing 構(gòu)成 pushing apart。pushing apart的意思相當(dāng)于 sepa

55、ration 。所以本題的答案是D。8. B 從上下文判斷，要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據(jù)英語語法，替代單數(shù)名詞的代詞要用that ，替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞的代詞要用those。voltage 是單數(shù)，所以 that 是答案。9. A 從本句句末的 such as glass判斷，要填入的詞一定是包括glass 的概括詞。因此，只有選項material符合這個條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場效應(yīng)是由光通過一個不導(dǎo)電的材料（material ）而產(chǎn)生的。10. D 答案的根據(jù)可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that a

56、t theright inten sity,whe n light is traveli ng through a material that does not con duct electricity,the light field can gen erate magn etic effects that are 100 millio n times stron ger tha npreviously expected. ”選項 con duct 是答案。11. C 激光通過特定材料時能產(chǎn)生charge separation。密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，陽光通過特定材料時也像激光一樣能產(chǎn)生char

57、ge separation。如果 charge separation是 remote、 poor 或 rare，密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家所說的利用光磁場效應(yīng)開發(fā)新型的太陽能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective 。12. C 說這種樣機（this prototype ）、技巧（this skill ）或這一奇跡（this miracle ）能降低太陽能的價格，似乎離題太遠。只有用這一技術(shù)（this tech nology ）概括上一段的意思才準(zhǔn)確。因此本題答案是 tech no logy。13. A 科學(xué)家預(yù)測，通過改進材料，可使太陽能轉(zhuǎn)化成可用能源的效率達到10%。本題的答案是convert

58、ing 。而 obtaining （得到）、delivering（輸送）和 transmitting（發(fā)射）與能量轉(zhuǎn)換”掛不上號。14. B 通篇文章沒有談到新型太陽能電池是compact （緊湊小型的）、durable （耐用的）或 handy （使用便利的），所以不會是答案。 選 modern 是合理的，因為密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家研發(fā)的不用半導(dǎo)體的太陽能電池是先進的。15. D 答案是 both，指代的是上一句的to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”這兩點。+第十五篇Liquefaction ” Key to Much of Japanese Ea

59、rthquake Damage1The massive subduct ion zone earthquake in Japa n caused a sig ni fica nt level of soil liquefact ion2that hassurprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new a nalysisshows.Weve see n localized3examples of soil liquefacti on as extreme as this before, but thedistanee and 2 of damage

60、 in Japan were unusually4of geotech nical engin eeri ngat Orego n State Uni versitysinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts6pipelines , cripplingthe utilities and infrastructuresaw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefacti on7is com mon inphe nomenon in wh