商務(wù)英語(yǔ)入門第五章_外教社修訂版

1、Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)拓展系列教程高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)拓展系列教程主 編：任書梅 王璐副主編：曹穎外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社Production and OperationsChapter5ChapterChapter 5生產(chǎn)與運(yùn)作Production and OperationsProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Quality Management 質(zhì)量管理Lecture Outlinel What Is Production and Operations? 什么是生

2、產(chǎn)與運(yùn)作？l Plant Location 廠址的選定 l Production Processes 生產(chǎn)工藝l Materials Management, Purchasing and Inventory Control 物料管理、采購(gòu)、庫(kù)存控制l Controlling Production: Scheduling 控制生產(chǎn)：制訂計(jì)劃l Productivity 生產(chǎn)率l Modern Production Techniques 現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)技術(shù)Production and OperationsChapter5ChapterlHow do your parents or you make du

3、mplings? Can you describe the whole process how to prepare, what ingredients are needed, how to make the fillings, and what the steps are that lead to the final products?lHow do the clothing factory, restaurant, and bakery respectively produce their products? Does the university also produce its pro

4、ducts? Why?Lead-in ActivitiesProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter First, make the filling. You can choose your favorite meat, say pork, beef, or mutton, chop it up and mix it with chopped vegetables. Meanwhile you had better put in seasonings such as salt, soy sauce, pepper, chopped green onion

5、and ginger to get your favorite flavor. Stir the ingredients in a container well to make them evenly mixed. Additional InfoLead-in Activitiesl How to Make Dumplings? Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter Second, make the dough. You should measure your wheat flour to go with the filling, put it in

6、 a container, pour water hit by bit, stir it to make it sticky, then let it rest for about 20 minutes. After that you can cut part of the dough and put it on board, knead it and cut it into small pieces. You press each piece with the palm of your hand slightly and then roll it with a rolling pin int

7、o a round piece.Additional InfoLead-in Activitiesl How to Make Dumplings? Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter Finally comes the stage of folding the dough to make dumplings. You should hold a dough piece horizontally in your left hand, put a suitable amount of filling onto the central part, fol

8、d the side around the filling, press the upper-central part of it firmly and make firm and nice lace from left to right around the fold edge to make your finished product better-looking and free from leakage. Additional InfoLead-in Activitiesl How to Make Dumplings? Production and OperationsChapter5

9、ChapterIntroduction of POM Production and operations management (POM) is the management of an organizations production system. A production system takes inputs and converts them into outputs. The conversion process is the predominant activity of a production system. The primary concern of an operati

10、ons manager is the activities of the conversion process.Additional InfoProduction and OperationsChapter5ChapterWhat Is Production and Operations?l Production Production is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services. Production is not limited to t

11、he manufacture of goods; it applies to both the service and the manufacturing sectors of the economy. Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Manufacturingl Operations Manufacturing means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining, fishing); servi

12、ces are not manufactured. Operations are the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan. What Is Production and Operations?Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Production Process Production process invol

13、ves three phases: (1) input, (2) transformation, and (3) output.What Is Production and Operations?Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Inputs The inputs are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services. Inputsmaterial inputs human inputsother input considerations

14、 What Is Production and Operations?Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl TransformationTransformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output. What Is Production and Operations?Production and OperationsChapter5Chapte

15、rl OutputThe output is the final result of the production process. What Is Production and Operations?Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter In what way might the production process for manufacturing automobile be similar to that for making television sets? Do all production processes have the same

16、 three phases of input, transformation, and output? Explain using examples. l Questions for DiscussionWhat Is Production and Operations?Production and OperationsChapter5ChapterPlant LocationMost companies will choose a site based on suchimportant factors as: l Customer locationl Source of raw materi

17、alsl Labor supplyl Power and waterl Community environmentProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Customer LocationFirms that must locate close to their customers are: those producing perishable items like bread and cake; those in industries where competitive advantage depends on rapid delivery; th

18、ose that sell heavy or bulky products, such as bricks or automobiles. Plant LocationProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Source of Raw Materials Steel mills place their plants near their source of raw materials. Firms in the food-canning business locate near their raw materials because of the p

19、erish ability factor. Plant LocationProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Labor Supply All production operations require some manpower. Firms should locate their facilities at least within commuting distance of the people who will supply it. This is especially important in the case of those comp

20、anies that need highly skilled people.Plant LocationProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Power and Water Some firms such as aluminum, chemical, and fertilizer companies must locate in areas having sufficient power to meet their needs. Other firms require a location near water, such as companies

21、 that make paper.Plant LocationProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Community Environment In plant location the company also needs to look at the services available in the community. Some cities and towns will offer low taxes. Others offer fine educational systems and comfortable living conditi

22、ons, such as clean air, clean water, and a low cost of living. And some will provide special services to a business that will locate there, such as extending the city water and sewerage lines out to the plant for free.Plant LocationProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter When would you expect a fir

23、m to set up its plant close to its customers? Do all companies locate near their source of raw materials? Why or why not? Of the five factors listed in this section, which is most important in choosing the plant location?Plant Locationl Questions for DiscussionProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapte

24、rProduction ProcessesThere are several different processes that manufacturers use to produce goods. The manufacturing process means physically or chemically changes to materials. The assembly process puts together components to make a product.These two processes are called synthetic systems. Product

25、ion and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Synthetic Process The synthetic process either converts raw materials into other products (manufacturing process) or combine raw materials or parts into a finished product (assembly process). lAnalytic Process An analytic process breaks down raw materials into comp

26、onents to extract other products.Production ProcessesProduction and OperationsChapter5ChapterlContinuous Process A continuous process (連續(xù)性加工) is one in which massive production is carried out over time. It is a flow production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interru

27、ption. Production workers in continuous production commonly work in rotating shifts. Production ProcessesProduction processes are either continuous or intermittent. Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Intermittent Process An intermittent production process uses the customers orders to produce

28、goods. The process is not continuous. Manufacturers of custom-designed (為用戶定制的) furniture would use an intermittent process. Computers, robots, and flexible manufacturing processes allow firms to turn out custom-made goods.Production ProcessesProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter Can you explain

29、the differences among the following concepts: manufacturing process, assembly process, analytic process, continuous process, and intermittent process? Give examples to illustrate the production processes.l Questions for DiscussionProduction ProcessesProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Material

30、s Management Materials are inputs to production or manufacturing. Materials requirements planning (MRP) is a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Pr

31、oduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Materials Management MRP II, an advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product, including projected sales, personnel, plant capacity, and distribution limitations. MRP II is called, in cont

32、rast, manufacturing resource planning (制造資源計(jì)劃) because the planning involves more than just material requirements. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Materials Management Enterprise resource planning (ERP) (企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃), the latest version of MRP, is a co

33、mputer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit. ERP is much more sophisticated than MRP II because it monitors processes in multiple firms at the same time. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapte

34、rl Materials Management Such programs will link suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers in a completely integrated manufacturing and distribution system that will be constantly monitored for the smooth flow of goods from the time that they are ordered to the time they reach the ultimate consumer.Mat

35、erial, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Purchasing Purchasing is the function in the company that searches for quality material resources, locates the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price for quality goods and services. The relationship between supp

36、liers and manufacturers is much closer, with suppliers often locating their facilities near the manufacturer. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Purchasing The purchasing department is responsible for locating such suppliers, negotiating long-term co

37、ntracts with them with the best price. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Inventory Control Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock. Manufacturing organizations usually divide their inventory into three parts:Materia

38、ls and components scheduled for use in making a product;Materials and components that have begun their transformation to finished products;Finished products that are ready for sale to customers.Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter One major cost of prod

39、uction is holding parts, motors, and other items in warehouses. To cut such costs, the Japanese implemented a concept called just-in-time (JIT) inventory control. The idea is to have suppliers deliver their products “just in time” to go on the assembly line. A minimum of inventory is kept on the pre

40、mises. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control l Inventory ControlProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapterl Inventory Control How JIT works? A manufacturer sets a production schedule using ERP and determines what parts and supplies will be needed. It then informs its suppliers of what will be nee

41、ded. The suppliers must deliver the goods just in time to go on the assembly line. A bare minimum must be kept in storage just in case the delivery is held up for some reason.Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter The latest version JIT II: there is much

42、more sharing of information. An employee from the supplier may work full-time at the buyers plant handling the smooth flow of materials. ERP and JIT systems make sure the right materials are at the right place, at the right time, and at the lowest cost to meet both customer and production needs. Mat

43、erial, Purchasing and Inventory Control l Inventory ControlProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter What is enterprise resource planning? What are its advantages compared to MRP and MRP II? Describe some advantages and disadvantages of just-in-time inventory control. How would you, as a manager in a

44、 large firm with many plants, implement a JIT system?l Questions for DiscussionMaterial, Purchasing and Inventory Control Production and OperationsChapter5Chapter A schedule is a representation of the time necessary to carry out a particular task. A job schedule shows the plan for a particular job.

45、It is created through reviews which determine the method and time required. Controlling Production: SchedulingProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter Scheduling can have a major impact on the productivity of a process. The purpose of scheduling is to minimize the production time and costs, by telli

46、ng a production facility what to make, when, with which staff, and on which equipment. A master production schedule (總生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度) will show when the manager plans to produce each product and in what quantities. Controlling Production: SchedulingProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter In preparing a produ

47、ction schedule, attention needs to be paid to:delivery dates (when finished products are due);job schedules for each relevant production task;capacities of production sections or departments involved;efficiency of these production sections or departments;planned holidays.anticipated sickness/absente

48、eism/training;availability of raw materials, components and packaging.Controlling Production: Schedulingl SchedulingProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter PERT is a method for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, estimating the time needed to complete each task, and identify

49、ing the minimum time needed to complete the total project.Controlling Production: Schedulingl PERT ChartsProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter The steps involved in using PERT are: analyzing and sequencing tasks that need to be done;estimating the time needed to complete each task;drawing a PERT

50、network illustrating the information from the first two steps;identifying the critical path.Controlling Production: Schedulingl PERT ChartsProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter The critical path (關(guān)鍵路線)is the sequence of tasks that takes the longest time to complete. This word critical is used in

51、this term because a delay in the time needed to complete this path would cause the project or production line to be late.Controlling Production: Schedulingl PERT ChartsProduction and OperationsChapter5ChapterControlling Production: Schedulingl PERT ChartsProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter The

52、minimum amount of time it will take to produce this video is 15 weeks. To calculate that number, you add the week it takes to pick a star and a song, to the four weeks to design a set, the two weeks to purchase set materials, the six weeks to construct the set, the week before rehearsals, and the fi

53、nal week when the video is made. Thats the critical path. Controlling Production: Schedulingl PERT ChartsAdditional InfoProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter Any delay in that process will delay the final video. Delays in other processes (e.g., selection and choreographing dancers and costume des

54、ign) wouldnt necessarily delay the video because there are more weeks in the critical path than are needed for those processes. Controlling Production: Schedulingl PERT ChartsAdditional InfoProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter What should you take into consideration when you prepare a production

55、 schedule? Draw a PERT chart for making a breakfast of three-minute eggs, buttered toast, and coffee. Which process would be the critical path, the longest process? Develop a PERT chart that depicts your plans for a college education. What events should be noted?l Questions for DiscussionControlling

56、 Production: SchedulingProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are totally automated production centers that include robots, automatic materials handling equipment, and computer-controlled machine tools that can perform a variety of functions to produce differen

57、t products. A successful example is the National Bicycle Industrial Co., a subsidiary of Japanese electronic giant Matsushita.Modern Production Techniquesl Flexible Manufacturing SystemsProduction and OperationsChapter5ChapterModern Production Techniquesl Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAdditional Inf

58、oProduction and OperationsChapter5ChapterModern Production Techniquesl Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAdditional InfoProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology to aid in the design and drafting (drafting involves the production of technical

59、or engineering drawings and is the industrial arts sub-discipline that underlies technical endeavors) of a practical product or artistic creation. It allows designers to work in 3D.Modern Production Techniquesl Computer-aided Design and ManufacturingProduction and OperationsChapter5Chapter Computer-

60、aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of work pieces. CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage.M