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1、高一英語語法復(fù)習(xí) 必修二Unit1和unit5。非限制定語從句和定語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個(gè)主句,所以,也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞,并在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語。Awho 指人,在定語從句中作主語。 What was the name

2、 of the man who lent you the money 借錢給你的那人叫什么名字?(定語從句修飾先行詞the man) He who laughs lst laughs best. 誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。(定語從句修飾先行詞he) The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 會(huì)議主席坐在我右邊,他先發(fā)言。(定語從句修飾先行詞the chairman)Bwhom 指人,在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中,whom可省略或可用who來代替,但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語從句中只能用whom。 Th

3、ere are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我們是喜歡的,有些人則是我們討厭的。(定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others) The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。(定語從句修飾先行詞the people) Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談

4、過,他對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃很感興趣。(非限制性定語從句中不能用who代替whom) Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 兩個(gè)人來到我的辦公室,我以前從未見過他們。(在介詞后面不用who)Cwhose 通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語,后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。 There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人,他們的臉你永遠(yuǎn)難以忘懷。(定語從句修飾先行詞people) I saw some trees whose leaves

5、were black because of the polluted air. 我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發(fā)黑。(定語從句修飾行詞trees)Dwhich 1指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時(shí)??墒÷?。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英語是一門容易學(xué)的語言。(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略) This is a folk song which is now very popular. 這是目前非常流行的一首民謠(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略) The river which flows through

6、London is the Thames. 流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(which在定語從句中作主語,不能省略) The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關(guān)系代詞which作makes的賓語,可以省略) 2which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于and this。 Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通過了駕駛考試,這使大家都感到驚訝。(定語從句修飾的是整個(gè)主句,而不是the driving test) Shei

7、la couldn't come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能來參加聚會(huì),真遺憾。(定語從句修飾的是整個(gè)主句,而不是the party) 3which在非限制性定語從句中有時(shí)也可以作定語。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together. 約翰在這里呆了一星期,在此期間我們一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing. 周末可

8、能下雪,在這種情況下,我們就不去北京了。 Ethat 指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who 或whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語(做賓語時(shí)常可省略)。 He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。(定語從句修飾先行詞the man,作主語) I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜歡結(jié)尾悲傷的故事。(定語從句修飾先行詞stories,作主語) The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well. 安買的

9、衣服不太合身。(定語從句修飾先行詞the dress,that作賓語可省略) Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能為你效勞的事嗎?(定語從句修飾先行詞anything,that作賓語,可省略) 提示: 在口語中,that有時(shí)還可以作關(guān)系副詞,相當(dāng)于when或介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他來的那一天,我們就走了。(that替when) He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them. 他看問題的方法和我們不一樣。(tha

10、t代替in which) Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很難想象,他開車的速度那么快!(that代替at which)F其他關(guān)系代詞 as 和but也可作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句。1as as可以在限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中作主語或賓語。 在限制性定語從句中,as可跟在由suc, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 聽過他說話的人,都會(huì)深受感動(dòng)。(as在定語從句中作heard的主語) I've never heard such sto

11、ries as he tells. 我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。(as在定語從句中作tell的賓語) He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。(as在定語從句中l(wèi)ift的賓語)比較: 在the sameas結(jié)構(gòu)中,as也可用that代替。但嚴(yán)格地說,the sameas強(qiáng)調(diào)相同,the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的衣裙。(as指的是與先行詞相似的同類事物) She wore

12、 the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。(that指的是與先行詞同一事物) 在非限制性定語從句中,as可代表主句整個(gè)句子,引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知,臺(tái)灣屬于中國的領(lǐng)土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。必背: 一些由as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常位于句

13、首,已形成了固定的說法。 as is known to all 這是眾所周知的 as has been said before 如前所說 as is often the case 情況常常如此 as may be imagined 這可以想象得出 as has been pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣 as often happens 這種情況常常發(fā)生 2but but作關(guān)系詞只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,同具有否定意思的主句連用,相當(dāng)于thatnot, whonot或whichnot。 There is not a single student in my class but woul

14、d like to study more. 我班上沒有一個(gè)學(xué)生不愿意多學(xué)一點(diǎn)的東西的。(but = whonot ) There are very few but are against war 很少人不反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。(but = whonot) G介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句是一種非常常見但也比較復(fù)雜的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。 1. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞中介詞的位置 關(guān)系代詞whom, which在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí),可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間(that, who不可以),也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面,使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。 He is a man of r

15、ich experience, from whom much canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的人,從他那兒可以學(xué)到很多。 The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.他曾經(jīng)工作過的學(xué)校是一所重點(diǎn)學(xué)校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pay

16、s much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company I'm working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我就職的那家公司經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。 2介詞+關(guān)系代詞的常見結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞+whichwhom This is the famous singerabout whom we have often talked.這就是那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩摇?Fortunately we

17、had a map, without which we would have got lost. 很幸運(yùn),我們帶了一張地圖,如沒有的話,我們就會(huì)迷路了。 名詞+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 請(qǐng)把那本藍(lán)封面的書遞給我。(也可用whose cover) 數(shù)詞+o+ whichwhom She's got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸運(yùn)筆,其中兩只從未用過。 In our school there are about

18、 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大約有200位教師,其中百分之三十是女教師。 代詞+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad.我發(fā)現(xiàn)籃子里有好些蘋果,有些已經(jīng)壞了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班有50個(gè)學(xué)生,其中大多數(shù)來自大城市。Norman won $50,000, half of which

19、he gave to his parents. 諾曼贏得五萬美元,他將其中一半給了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 湯姆試穿了三件襯衫,都不滿意。 最高級(jí)+of+ whichwhom China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國有數(shù)千個(gè)島嶼,其中最大的是臺(tái)灣。 介詞+which+名詞 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks

20、 all the doors ad windows. 他通常十點(diǎn)鐘回家,在這時(shí)候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重,在這種情況下,他不得不放棄出國的機(jī)會(huì)。 3關(guān)系代詞前介詞的選擇 在介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,應(yīng)注意介詞的正確選擇。 根據(jù)后面動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jim's watch and Della

21、9;s hair. 他們引以為豪的兩樣?xùn)|西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發(fā)。(feel proud of是固定搭配詞組) In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上沒有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組) 根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。 I'll never forget the ay on which I first met him.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介詞on) Can y

22、ou imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used 你能設(shè)想一個(gè)使用這個(gè)詞語的場(chǎng)合嗎?(a situation前面一般用in) 有時(shí)須同時(shí)考慮動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。 Galileo made a telescope through which he could tudy the sky. 伽里略制作了一個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡,通過它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived那就

23、是你曾經(jīng)住過的房子嗎?(live in the house) 根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的意思來確定。 This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 這是我的眼鏡,離了它我什么也看不清。注意: 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。 I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.我是你的好朋友,我會(huì)盡我一切所能來幫你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the conc

24、ert once a month. 這家人很愛音樂,他們每月都去聽一次音樂會(huì)。 He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英語說得很好的男生之一。(one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式) He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well. 他是班上唯一英語說得很好的男生。(the (only) one the very one the right one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)的定語從句謂

25、語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式)二、關(guān)系副引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分別在定語從句中作狀語,在意義上相當(dāng)于介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu),分別代替表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞。Awhen 指時(shí)間,在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我們最需要他的時(shí)候來的。(when=

26、at which) We will never forget the year 1949, when th People's Republic of China was founded. 我們永遠(yuǎn)忘不了1949年,那是中華人民共和國成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。 I recently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回過一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is

27、plety of sunshine. 我想住在一個(gè)陽光充足的國家。(where = in which) What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那個(gè)地方叫什么名字?(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因,在限制性定語從句中作原因狀語。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us.

28、他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。 注意: 無論是關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞,都在定語從句中取代了先行詞,因此,先行詞在定語從句中不復(fù)出現(xiàn)?!菊`】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 這就是我昨天借的書。(that在定語從句中取代了先行詞the book,作borowed的賓語,因此,要去掉it)【誤】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their s

29、poken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. 英語角是人們經(jīng)常去練習(xí)英語口語的地方。(where在定語從句中取代了先行詞the pace,作go的狀語,因此,要去掉there)三、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句根據(jù)定語從句在句中所起的作用,可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。A限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)與先行詞

30、分開。 This is the boy who broke the window. 這就是打破窗子的孩子。(the boy是先行詞,who broke the indow是限制性定語從句,明確指出the boy是打破窗子的那個(gè)孩子) I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本講解英語語法的書。(a book是先行詞,which teaches English grammar是限制性定語從句,修飾the book) The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan. 你在大廳見到的那些人來

31、自日本。(定語從句whom you met in the hall定先行詞the people)B非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句在意義上只是一個(gè)附加修飾語,對(duì)先行詞或主句作些附加的說明。如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)與先行詞分開。 I, who am your friend, will share the work with you. 我是你的朋友,將與你分擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作。(I是先行詞,who am your friend是非限制性定語從句,對(duì)先行詞I起附加說明的作用) New Concept English is intended for foeign students, w

32、hich is known to us all. 新概念英語是專為外國學(xué)生編寫的,這是我們大家都知道的。(which is known to us all是非限制性定語從句,對(duì)主句作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明)C在下列情況下,通常使用非限制性定語從句。 1當(dāng)先行詞表示的是世界上獨(dú)一無二的人或物時(shí)。 The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star. 太陽是一顆恒星,它給我們光和熱。 Last year I visted the People's Great Hall, where many important meetings are

33、 held every year. 去年我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂,每年許多重要會(huì)議都要在那里舉行。2當(dāng)定語從句修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)。 Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows. 眾所周知,臺(tái)灣屬于中國的領(lǐng)土。 The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected. 天氣非常糟糕,這點(diǎn)們沒有料到。3當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞,或先行詞本身指示意義十分明確時(shí)。 Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.喬先生現(xiàn)在住在北京

34、,那里距離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。 I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election. 我祝賀我的鄰居,他的兒子剛剛贏得選舉。四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用,比較復(fù)雜除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物,所引導(dǎo)的定語從句是限制性的還是非限制性的,以及關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成份外,還要根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法而定。A只用who 在下列情況下,一般不能用that代替who。1在非限制定語從句中。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

35、 他媽媽十分地愛他,對(duì)他要求很嚴(yán)格。2先行詞是one, anyone, those時(shí)。 One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth. 一個(gè)無所畏懼的人敢說真話。 Anyone who breaks the law shall be published. 任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。 Those who are against the plan put up your hands please. 凡是反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人,請(qǐng)舉手。3在therehere be開頭的句子中。 Here is a boy who wants

36、to see you. 有個(gè)男孩想見你。4先詞與定語從句被其他詞所分隔時(shí)。 Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know. 不要把這秘密告訴任何一個(gè)不該知道它的人。 I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請(qǐng)的人。B 只用whichwhom 在下列情況下,一般不能用that代替whichwhom。1在非限制性定語從句中。 The weather was very terrible, hich we hadn't expe

37、cted. 天氣非常糟糕,這我們沒有料到。2介詞后面。 關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞或短語介詞后面,只能用which或whom,不能用that。 He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view. 他爬到一塊巨大的巖石頂上,從那里他看到很好的景色。(也可用from where) Sound is a tool, by means of which people communcate with each other. 聲音是工具,人們通過這個(gè)工具進(jìn)行交流。 They asked me a lot of quest

38、ions, most of which I couldn't answer. 他們問了我許多問題,大部分我都不會(huì)回答。C只用that 在下列情況下,限制性定語從句中一般只用that引導(dǎo)1當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等詞時(shí),或當(dāng)先行詞被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時(shí)。 Everything that they said was true. 他所說的一切都是真的。 He is dead and there's nothing th

39、at can be done. 他死了,再也沒有什么辦法了。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我們沒有什么能幫助她的。 These walls are all that remain of the ancint city. 這些墻是這座古城所殘存下來的全部。提示: something 后面可用which引導(dǎo)定語從句。 There is something(whichthat) I'd like to tell you. 有些事我想告訴你。2當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 The first place (that)

40、they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。 She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught. 她也許是我教學(xué)生中學(xué)習(xí)最勤奮的。3當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 這正是我要買的語法書。 Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of. 美麗是埃米

41、莉唯一能驕傲的東西。4當(dāng)先行詞為who或前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)。 Who that has common sense will believe uch nonsense 有常識(shí)的人誰會(huì)相信這種無聊的事情? Who is the man that is standing by the gate 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?提示: 關(guān)系詞在定語從句中有三大作用1. 連接作用連接先行詞和定語從句。 I gave her all the money that I had. 我把我所有的錢都給

42、了她。(that 連接先特詞 money和定語從句I had) 2. 替代作用在定語從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。 The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的那個(gè)人是個(gè)名師。(who 替代the man) 3. 成分作用在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語。 I like picrures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style. 我喜歡傳統(tǒng)的中國畫。(which在定語從句中作主語) 5當(dāng)先行詞為人與事物或動(dòng)物時(shí)。 The driver and his car tha

43、t fell into the river have not yet been discovered. 掉入河里的司機(jī)與車都還沒有找到。 The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被認(rèn)為 在森林里迷路的孩子與狗,今天早上已經(jīng)獲救了。 6先行詞在定語從句中做表語時(shí)。 She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be. Unit 2.4被動(dòng)語態(tài) (被動(dòng)語態(tài)全復(fù)習(xí))高中英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)總結(jié)一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1

44、. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成,be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例,各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為:1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行

45、時(shí)例A new cinema is being built here4) was/were done 一般過去時(shí)例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5) had been done 過去完成時(shí)例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)例A meeting was being held when I was there.7)

46、shall/will be done 一般將來時(shí)例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8) should/would be done 過去將來時(shí)例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(shí)(少用)例The project will have been completed before July.10) should/would have been done

47、過去將來完成時(shí)(少用)例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He

48、 was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語,其余不動(dòng)。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí),在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要加to。例Someo

49、ne saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組,如“動(dòng)詞介詞”,“動(dòng)詞副詞”等,也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體,不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)) 。例I don't like being laughed at in th

50、e public.二、 如何使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不僅要知道被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu),還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 (這時(shí)可省 by 短語)。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 為了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recogn

51、ized by people. (一個(gè)主語就夠了) 三、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有:It is said that 據(jù)說,It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道,It is believed that大家相信,It is hoped that大家希望,It is well known that眾所周知,It is thou

52、ght that大家認(rèn)為,It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )四、謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes w

53、ell.注意:主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較:The door won't lock (指門本身有毛?。㏕he door won't be locked (指不會(huì)有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因)2. 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 How do the newspapers come out?

54、這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢?3. 系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 。1 在need,want,require, bear等詞的后面,動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例The house needs repairing(to be repaired)這房子需要修理。2 形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的

55、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading(The picture-book is very worthy to be read)3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)4. 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí),這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).5 在too t

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