神經(jīng)生物學：1 神經(jīng)科學導論（五年醫(yī)2013）

1、Introduction of NeuroscienceThe origin of neuroscience古希臘及更早時期對腦的認識羅馬帝國時代對腦的認識從文藝復興到19世紀時期對腦的認識19世紀對腦的認識古希臘及更早時期人類對腦的認識ca. 4000 B.C. - Euphoriant effect of poppy plant reported in Sumerian recordsca. 4000 B.C. - Clay tablets from Mesopotamia discuss how to use alcohol to dilute medicineca. 2700 B.C.

2、 神農(nóng)氏神農(nóng)氏 originates acupunctureca. 1700 B.C. - Edwin Smith surgical papyrus (紙莎草紙) written. First written record about the nervous systemca. 1400-1200 B.C. - Ayuvedic system of Hindu medicine developsca. 500 B.C. - Alcmaion of Crotona dissects sensory nerves and describes the optic nerveca. 500 B.C.

3、Empedocles suggests that visual rays cause sight科勒藥用植物(1897)Papaver somniferumHieroglyphic for Brain Evidence of prehistoric brainsurgery (over 7000 years old)The origin of neuroscience460-379 B.C. - Hippocrates discusses epilepsy as a disturbance of the brain and states that the brain is involved w

4、ith sensation and is the seat of intelligence.387 B.C. - Plato teaches at Athens. Believes brain is seat of mental process335 B.C. - Aristotle writes about sleep; believes heart is seat of mental process335-280 B.C. - Herophilus (the Father of Anatomy); believes ventricles are seat of human intellig

5、ence280 B.C. - Erasistratus of Chios notes divisions of the brain古希臘解剖學家、外科醫(yī)生赫羅菲拉斯古希臘醫(yī)生希波克拉底The origin of neuroscience 人類應當知道，因為有了腦，我們才有了樂趣、欣喜、歡笑和運動，才有了悲痛、哀傷、絕望和無盡的憂思。因為有了腦，我們才以一種獨特的方式擁有了智慧、獲得了知識；我們才看得見、聽得到；我們才懂得了美與丑、善與惡；我們才感受到甜美與無味同樣，因為有了腦，我們才會發(fā)狂和神智昏迷，才會被畏懼和恐懼所侵擾我們之所以會經(jīng)受這些折磨，是因為腦有了病恙由于這樣一些原因，我認為，腦在

6、一個人的機體中行使了至高無上的權利。 希波克拉底，論神圣的疾病 （公元前四世紀）Hippocrates，On the sacred diseaese (400 BC) The origin of neuroscience“The quiet, friendless boy whom no one knew.”Autism or Asperger syndrome?Adam Lanza, Connecticut school shooting, a fiercely intelligent killer羅馬帝國時代對腦的認識蓋倫（Galen）希臘醫(yī)學家、作家AD 129-200Typology

7、of human temperaments: blood-sanguine, black bile-melancholic, yellow bile-choleric, and phlegm-phlegmatic). 多血質 憂郁質 膽汁質 粘液質More than 300 works in medicine and philosophy (e.g. On the usefulness of the parts of the body) Galens view of the brain prevailed for almost 1500 years: Focused the ventricle

8、s; Act as a gland.Brain of a sheep腦室The origin of neuroscience從文藝復興到18世紀末期對腦的認識Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) French anatomist: published On the working of the human body and added more detail of the brain structureRene Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher, the chief advocate of fluid- mechanical

9、theory; The pineal gland; “Mind and brain problem”Human brain ventricles depicted during renaissance by VesaliusThe brain works accordingto Descartes in 1662The origin of neuroscience Fortunately, other scientists during 17-18 centuries broke away from Galens view of the brain. By the end of 18th ce

10、ntury, the nerve system completely dissected, and its gross anatomy described in detail.White matter and gray matterThe origin of neuroscienceThe basic anatomical of the nerve system.CNS and PNSThe lobes of the cerebrum(gyri 腦回; sulci 溝; fissures 裂; lobes 葉)The origin of neuroscienceThe origin of ne

11、uroscience Injury to the brain can disrupt sensations, movement, and thought and can cause death. The brain communicates with the body via the nerves. The brain has different identifiable parts, which probably perform different functions. The brain operates like a machine and follows the laws of nat

12、ure.19世紀對腦的認識The origin of neurosciencep Nerves as wires 神經(jīng)猶如電纜p Localization of specific functions in different parts of the brain 特定腦功能定位于不同的腦部位p The evolution of nervous systems 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的進化p The neuron: the basic functional unit of the brain 神經(jīng)元是腦的基本功能單元The origin of neurosciencep 神經(jīng)猶如電纜Benjamin Fran

13、klin (1706-90), Experiment and observation on electricity (1751)Luigi Galvani (1737-98) , Itanlian physician and physicist, and Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896), Genman physiologist: Electrical stimulation of frog nerves; Electrophysiology. Electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upwar

14、d positionThe origin of neuroscienceCharles Bell (1774-1842), Scoland Physician and Francois Magendie (1783-1855), French physiologist: functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. Spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootsThe origin of neurosciencep 特定腦功能定位于不同的腦部位 In 1811,

15、Bell proposed that the origin of the motor fibers is the cerebellum and the destination of the sensory fibers is the cerebrum. Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, French physiologist，tested it by using experimental ablation method in a variety of animals (e.g. birds) Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794-1867),

16、French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia.The origin of neuroscienceThree radical new ideas:Advocated all behavior came from the brain;Argued particular regions of the cerebral cortex controlled specific functions, even the most abstract one, like gen

17、erosity and religiosity; divided the cortex into at least 35 organs as specific mental faculty.Proposed that the regions grew with use and caused the skull to bulge, creating a pattern of bumps and ridges on the skull as an anatomical basis for telling individual personality, i.e. phrenology（顱相說）.A

18、phrenological MapFranz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) Genman physician and neuroanatomist.The origin of neuroscience 1. particular traits are not isolated to the portions of the cerebrum specified by phrenology; 2. the cerebrum participate equally in all cerebral functions;Accepted as aggregate-field view

19、that later was shown to be erroneous, and led to a cultural reaction against the reductionist view.Brain and Behavior - Cerebral CortexThe origin of Neuroscience One of the most vociferous critics of phrenology was Flourens, who analyzed Galls ideas experimentally (partially cutting cortex of birds)

20、 and concluded:Localization of function in the cerebrumPaul Broca (1850 1900), french neurologist. He wrote in 1861: “I had thought that if there were ever a phrenological science, it would be the phrenology of convolutions (in the cortex), and not the phrenology of bumps (on the head).” The conclud

21、e came from the studies of aphasia; one of the most exciting chapters in the study of human behavior. Broca founded a new science neuropsychology.The origin of neuroscienceBrocas areaBrian of Leborgne Leborgne, a patient with motor aphasia, symptoms, and a lesion in the posterior region of the front

22、al lobe i.e. Brocas area. And 8 more patients, the lesion for all cases was located on the left cerebral hemisphere. Announced in 1864 one of the most famous principles of brain function: “We speak with the left hemisphere!”The origin of neuroscienceThe origin of neuroscience Solid experimental supp

23、ort from Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig (German physiologists) quickly followed in 1870: the electrical localization of the motor areas of the cerebrum in dogs. Scottish neurologist David Ferrier showed that removal of this same region of the cerebrum causes paralysis of the muscles in monkeys in

24、1881. German physiologist Hermann Munk using experimental ablation presented evidence that the occipital lobe (枕葉) of the cerebrum was specifically required for vision (視覺).The origin of neuroscienceMovement Perception“The American Crowbar CasePhineas Gage (1823-1860)The origin of neuroscienceThe or

25、igin of neuroscienceA process of natural selection Today, scientific evidence ranging from anthropology to molecular genetics overwhelmingly supports the theory of evolution by natural selection.p 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的進化Charles Darwin (18091882)In 1895 On the Origin of Species published海豹 浣熊 狗The origin of neurosci

26、enceThe origin of neuroscienceThe origin of neuroscienceThe origin of neuroscienceThe origin of neuroscienceBehavior, a heritable trait that could evolve.For example, similar fear reaction for many different species (the same behavioral trait) which evolved from a common ancestor. Advantageous presu

27、mably because it facilitated escape from predators. Because behavior reflects the activity of the nervous system, we can infer that the brain mechanisms that underlie this fear reaction may be similar across these species.The origin of neuroscienceThe nervous systems of different species evolved fro

28、m common ancestors and may have common mechanisms.Thus, the results of animal experiments related to humans.例：搶烏賊巨大軸突，神經(jīng)電沖動傳導，適用于人類Most neuroscientists today use animal models to examine the process they wish to understand in humans. 例：如大鼠有機會重復自我攝取可卡因，也會明顯成癮。因此，大鼠模型對研究成癮藥物對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)作用很有價值。 rat self-admin

29、isterThe origin of neuroscienceOn the other hand, many behavioral traits are highly specialized for the environment (or niche) a species normally occupies. .例：猴在樹梢上跳躍與敏銳視覺，大鼠雖然“鼠目寸光”在洞中穿行與嘴邊的觸須。 因而，每一物種腦的結構和功能都反映了各自對環(huán)境的適應，通過比較不同物種的腦，可以得知不同腦區(qū)所具有的特定行為功能。恒河猴的視覺感知大鼠的面部觸覺感知The origin of neurosciencep 神經(jīng)元

30、：腦的基本功能單位Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) staining of neurons with silver (1906 Nobel Price)Remon Cajal (1852-1934)Spanish histologist. a network of discrete neurons, established the neuron doctrine 神經(jīng)元學說神經(jīng)元學說 (1906 Nobel Price).The origin of neurosciencep 神經(jīng)元：腦的基本功能單位 Structure of cells in nervous tissue

31、revealed by microscope. In 1839, German Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory: All tissues are composed of microscopic units called cells. Initially, scientists could not decide whether the processes from different cells fuse together like the blood vessels of the circulatory system. By 1900, the

32、 individual nerve cell, now called the neuron, was recognized to be the basic functional unit of the nervous system.The origin of neuroscienceNeuron Number: 1011Size: about 30-50 mmSynapse number: 103/neuronExtremely Complex Network (Nerve System)Synapse：突觸突觸Circuit：環(huán)路環(huán)路The origin of neuroscienceCur

33、rent views about nerve cells, the the brain, and the behaviorAnatomy, embryology, Physiology,Pharmacology, PsychologyMore than 100 yearsNeuroscience TodayNeuroscience Todayp 研究的層次 Molecular Neuroscience Cellular Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive NeuroscienceTo reduc

34、e the complexity of the problem, neuroscientists break it into smaller pieces for systematic experimental analysis. This is called the reductionist approach. Neuroscience Today Molecular Neuroscience The brain has been called the most complex piece of matter in the universe. Brain matter consists of

35、 a fantastic variety of molecules, many of which are unique to the nervous system. These different molecules play many different roles that are crucial for brain function: “messengers” 信使“sentries” 衛(wèi)兵“conductors” 向導“archivists” 檔案管理員Neuroscience Today Cellular NeuroscienceFocuses on studying how all

36、 those molecules work together to give the neuron its special properties. How many different types of neurons are there? How do they differ in function? How do neurons influence other neurons? How do neurons become “wired together” during fetal development? How do neurons perform computations? Neuro

37、science Today Systems NeuroscienceConstellations of neurons form complex circuits that perform a common function: vision, for example, or voluntary movement.Thus, we can speak of the “visual system” and the “motor system,” each of which has its own distinct circuitry within the brain. At this level

38、of analysis, called systems neuroscience, neuroscientists study how different neural circuits analyze sensory information, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and execute movements.Neuroscience Today Behavioral NeuroscienceHow do neural systems work together to produce integrated

39、 behaviors? For example:Are different forms of memory accounted for by different systems? Where in the brain do “mind-altering” drugs act?What is the normal contribution of these systems to the regulation of mood and behavior? What neural systems account for gender-specific behaviors? Where in the b

40、rain do dreams come from? Neuroscience Today Cognitive NeurosciencePerhaps the greatest challenge of neuroscience is understanding the neural mechanisms responsible for the higher levels of human mental activity, such as self-awareness, mental imagery, and language. Research at this level, called co

41、gnitive neuroscience, studies how the activity of the brain creates the mind.Neuroscience Todayp 研究的層次 Molecular Neuroscience Cellular Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive NeuroscienceTo reduce the complexity of the problem, neuroscientists break it into smaller pieces

42、 for systematic experimental analysis. This is called the reductionist approach. 單細胞單細胞多細胞多細胞神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡分子分子神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)行為心理行為心理腦研究的不同層次腦研究的不同層次Neuroscience TodayNeuroscience Todayp 研究的步驟 Observation 觀察 Replication 重復 Interpretation 解釋 Verification 驗證Neuroscience Todayp 神經(jīng)科學研究中的動物使用問題Animal welfare; Animal rights about the ethics of animal research Today, neuroscientists accep