語法---2020高考英語考點(diǎn)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上語法 | 2020高考英語考點(diǎn)一遍過，超全考點(diǎn)梳理+易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥：構(gòu)詞法 許多英語單詞的構(gòu)成都有一定的規(guī)律，這種規(guī)律被稱為構(gòu)詞法。掌握構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)對(duì)我們更好地理解詞義、認(rèn)識(shí)新詞和擴(kuò)大詞匯量有重要意義。英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有派生法（Derivation）、合成法（Composition）和轉(zhuǎn)換法（Conversion）三大類。1構(gòu)詞法一 派生法在一個(gè)詞的詞根（root）前面或后面加上某個(gè)詞綴（affix）來產(chǎn)生新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為派生法（derivation）或詞綴法（affixation）。加在前面的詞綴叫前綴（prefix），加在后面的詞綴叫后綴（suffix）。一般情況下

2、，前綴往往改變?cè)~根的詞義，不改變?cè)~根的詞性；而后綴往往改變?cè)~根的詞性，有些也涉及意義的變化。大部分前綴和后綴都有固定的意義，因而許多派生詞的詞義可以通過詞根及詞綴的意思推知。1.形容詞變副詞的后綴在形容詞后加ly可變成相應(yīng)意義的副詞直接加lyextreme extremely尤其，非常stupid stupidly 傻地 改y為ilyhappy happily快樂地merry merrily 快樂地去e加lytrue真的 truly真地2.形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞ageshort shortage不足；短缺cyefficient efficiency效率；功效accurate accurac

3、y準(zhǔn)確性domfree freedom自由；自主wise wisdom明智；智慧encedifferent difference差異silent silence沉默nessweak weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)careless carelessness粗心大意thstrong strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)wide width寬ytyitydisable disability無能；殘疾responsible responsibility責(zé)任3.動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞alapprove approval贊成；批準(zhǔn)arrive arrival到來anceappear appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌pe

4、rform performance表演；節(jié)目enceexist existence存在；生存refer reference參考；查閱ionconstruct construction建設(shè)evaluate evaluation評(píng)估ationconsider consideration考慮imagine imagination想象力(s)siondiscuss discussion討論；辯論admit admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)inghear hearing聽力；聽覺begin beginning開始mentargue argument辯論；論據(jù)equip equipment設(shè)備urefai

5、l failure失敗；沒做到press pressure壓力turemix mixture混合；混合物depart departure離開；出發(fā)yrecover recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他vary variety多樣化；種類tend tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)4.表示人的后綴在某些形容詞、名詞或動(dòng)詞后面加后綴變成具有某種職業(yè)或動(dòng)作的人。常見的表示人的后綴有： 后綴例詞ervillage villager村民strange stranger陌生人arlie liar說謊者eeemploy employee受雇者；雇員interview intervi

6、ewee被面試者orinvent inventor發(fā)明家educate educator教育家；教師esssteward stewardess 女乘務(wù)員host hostess 女主人；女主持人eseChina Chinese中國人Japan Japanese日本人anAmerica American美國人Australia Australian澳洲人ianhistory historian歷史學(xué)家politics politician政治家；政客istspecial specialist專家tour tourist旅行者；觀光者antparticipate participant參加者ass

7、ist assistant助手；圖書管理員5.動(dòng)詞、名詞變形容詞的常見后綴后綴例詞ableaccept acceptable可接受的comfort comfortable舒適的alperson personal個(gè)人的；私人的nature natural自然的；天生的fulhope hopeful有希望的peace peaceful和平的edconfuse confused感到困惑的bore bored感到厭倦的ingsurprise surprising令人驚訝的convince convincing令人信服的ibleaccess accessible容易到達(dá)的；容易取得的horror hor

8、rible可怕的；恐怖的iveeffect effective有效的；生效的instruct instructive有教育意義的ousanxiety anxious憂慮的curiosity curious好奇的sometire tiresome令人厭倦的trouble troublesome麻煩的ytaste tasty美味的；可口的wealth wealthy富裕的；豐富的dirt dirty有灰塵的；臟的erneast eastern東方的；向東的west western西方的；向西的ishfool foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self selfish自私的icscience scient

9、ific科學(xué)的history historic歷史上著名的aryimagine imaginary想象中的6.表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴前綴例詞disadvantage disadvantage缺點(diǎn)comfort discomfort不舒適illegal illegal不合法的logical illogical不合邏輯的impatient impatient不耐煩的moral immoral不道德的informal informal非正式的convenient inconvenient不方便的irregular irregular不規(guī)則的responsible irresponsible不

10、負(fù)責(zé)任的mislead mislead誤導(dǎo)understand misunderstand誤解unwilling unwilling不愿意的happy unhappy不高興的后綴例詞lesshope hopeless絕望的care careless粗心的7.變動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴前綴例詞enlarge enlarge擴(kuò)大rich enrich使充實(shí)；使豐富后綴例詞enbroad broaden使變寬hard harden使變硬ifyclass classify把分類beauty beautify美化izeapology apologize道歉emphasis emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào) 1. (201

11、9年新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空) Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(錯(cuò)覺) that populations are _68_ (high) than they actually are.【答案】higher【解析】根據(jù)其后than they actually are可知，此處為形容詞的比較級(jí)，故填higher。2. (2019年新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填

12、空) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _62_ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.【答案】poorly【解析】根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，此處用副詞poorly修飾謂語動(dòng)詞has been studied，意為“研究很少”。故填poorly。3. (2018年新課標(biāo)卷I&#

13、183;語法填空) According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years _61_(long) than non-runners.【答案】longer【解析】句意：醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào)告顯示：經(jīng)常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年。根據(jù)than可知用比較級(jí)，故填longer。4.(2018年新課標(biāo)卷I·語法填空)The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise, it's probably running.

14、 To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to_68_(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always_69_(energy).【答案】68. strengthen 69. energetic【解析】68. 考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)化。鍛煉以增強(qiáng)你腿上的肌肉。此處to是不定式符合，其后用動(dòng)詞原形。故填strengthen。69. 考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)化。跑步

15、總是讓人充滿活力的。根據(jù)its可知，系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞作表語。故填energetic。5. (2018年新課標(biāo)卷II·語法填空)A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.【答案】actually【解析】句意：對(duì)肉的需求實(shí)際上是這種變化的背后原因。句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，用副詞修飾句子。故填actually。2構(gòu)詞法二轉(zhuǎn)化法在詞形不變的情況下，把一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞性，而沒有加任

16、何詞綴，這種構(gòu)詞方法稱為轉(zhuǎn)換法。轉(zhuǎn)換法種類很多，但數(shù)量最多的是由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞和由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞兩大類。轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞義與轉(zhuǎn)換前的詞義通常有密切的聯(lián)系，但有時(shí)差異也很大。動(dòng)詞 名詞walk take a walk散步swim have a swim游泳名詞 動(dòng)詞book n. v.預(yù)訂milk n. v.擠奶形容詞 動(dòng)詞slow adj. v.減慢narrow adj. v.使變窄；(差距等)縮小形容詞副詞hard adj.困難的adv.努力地high adj.高的adv.高deep adj.深的adv.深wide adj.寬的adv.廣闊地1構(gòu)詞法三 合成法把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞素放到一起，這種構(gòu)

17、詞法稱為合成法。合成詞通常由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的自由詞素構(gòu)成不同詞性，最常見的包括：名詞合成詞，形容詞合成詞，動(dòng)詞合成詞。之間有的用連字符連接，有的直接連接在一起。1.合成名詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞名詞weekend周末名詞動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明名詞動(dòng)名詞handwriting書法名詞及物動(dòng)詞erorpain-killer止痛藥名詞介詞名詞sister-in-law嫂子代詞名詞she-wolf母狼，he-goat動(dòng)詞名詞typewriter打字機(jī)動(dòng)名詞名詞reading-room閱覽室現(xiàn)在分詞名詞flying-fish飛魚形容詞名詞freshman大一新生副詞動(dòng)詞outlook景色，風(fēng)光介詞名詞aft

18、erbrain后腦2.合成形容詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞形容詞bloodred血紅的名詞現(xiàn)在分詞French-speaking講法語的名詞to名詞one-to-one一對(duì)一的名詞過去分詞man-made人造的數(shù)詞名詞one-way單行道的數(shù)詞名詞形容詞three-year-old三歲的數(shù)詞名詞edten-storeyed十層的動(dòng)詞副詞one-off 一次性的形容詞名詞high-quality高質(zhì)量的形容詞名詞ednoble-minded高尚的形容詞形容詞light-green淺綠色的形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking相貌一般的副詞形容詞ever-green常青的副詞現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working辛勤的副