《Antonymy總結(jié)》ppt課件

1、Sense Relations AntonymyDefinitionoAntonymy is concerned with semantic opposition.oAntonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms 、Gradable antonyms 分級反義詞 、Complementary antonyms 互補(bǔ)反義詞 、 Converses / Relative terms 換位反義詞 、 Semantic incompatible 、Gradable Antonymy 分級反

2、義詞oThe commonest type of antonymyoThree characteristics: Gradable Being graded against different norms標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Serves as the cover term1、GradableoThat is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree.oThe denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.excellent good bad terribleWe often sa

3、ybut there are alsocoldhotchilly, cool, lukewarm微溫的,warmyoungoldmature ,middle-aged, elderlybeautifulugly good-looking好看的, plainrichpoorwell-to-do小康的 ,moderately wealthy,comfortably off相當(dāng)富有的 bigsmallquite big, medium-sized, quite small, tinyopencloseajar半開的oApart from adjectives, there are verbs lik

4、e love/hate, and in between we can add attachment愛慕 , liking, indifference, antipathy憎惡 , etc. LoveHateoThey may have comparative and superlative degrees.oe. g. Big-bigger-biggest small-smaller-smallest Old-older-oldest young-younger-youngest2、Being graded against different norms標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ono absolute norm

5、by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. oThe norm varies with the object described: 1 A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. 2 A microcomputer is giant by the standard of microorganism微生物 .3、Serves as the cover termoOne member of a pair, usually the

6、term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. oThat means, in general, it is the cover term that is more often used. If the covered is used, then it suggests that there is something odd, unusual here.o“How old are you? “What is your age?oWe ask someone How old are you? and the person asked m

7、ay not be old in any sense. oHe may be as young as twenty or thirty. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. oThe sentence means the same as What is your age?、Complementary antonyms 互補(bǔ)反義詞oMeans the members of a pair in this type are complemtary to each other. oThey divide up the whole

8、 of a semantic field語義場 completely. alivedead malefemale presentabsent innocentguilty odd奇even偶 passfail a test hitmissa target boygirl samedifferentCaracteristic 1 :o1 These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. o2 They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and a

9、dmit no possibility between them.1 truly represent oppositeness of meaningoe.g. Alivedead He is alive. = He is not dead. He is dead. = He is not alive.oNo intermediate ground between the two If he is really not alive, then he is dead completely, not just half-dead.oChinese expression 半死不活 can only b

10、e used for somebody who is still alive .2 mutually exclusive and no possibility between themnThe assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. npresent/absent, male/female, boy/girl, true/false, same/differentnperfect

11、/imperfectnIf something is imperfect, no matter how slight the imperfection, the fact remains that the thing cannot be perfect.oOne formation of such contradictory synonyms is add un-, im-, in-ABABCaracteristic 2 :oThe adjectives in this type cannot be modified by very.oe.g.oThere is no very dead or

12、 very aliveCaracteristic 3 :oDo not have comparative or superlative degrees.o1. He is more dead than alive. not a true comparative. “It is more correct to say that he is dead than to say he is alive. Do not say “John is more dead than Peter.o2. John is more mad than stupid麻木 . “It is more correct to

13、 say that John is mad than to say John is stupid.Caracteristic 4 :oThe norm in this type is absolute.oThe same norm is used for all the things it is applicable to.oIt not vary with the thing a word is applied to. of a man the death of an elephant of a tree oThe death of is a matter of kind, not of d

14、egree.Caracteristic 5 :oNo cover term for the two members of a pair oe.g. “Is it a boy or a girl? not “How male is it? The word male can only be used for boys, it cannot cover the meaning of girlsoNo adjective in this type can be modified by how and very.oBut there is a cover term - “true We can say

15、 “How true is the story? 這故事有多少準(zhǔn)確性？ Truth related to this cover term. We can use very to modify true. It also has comparative and superlative degrees. truer , truestoBut false cannot be used in this way. Difference between the gradable and the complementarye.g. Gradable The coffee is hot. The coffee

16、 is cold. You cannot distinguish how hot/cold the coffee is.e.g. Complementary This is a male cat. This is a female cat. You can easily distinguish without any confusion.Complementary Gradable ABAB、 Converses / Relative terms換位反義詞oKnown as relational opposites. oThree characteristics: Relational相關(guān)性

17、Spatial空間性 Reciprocal交互性Caracteristic 1 :Relational相關(guān)性:The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal互相的 social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. o parentchild husbandwife predecessorsuccessor employeremployee abovebelow guesthost Caracteristic 2 :oSpatial空間性o

18、e.g. above-belowhere-thereright-leftCaracteristic 3 :oReciprocal交互性oe.g. sellbuy givereceive borrowlendoA sells sth. to B = B buys it from A B buys sth. from A = A sells it to BoA gives a gift to B=B receives it from A B receives a gift from A= A gives it to BoTwo words of each pair are interdependent.、 Semantic incompatiblen