關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)總論中軸骨連結(jié)

1、 Chapter two Arthrology Department of AnatomyYunyang medical college目的和要求目的和要求1 1了解骨連結(jié)的分類。了解骨連結(jié)的分類。2 2掌握關(guān)節(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和輔助結(jié)構(gòu)。掌握關(guān)節(jié)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和輔助結(jié)構(gòu)。3 3了解關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)及分類。了解關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)及分類。4 4掌握脊柱的組成、椎骨間的連結(jié)、脊柱掌握脊柱的組成、椎骨間的連結(jié)、脊柱的整體觀及其運(yùn)動(dòng)。的整體觀及其運(yùn)動(dòng)。5 5了解肋與脊柱及胸骨的連結(jié)。掌握骨性了解肋與脊柱及胸骨的連結(jié)。掌握骨性胸廓的組成、胸廓上、下口的圍成。胸廓的組成、胸廓上、下口的圍成。 6 6了解顱骨連結(jié)的主要形式，掌握顳

2、下頜了解顱骨連結(jié)的主要形式，掌握顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)的組成及運(yùn)動(dòng)。關(guān)節(jié)的組成及運(yùn)動(dòng)。 Section 1 The general description The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous 軟骨軟骨 or osseous 骨骨tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functi

3、onal junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz., Continuous joints 直接連結(jié)直接連結(jié)and Discontinuous joints 間接連結(jié)間接連結(jié). Up 一、一、Continuous joints直接連結(jié)直接連結(jié)（一）（一）Fibrous joints纖維連結(jié)纖維連結(jié) Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. Syndesmosis 韌帶連結(jié)韌帶連結(jié)

4、 Suture 縫縫 Up （二）（二）Cartilaginous joints軟骨連結(jié)軟骨連結(jié) Bones are united by cartilage.Synchondrosis 透明軟骨結(jié)合透明軟骨結(jié)合Symphysis 纖維軟骨聯(lián)合纖維軟骨聯(lián)合 （三）（三）Synosteosis 骨性結(jié)合骨性結(jié)合二、二、Discontinuous joints間接連結(jié)間接連結(jié) Articulation or Synovial joints（一）（一）Basic structures 1. Articular surface關(guān)節(jié)面關(guān)節(jié)面: covered by articular cartilage.

5、 2. Articular capsule關(guān)節(jié)囊關(guān)節(jié)囊qFibrous membraneqSynovial membrane 3. Articular cavity關(guān)節(jié)腔關(guān)節(jié)腔: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it . Up (二二)Accessory structures1. Ligaments韌帶韌帶: extra- and intracapsular ligaments2. Articular disc關(guān)節(jié)盤關(guān)節(jié)盤 and articular labrum關(guān)節(jié)唇關(guān)節(jié)唇3. Synovial

6、 fold滑膜襞滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊滑膜囊 Up (三）Movements of joints關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)1. Translation移動(dòng)移動(dòng)2. Flexion and extension屈和伸屈和伸3. Adduction and abduction收和展收和展4. Rotation旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)qMedial and lateral rotation旋內(nèi)和旋外旋內(nèi)和旋外qPronation and supination旋前和旋后旋前和旋后qInversion and eversion足內(nèi)翻和足外翻足內(nèi)翻和足外翻5. Circumduction環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)轉(zhuǎn) Up (

7、四四) Classification of synovial joints 關(guān)節(jié)的分類關(guān)節(jié)的分類(自學(xué)）自學(xué)）nUniaxial joints 單軸關(guān)節(jié)單軸關(guān)節(jié)nBiaxial joints雙軸關(guān)節(jié)雙軸關(guān)節(jié)nMultiaxial joints 多軸關(guān)節(jié)多軸關(guān)節(jié) Up 關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)的研究和應(yīng)用關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)的研究和應(yīng)用1.1.關(guān)節(jié)病的診斷關(guān)節(jié)病的診斷和治療和治療2.2.人造關(guān)節(jié)和假肢的研制和開發(fā)人造關(guān)節(jié)和假肢的研制和開發(fā)3.3.智能機(jī)器人的開發(fā)和研制智能機(jī)器人的開發(fā)和研制 Section 2 The joint of the axial bones中軸骨連結(jié)中軸骨連結(jié)一、一、Articulations of

8、Bones of Trunk 軀干骨的連結(jié)軀干骨的連結(jié) Up The 24 pieces of vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx articulate one by one to form a longitudinal axis of the trunkthe vertebral column. Up ( (一一) ) vertebral column 脊柱脊柱 Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎體間的連結(jié)椎體間的連結(jié)Intervertebral discs椎間盤椎間盤 between bodies of adjacent

9、 vertebrae, composed of:nNucleus pulposus髓核髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure. nAnnulus fibrosus纖維環(huán)纖維環(huán) an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage. Up Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脫出髓核脫出 Up Anterior longitudinal ligament 前縱韌帶前縱韌帶 Maintains stability of the intervertebral d

10、isc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.Posterior longitudinal ligament后縱韌帶后縱韌帶 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs. Up Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓間的連結(jié)椎弓間的連結(jié)nLigamenta flava黃韌帶黃韌帶 elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent verteb

11、rae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column. Up nInterspinal ligament 棘間韌帶棘間韌帶nSupraspinal ligament 棘上韌帶棘上韌帶nLigamentum nuchae 項(xiàng)韌帶項(xiàng)韌帶 nIntertansverse ligament 橫突間韌帶橫突間韌帶 nZygapophysial joint 關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié) Up Atlantooccipital joint寰枕關(guān)節(jié)寰枕關(guān)

12、節(jié)nBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesnSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasnAction nodding of head, lateral tilting of head Up Atlantoaxial joint寰樞關(guān)節(jié)寰樞關(guān)節(jié)nThree synovial joints between atlas and axisnSupported by ligaments nAction

13、allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column Up The whole view of the vertebral columnNormal Curves of vertebral columnnCervical curvature頸曲頸曲 nThoracic curvature胸曲胸曲 nLumbar curvature腰曲腰曲nSacral curvature骶曲骶曲 Up Up Movement of the vertebral column nflexion nextensionnlateral fle

14、xion nRotationncircumduction Up Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂脊柱裂 Up ( (二二) ) Thoracic cage 胸廓胸廓Composition: It is formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages,the sternum and the connections between them. Up JointsnCostovertebral joints肋椎關(guān)節(jié)肋椎關(guān)節(jié)qJoints of costal head肋頭關(guān)節(jié)肋

15、頭關(guān)節(jié)qCostotransverse joints肋橫突關(guān)節(jié)肋橫突關(guān)節(jié) Up nSternocostal joints 胸肋關(guān)節(jié)胸肋關(guān)節(jié)qSternocostal synchondrosis of first ribqSternocostal joints qInterchondral joints: between costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch肋弓肋弓 Up nIt is roughly cone-shape, narrow above and broad below, flattened from befor

16、e-backwards.It has two oppenings and four walls.n Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口胸廓上口nOutlet of thorax 胸廓下口胸廓下口nInfrasternal angle胸骨下角胸骨下角nIntercostal spaces肋間隙肋間隙 Up The whole view of the thoracic cage nFunction: qprotects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; qplays a vital role in the process of breathing.InspirationExpiration Up 二、二、Joints o