高中英語被動語態(tài)講解與練習(xí)1

1、高中英語被動語態(tài)講解一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化2. 被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z， 另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for

2、his birthday.3) 當(dāng)“動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the buildin

3、g. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞介詞”，“動詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)) 。例I don't like being laughed at in the public.三、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1.英語中有很多動詞如 b

4、reak，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式 表達(dá)被動意義,主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door won't lock （指門本身有毛?。㏕he door won't be locked （指不會有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）2. 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen, last, take

5、 place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？3. 系動詞沒有被動形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義 。1 在ne

6、ed，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）這房子需要修理。2 形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,

7、 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)4. 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，impor

8、tant，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動意義。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，當(dāng)動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成f

9、or us to lose；用to be lost，誰 lost time不明確。）7. 在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動表主動, 被動表被動。然而,由于古英語的影響,下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?五、介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。1. “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見的有：under control

10、（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎勝過、范圍、限度”。常見的有：beyond belief (令人難以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭長莫及），beyond ones control（無法控制），beyond our hope 我們的成功始料不及。例The rumo

11、ur is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等) 超過、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “適于、 為著”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ，表示“在過程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：

12、in print（在印刷中），in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi))，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“在從事 中”。常見的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受審）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常見的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出視線之外），out o

13、f ones reach(夠不著), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“within+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“在內(nèi)、不超過”。例He took two days off within the teacher's permission六、被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”作被動語態(tài)時表示主語承受的動作；作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)時，be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：1如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則

14、為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例The glass is broken （系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The glass was broken by the boy （被動語態(tài)）2如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態(tài)。例The door is locked （系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The door hasalready/just been locked（被動語態(tài)）3被動語態(tài)除用于一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動詞be只有一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。例 The machine is being repaired七、被動語態(tài)與高考試題賞析1 高考對謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查例析1). In some parts of

15、 the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served解析 B 因為serve是及物動詞，其動作承受者tea作主語，表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing解析

16、 C Ted是kill的承受者，用被動語態(tài)，且Ted救人發(fā)生在過去，所以用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting解析 A “house”和“paint”應(yīng)該是被動的關(guān)系，排除B，D。后者未搬進(jìn)新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)。不能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示習(xí)慣性動作，排除C。4). When and wher

17、e to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided解析 D decide是及物動詞，動作的發(fā)出者通常是人，句中的主語是動作的承受者，所以decide要用被動語態(tài)。從題干的語境和關(guān)鍵詞yet，可判斷用現(xiàn)在完成時，不定式做主語用單數(shù)，故用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn

18、 that four-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春2001）A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked解析 B 句中tickets是book(訂票)的承受者，主謂為被動關(guān)系，又因票已被訂出應(yīng)發(fā)生在entered the office這個過去動作之前，所以要用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。2高考對非謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查當(dāng)非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為動作的承受者時, 須用被動式。弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的執(zhí)行與承受關(guān)系是掌握非謂語動詞語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。1). Having a trip abroa

19、d is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen解析 B 根據(jù)題意，那對老夫婦是否到國外旅行是將來的動作，應(yīng)使用不定式，故排除掉C、D兩項；又因remains的邏輯主語it是動詞see說表示動作的承受者，即“到國外旅行”這件事，這件事有待于“被決定”，應(yīng)使用動詞不定式的被動形式。2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _

20、into buying something they dont really need. （上海1996）A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded解析 C cant help doing “禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顧客應(yīng)是“被勸說”購物的，要用動名詞的被動語態(tài)。3）. I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D.

21、should blame解析 A feel的賓語從句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，在某些場合可用不定式的主動語態(tài)表示被動語態(tài)，如to blame， to let等?！緩?qiáng)化訓(xùn)練】1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept；will have toB are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, wit

22、h artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed3. - _ the sports meet might be put off- Yes，it all depends on the weatherA I've been told B I've toldC I'm told D I told4. I need one more stamp before my coll

23、ection _.A. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been desig

24、nedB. had been designedC. was designedD. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set upB. have taken place;

25、 have been set upC. have taken place; have set upD. were taken place; were set up9. That suit _ over 60 dollars.A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost10. - Look! Everything here is under construction.- Whats the pretty small house that _ for?A. is being built B. has been builtC. is built D. is building11.- Do you like the material?- Yes, it _ very soft.A. is feeling B. feltC. feels D. is felt12. It is difficult for a foreigner _ ChineseA write B to writeC to be written D written13. I have no more letters _ ，thank youA to type B typingC to be typed D type