(完整)初一英語(yǔ)美文朗誦

1、初一英語(yǔ)美文朗誦開展課外美文閱讀對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)文大有益處,但要抓好并非易事.它不僅僅是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生多看,還要采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄒI(lǐng)學(xué)生自主地走進(jìn)讀本,內(nèi)化、吸收蘊(yùn)含在字里行間的真諦,孕育出富有個(gè)性的美文.整理了初一英語(yǔ)美文,歡送閱讀!SkyscrapersandEnvironmentInthelate1960's,manypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheirattentiontoenvironmentalproblems,andnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswerewidelycriticized.Ecologistspointedo

2、utthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublictransportationandparkinglotcapacities.Skyscrapersarealsolavishconsumers,andwasters,ofelectricpower.Inonerecentyear,theadditionof17millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraisedthepeakdailydemandforelectricityby120,000kilowatts-en

3、oughtosupplytheentirecityofAlbany,NewYork,foraday.Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.Theheatloss(orgain)throughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimesthatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthestrainonheatingandair-conditioningequipment,buildersofskyscrapersh

4、avebeguntousedouble-glazedpanelsofglass,andreflectiveglassescoatedwithsilverorgoldmirrorfilmsthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.However,mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairandaffectneighboringbuildings.Skyscrapersputaseverestrainonacity'ssanitationfacilities,too.Iffull

5、yoccupied,thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear-asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford,Connecticut,whichhasapopulationofmorethan109,000.摩天大樓與環(huán)境60年代后期,許多北美人把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了環(huán)境問題,那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到了廣泛的批評(píng).生態(tài)學(xué)家指出,城市中密集的高層建筑經(jīng)常給公共交通與停車場(chǎng)的承載水平造成過重的負(fù)擔(dān).摩天大樓還是電能的過度消費(fèi)者與浪費(fèi)者.最

6、近的某一年,紐約市摩天寫字樓1,700萬(wàn)英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的最高日需求量提高了120,000千瓦.這些電能足以供紐約的整個(gè)奧爾巴尼市使用一天.玻璃外表的摩天大樓特別地浪費(fèi).通過半英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失或增加的熱量是典型的參加絕緣板的石墻所允許的熱量損失或增加的十倍以上.為了減輕取暖設(shè)備或空調(diào)設(shè)備的壓力,摩天大樓的建造者們已經(jīng)開始使用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃,來減少?gòu)?qiáng)光照射和熱量的增加;但是,鏡面的摩天大樓會(huì)提升周圍空氣的溫度并會(huì)對(duì)附近的建筑物產(chǎn)生影響.摩天大樓也對(duì)城市的衛(wèi)生設(shè)施造成了沉重的壓力.單單紐約市的二個(gè)世界貿(mào)易中央大樓如果完全被占滿的話,每年就會(huì)產(chǎn)生

7、2,250,000加侖的污水.這相當(dāng)于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這樣大的城市一年所產(chǎn)生的污水量,而康州的斯坦福市擁有109,000人口.初一英語(yǔ)美文篇二ScientificTheoriesInscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.Atheoryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbeproduced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticm

8、oleculartheory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinconstantmotion.Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsthathavenotasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperimentstotestthetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescient

9、ists'predictions,thetheoryissupported.Ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfurther.Theremaybeafaultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformationandperformingexperiments.Factsbythem

10、selvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJulesHenriPoincaresaid,"Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse."Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearnedabouta

11、particularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartoftheinvestigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionstotheproblemareformulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientist'sthinkingbeyo

12、ndtheknownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesobservationstotesthypotheses.Withouthypothesis,furtherinvestigationlackspurposeanddirection.Whenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.科學(xué)理論在科學(xué)中,理論是對(duì)所觀察到的相關(guān)事件的合理解釋.理論通常包含一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的模型,這個(gè)模型幫助科學(xué)家設(shè)想所觀察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的.分子運(yùn)動(dòng)理論便是

13、我們能找到的一個(gè)很好的例子.在這個(gè)理論中,氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)的小顆粒組成.一個(gè)有用的理論,除了能夠解釋過去的觀測(cè),還有助于預(yù)測(cè)那些未被觀測(cè)到的事件.一個(gè)理論公開后,科學(xué)家們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)這個(gè)理論.如果觀察證實(shí)了科學(xué)家的預(yù)言,這個(gè)理論那么得到了驗(yàn)證.如果觀察不能證實(shí)科學(xué)家的預(yù)言,科學(xué)家就必須進(jìn)一步的研究.或許是實(shí)驗(yàn)存在錯(cuò)誤,或許是這個(gè)理論必須被修改或拋棄.科學(xué)家除了收集信息和操作實(shí)驗(yàn)外還需要想象水平和創(chuàng)/造性思維.事實(shí)本身并不是科學(xué).正如數(shù)學(xué)家喬斯;亨利;波恩克爾所說："科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)之上,就像房子用磚砌成一樣.但事實(shí)的收集不能被稱作科學(xué),就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣.

14、"多數(shù)科學(xué)家通過找出別的科學(xué)家在一個(gè)特定問題上的所知來開始研究.在收集了事實(shí)之后,科學(xué)家開始了研究中需要相當(dāng)想像力的局部.他們此后擬訂對(duì)這個(gè)問題的可行的解決方法.這些可行的解決方式被稱為假設(shè).在某種意義上,任何假設(shè)都是向未知的跳躍.它使科學(xué)家的思維超越事實(shí).科學(xué)家方案實(shí)驗(yàn)、計(jì)算、觀測(cè)以檢驗(yàn)假定.假設(shè)沒有假設(shè),進(jìn)一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向.當(dāng)假設(shè)被證實(shí)了,就成為理論的一局部.初一英語(yǔ)美文篇三SchoolingandEducationItiscommonlybelievedintheUnitedStatesthatschooliswherepeoplegotogetaneduca

15、tion.Nevertheless,ithasbeensaidthattodaychildreninterrupttheireducationtogotoschool.Thedistinctionbetweenschoolingandeducationimpliedbythisremarkisimportant.Educationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanschooling.Educationknowsnobounds.Itcantakeplaceanywhere,whetherintheshowerorinthejob,whetherin

16、akitchenoronatractor.Itincludesboththeformallearningthattakesplaceinschoolsandthewholeuniverseofinformallearning.Theagentsofeducationcanrangefromareveredgrandparenttothepeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,fromachildtoadistinguishedscientist.Whereasschoolinghasacertainpredictability,educationquiteoftenp

17、roducessurprises.Achanceconversationwithastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.Peopleareengagedineducationfrominfancyon.Education,then,isaverybroad,inclusiveterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschool,andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone&#39

18、;sentirelife.Schooling,ontheotherhand,isaspecific,formalizedprocess,whosegeneralpatternvarieslittlefromonesettingtothenext.Throughoutacountry,childrenarriveatschoolatapproximatelythesametime,takeassignedseats,aretaughtbyanadult,usesimilartextbooks,dohomework,takeexams,andsoon.Theslicesofrealitythata

19、retobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstandingoftheworkingsofgovernment,haveusuallybeenlimitedbytheboundariesofthesubjectbeingtaught.Forexample,highschoolstudentsknowthattheyarenotlikelytofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpoliticalproblemsintheircommunitiesorwhatthenewestfilmmakersareexperimenti