中考復(fù)習(xí)專題介詞和連詞

1、.專題五 介詞和連詞 介詞 介詞屬于虛詞，不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分，它一般與后面的名詞、代詞等組成介詞短語，在句子中充當(dāng)定語、狀語、表語和賓補(bǔ)。一、常用介詞的根本用法一表示時(shí)間的介詞1. at表示時(shí)刻、時(shí)間點(diǎn)或泛指中午夜晚：at 5 oclock at the moment at night2.in 表示時(shí)間段、年月、季節(jié)或泛指上午、下午和晚上：in spring in July in 2019 in the year in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in后跟時(shí)間段也可表示“之內(nèi)，一般用于將來時(shí)態(tài)中，如：I will come back

2、 in a week. In a few minutes, he will call you.3.on 指詳細(xì)的某一天或某一天的上午、下午和晚上：on Thursday on June 3,2019 on the morning of Sunday4. after“之后，不受時(shí)態(tài)的限制：I will come back after 12 oclock. After a week= A week later, he received the letter. after+時(shí)間段=時(shí)間段+later5.for+時(shí)間段表示持續(xù)了多長時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)“自從以來常用于如今完成時(shí)中：Jack

3、has stayed in China for a week. Jack has stayed in China since Monday.6.untiltill“直到，與not連用表示“直到才：My mother waited me until 6 oclock. He didnt return until the end of this year.通常，在肯定句中untiltill與延續(xù)性動詞連用，在否認(rèn)句中，它與終止性動詞連用。7.from to“從到：The pictures will be on show from Monday to Friday. 這個(gè)介詞構(gòu)造也可表示地點(diǎn)，如：H

4、e runs from the school to his home.8.during“在期間：Professor Wang visited many museums during his stay in France.9.by“不遲于，到之前：We must finish the work by the end of this month.10.before“在之前：Youd better go to bed before 10 oclock.11.throughthroughout“從頭到尾，整個(gè)晚上、天、年：Its harmful to work through/ throughout

5、the night.二表示方位地點(diǎn)的介詞1.in“在里面或“在某地，通常指大地點(diǎn)：in China arrive in Beijing2.at“在某個(gè)地點(diǎn)，通常指小地方：at the airport at the hospital3.on“在上面，指有接觸面：on the table on the tree on the wall 注意比照：over“在的正上方，沒有接觸面，與under相對：Look at the bridge over the river. There is a ball under the table. above“在的正上方，有接觸面，與below相對：There is

6、 a flag above the blackboard.4.inside“在內(nèi)部，與它對應(yīng)的是outside“在外部：It is warmer inside the room. Outside the door, the boys are playing.5.near“在附近：A new building is being built near our school.6.beside“在旁邊：The boy sits beside his father.7.by“在近處，靠近，意思與near和beside相近：There are many trees by the river.8.next

7、to“緊靠 、在隔壁：She lives next to us.9.in front of“在前面：She stood in front of the teacher.注意與in the front of“在內(nèi)部的前面的區(qū)別，如：We can see the blackboard in the front of the classroom.10.behind“在之后：Dad planted an apple tree behind the house.11.between“在兩者之間，among“在多者之中：There is a railway between the two cities.

8、You can discuss the question among you.12.around 和round“在周圍，美國人多用around，英國人多用round：The children are playing around/ round the table.三表示運(yùn)動方向的介詞1.at“朝著，向著，表指向某一固定點(diǎn)；to“通往方向，到某地；towards“朝向某一方向，但不一定到達(dá)：Dont shoot at me. Can you show me the way to the station? He walks to the school everyday.他每天走路去學(xué)校。He ru

9、ns towards the school. 他朝著學(xué)校的方向跑。2.up“向上，往高處：Lets climb up the mountain and breathe the fresh air.3.down“往下，“沿著同along：The children run down the hill. Walk down/ along the road and you will see a post office.4.across“穿過，橫過，表示從外表通過注：cross v.穿過，crossing n. 十字架，十字路口；through表示從內(nèi)部穿過；by表從旁邊走過、路過：The river

10、runs through the city. Be careful when you walk across the street. I passed by the museum this morning.5.for+目的地，“到，以為目的地：Dr. Liu has left for Washington.6.off“分開，落下，相當(dāng)于away from或down from：The birds fly off the tree. The glass fell off the o“進(jìn)入內(nèi)部；與它相對的是out of“從出來：The thief broke into the

11、shop and run out of it with several bags of money.8.onto“到之上，比on更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作：He got onto the bus and left.9.round/ around“環(huán)繞，圍繞：The earth moves round/ around the sun.四表示方式手段的介詞1.with“用某種工具、身體某一部分、方法等：I write with my new pen. People usually work with their hands in the past. 2.in“用某種語言、材料等：She can sing in J

12、apanese. The teacher writes in red chalk.注：用with時(shí)，名詞前加物主代詞或冠詞；用in時(shí)，后跟物質(zhì)名詞，名詞前不加物主代詞或冠詞。3.by“通過某種手段或方法等：Are you going to send the package by air mail?表示搭乘交通工具時(shí)，by/ on+交通工具，但in+限定詞+交通工具，如：by bus, by plane, on foot, in my car等。4.as“作為，以身份，“如同：We study English as a second language. He works here as a te

13、acher. We should unite as a man.5.like“像一樣，可和系動詞連用：They play together like brothers.五表示原因或目的的介詞1.for"因?yàn)?quot;“為了：The city is famous for its beauty.2.because of“因?yàn)椋篧e have to put off our travel plan because of the bad weather.3.at“因?yàn)槎l(fā)某種情感或行為，有時(shí)可換成with：He became angry with/ at his sons bad deed

14、.4.out of“出于：He studies physics out of the great interest.六其他介詞1.about/ on“關(guān)于：What are you talking about? I am reading a book on the war.2.without“沒有：We can hardly live without water.3.with“和，具有，伴隨：With whom will you go to travel? Bring an umbrella with you.4.besides“除之外，還有包括在內(nèi)，except和but“除之外，其余都不包括

15、，but多與不定代詞連用：Besides Jack, all students pass.杰克也通過了考試 We do exercise except/ but on the rainy day.雨天時(shí)，我們不鍛煉。二、省略介詞的幾種情況一在表示時(shí)間的短語中，假設(shè)有this, that, these, those, next, last, one, some, any, all, every和each修飾時(shí)：each year this morning next week二what time前的at常被省略：What time will the TV program be shown?At 8

16、:00 p.m.三in this/ that way, in the same way短語中，介詞in常被省略：Please follow me this way.三、幾組常見介詞辨析一“除了besides, except, except for, except that, butbesides除了之外還包括，except除了之外不包括，but與except同義，但常與不定代詞連用。這三個(gè)介詞后可以跟名詞，動名詞，代詞和從句。except that與except同義，但只能跟從句。except for表示除了一些瑕疵之外，強(qiáng)調(diào)部分地修正；此外，所除去的部分往往和整體不屬于一類，如：Your c

17、omposition is good except for some spelling mistakes. The street is empty except for a car.二“關(guān)于about, on, ofabout側(cè)重于與人或事物有關(guān)的事跡或情況；on側(cè)重于闡述或論及相對重大的理論、學(xué)術(shù)等問題；相對而言of，那么是粗略地涉及人或事物的情況。三表示方位的in, on, to, offDABCB is in the east of AC is on the east of AD is to the east of Ain表示在某地范圍之內(nèi)；on表示在某地邊境上，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩地相鄰；to那么強(qiáng)

18、調(diào)在某地之外，兩地之間有一定間隔 ，但假如兩地是在海域中相離那么用off。四for和to表示后置的間接賓語1. buy, cook, fetch, get, find, make, order, save, sing, pay +sth. +for +sb.2. bring, leave, lend, offer, pass, read, teach, promise, give, write, send +sth. + to +sb.五for與of表示不定式復(fù)合構(gòu)造的邏輯主語It +be+ adj. +for +sb. +to do sth.當(dāng)形容詞說明不定式動作的性質(zhì)特征時(shí)用for, fo

19、r“對于某人來說做某事怎么樣。It +be +adj. +of +sb. + to do sth.當(dāng)形容詞說明對邏輯主語的評價(jià)時(shí)用of，of“某人做了某事如何。 連 詞 和介詞一樣，連詞也屬于虛詞，不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分，它只能用來連接單詞、短語、從句或句子。按語法意義，連詞可分為并列連詞和附屬連詞。一、并列連詞一and“和，而且，三者或三者以上并列，只需在最后兩者間加and，前面各個(gè)之間用“，：He got up and dressed himself. The woman bought apples, peas and meat in the supermarket.二or“或者；“否那么=

20、 otherwise：He or she will tell you the truth. Youd better read carefully the book, or you cant learn something.三but“但是，然而：He tried hard, but still failed.注意比照：but通常位于句中，其后緊跟句子，不用“，相隔；however可單獨(dú)用，位于句首或句中，后有“，：He tried hard, however, he still failed.四sotherefore“因此，所以：She is busy collecting materials,

21、 so/ therefore she can finish the report.五both and “和都：Both Mary and her sister study in this school.六either or“或者 或者：Either you or your friend is going to hand in the report.七neither nor“既不也不：He has neither eaten nor drunk the whole day.八not only but also“不僅而且：Not only my mum but also my dad has be

22、en my friend.注：both and構(gòu)造是復(fù)數(shù)概念，做主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);either or, neithernor和not onlybut also構(gòu)造做主語時(shí)，應(yīng)遵照就近原那么，即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由最靠近的部分主語決定。二、附屬連詞附屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)從句。一引導(dǎo)賓語從句：that, whether, if, 如：He told me that he had moved to the town.口語中，that可省略二多數(shù)附屬連詞用于引導(dǎo)狀語從句：三when, while, as“當(dāng) 的時(shí)候：when運(yùn)用范圍較廣，可表示“在一段時(shí)間中的時(shí)候，也指“正在這時(shí)，如：Mum is

23、cooking when I return. The phone rang when I entered the room. while強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動作同時(shí)發(fā)生，它引導(dǎo)的從句謂語動詞應(yīng)為延續(xù)性動詞；有時(shí)，while含有“而的意思，表示比照關(guān)系：While we were talking, he came in.The boy is doing his homework, while his sister is sleeping.as 強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動作同時(shí)發(fā)生，甚至主句的動作隨從句的行為變化而變化，“在過程中： The children sang as they walked. As he

24、was young, he read many useful books.四because, since, as“因?yàn)?，由于，不與so連用：They didnt go to have a picnic because it rained. Since everybody is here, lets start our meeting. As you are ready, show your opinion first.注：because表直接原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)因果關(guān)系；since語氣不如because強(qiáng)，表附帶或間接的音素，含有“既然之意；as語氣最弱，“由于，多用于口語中。答復(fù)why的問題，只能用

25、because答復(fù)，引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句通常放在主句之后；since和as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的位置可前可后。五although, though“盡管，不與but連用：Although/ Though dad was very tired, he went on working until deep night.六as soon as“一 就：She called as soon as she came back.七After“之后，before“之前：Mr. Hill drove back after he finished the work. Tom drugs a deep hole in

26、the garden before he plants a young tree.例題精析例1.There is no light in his room. Where can he have gone _ such a cold night?A. during B. in C. on D. at解析：“在晚上應(yīng)用at night，但假如特指某一個(gè)晚上、早晨、下午等時(shí)間，那么用介詞on。這些表示時(shí)間的名詞前往往有修飾詞。答案：C。例2.They had a pleasant chat _ a cup of coffee.A. for B. with C. during D. over解析：此題

27、考察介詞的搭配。To chat over a cup of coffee意思為邊喝咖啡邊聊，over“邊邊。for和during作為“在期間之意時(shí)通常后面加時(shí)間段，而且during是連詞，后面只能跟從句。with“隨著表原因或伴隨的狀態(tài)。答案：D 。例3._ you call me to say youre not going to the play, Ill see you at the theatre.A. Once B. As long as C. Unless D. As soon as解析：once一旦，as long as 只要，unless 除非， 相當(dāng)于if not, as s

28、oon as 一就根據(jù)題意應(yīng)選C 。例4. As I was about to speak _ you interrupted me.A. / B. when C. as D. but解析：此題的陷阱就在于be about to do往往和when搭配，表示“剛要做某事的時(shí)候發(fā)生了什么，所以較容易誤選B 。實(shí)際上，題目句首已經(jīng)有了連詞as當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，故沒有必要再加其他連詞。答案：A 。 專題測試1. I will not believe it _ I have seen it with my own eyes.A. after B. until C. when D. since2. It is

29、_ hot _ cold in this place all the year round, so it attracts so many tourists every year.A. both, and B. either, or C. neither, nor D. not only, but also3. Please hurry up, _ you will be late for the meeting.A. or B. but C. and D. so4._ my surprise, they didnt quarrel with each other.A. To B. In C.

30、 On D. At5. Japan lies _ the east of China.A. at B. in C. on D. off6. The Great Wall winds its way _ a lot of high mountains.A. over B. across C.through D.above7. He stepped into the slightly _ he might wake up the sleeping baby.A. in order that B. in case C. so D. so that8.Many people die _an early

31、 age_heart illness.A. on, from B. in, of C. at, of D. to, from9.The plan is all right,_,it can be made better.A. but B. while C. so D. however10. We are copying the new words _ our teacher came in.A. while B. as C. when D. unless11._ laziness, no one likes to get on with him.A. As B. For C. Because

32、D. With12. The patient will have to wait all day _ the doctor works faster.A. unless B. whether C. if D. that13. Somebody wants you on the telephone._ no one knows I am here.A. For B. And C. But D. So14. It was some time _ we realized the truth.A. when B. until C. since D. before15. It is snowing outside, _ it is so bright at night.A. because B. for C. as D. since16. I dont like singing _ dancing. What about you?I dont like dancing,_ I like singing.A.and, but B.and, and C.or, but D.but, or17. John seems to be a nice person, _ , I dont trust him.A.even so B.even though C.therefore D.