中考復(fù)習專題 非謂語動詞

1、. 專題九 非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式、動名詞和動詞分詞如今分詞和過去分詞，在句子中都不能做謂語非謂語動詞，它們具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的功能，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。其否認式是在其前面直接加not。它們的構(gòu)成和在句中的功能如下：非謂語動詞構(gòu)成形式 功能動詞不定式to+v動詞原形主語、賓語、定語、表語、狀語、賓語補足語 動名詞 v. ing 主語、賓語、定語動詞分詞如今分詞v.ing 定語、表語、狀語、賓語補足語過去分詞v.ed非謂語動詞的句法功能：主語表語賓語補語定語狀語同位語不定式動詞ing極少過去分詞一不定式1.不定式的用法1作主語。不定式短語作主語時，往往用i

2、t作形式主語，如：To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking.2作賓語。不定式短語作賓語時，如帶有賓語補足語，往往把其放在賓語補足語之后，而用it作形式賓語。如：He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study with him.3作賓語補足語。如：He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補

3、足語中，不定式不帶to. 但是這些句子假如變成被動構(gòu)造時，就必須帶to，如：He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式動詞在介詞but, except，besides后面時，假如這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后的不定式省略to，如：She could do nothing but cry.4作定語，通常后置，如：I have some books to read.注意：作定語的不定式中含有的介詞或副詞不能省略。He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry

4、 about.但是，不定式所修飾的名詞假如是time, place或way，不定式后面的介詞習慣上要省去。如：He had no place to live.5作狀語，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。如：I came here to see you.目的 To look at him, you would like him.條件We were very excited to hear the news.原因He hurried to the school to find nobody there.結(jié)果6作表語。如：My job is to help the patient.7作獨立成分。如：To

5、tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.8不定式與疑問詞who, which, when, where, how, what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當主語、表語、賓語等。如：He didnt know what to say.賓語How to solve the problem is very important.主語 My question is when to start.表語2.不定式的時態(tài)1不定式的一般形式所表示的動作通常與謂語的動作狀態(tài)同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。to do2假如謂語表示的動作情況發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在

6、進展，這時不定式就要用進展式，如：I am very glad to be working with you.3不定式的語態(tài)當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.二動名詞1.動名詞的用法1作主語。如：Seeing is believing. It is no use arguing with him.注意：動名詞和不定式都可以作主語，動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的屢次性行為，不定式作主語表示詳細的或一次性的動作。但在It is no use/ good, n

7、ot any use/ good, useless等后必須用動名詞。2作表語。如：Her job is teaching.3作賓語。如：I like swimming.注意admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel. Like, finish, forgive, give up ,imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant hel

8、p, cant stand等動詞后只能用動名詞作賓語。forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等動詞可帶動名詞或不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別。forget to do忘記要做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事forget doing忘記做了某事 try to do 盡力去做某事remember to do記住要做某事 try doing試著做某事remember doing記著做了某事 learn to do 學著去做某事mean to do有意要做某事 learn doing學會做某事mean doing意

9、味著做了某事 stop to do 停下來去做另一件事regret to do對要做的事表示遺憾 stop doing 停頓做某事regret doing對做過去的事懊悔 go on to do 接著做另外一件事cant help to do不能幫助做某事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做某事在allow, advise, forbid, permit等動詞后直接跟動詞作賓語時，要用動名詞形式，假如后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，然后再跟動詞作賓語補足語時，其賓語補足語用帶to的不定式。動詞need, require, want作“需要解，其后跟動詞作它的賓語時，必須用動名詞或不定式的被動式，動名詞的主

10、動式表示被動意義，如：The window needsrequires, wantscleaningto be cleaned在短語devote to, look forward to, stick to, to be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, bekept busy, be worth, have difficulty/ trouble/ problemin, have a good/ wonderful/ hard timein, theres no use/ good等后也必須用動名詞形式。worth, worth

11、y, worth while都為形容詞，意為“值得。a. worth: be worth + n.當名詞為金錢時，表示“值得be worth doing sth.“某事值得被做，動名詞主動形式表示被動意義：The question is not worth discussing.b. worthy: be worthy of +n.當名詞為抽象名詞時表示“值得be worthy to be done be worthy of being done“某事值得被做：The question is not worthy to be discussed.c. worth while: be worth

12、 while to do sth. Be worth while doing sth.“值得做某事be worth ones while to do“值得某人去做4作定語。如：He has a reading room.2.動名詞的復(fù)合構(gòu)造動名詞的復(fù)合構(gòu)造由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成，在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞，如：She didnt mind his crying.3.動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。1動名詞的時態(tài)假如動名詞的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或在謂語動詞以前發(fā)生，用動名詞的一般式。如：We are interested in playin

13、g chess.假如動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常用動名詞的完成時態(tài)。如：Im sorry for not having kept my promise.主語是這個動名詞表示的動作的對象時，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)由“being+過去分詞或“having been+過去分詞構(gòu)成。如：He was afraid of being left at home.三分詞1.分詞的用法1作定語單個分詞做定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語做定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：The man standing by the window is our teacher.2作狀語分詞或分詞短

14、語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。注意：分詞短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞while, when, as等引導(dǎo)?！皐ithwithout+賓語+分詞的構(gòu)造，表示伴隨狀況。注意其中賓語就是分詞的邏輯主語，因此要根據(jù)分詞和邏輯主語之間是主被動關(guān)系來分別選用如今分詞還是過去分詞，如：He came in, with a book taken. He came in, with a dog following.當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，分詞必須有自己的主語，如：Time permitting, I will finish

15、 another lesson.3作表語。如：The news is inspiring. The glass is broken.4作賓語補足語。如：We saw the teacher making the experiment.注意：在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice等動詞后，既可以用如今分詞和不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，但兩者的含義是有差異的，用如今分詞，表示動作正在發(fā)生即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有完畢，用不定式表示動作發(fā)生了即動作全過程完畢了。have+賓語+如今分詞，表示“使某人或某物一直做。 have+賓語+過

16、去分詞，表示“使某人或某物被，強調(diào)被動；have +賓語+省略to的不定式，表示“使某人或某物做，強調(diào)主動。但是，當have作為“有的意思的時候，可以說，have+ sth. +to +do,“有某事要去做，但假如動作的施行者不是have的主語，那么不定式應(yīng)用被動式，因為此時不定式的邏輯主語是sth. ，如：I have a letter to type. Mr. White, do you have the letter to be typed? I can help you.2.分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1分詞分為如今分詞和過去分詞。如今分詞有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生

17、的行為；完成式having+過去分詞表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。2如今分詞有一般式和完成式，且有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，當句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時，分詞用被動語態(tài)，假如要強調(diào)分詞的動作先于謂語動作，就用分詞完成式的被動形式。如：The question being discussed is important.Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.過去分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作，本身有被動的含義，所以只有一般式?jīng)]有完成式。【例題精析】例1. _ in the mountains for

18、 a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing答案：B 。例2. You were silly not _ your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked答案：B 。例3. When I got back home, I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you. Will

19、 call later.A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading答案：D 。 專題測試1. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing2. Do you know the boy _ under the big tree?A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying3. She pretended _ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not

20、 seeing C. to not see D. having not seen4. _ more attention, the tree could have grown better.A. Give B. To give C. Giving D. Having been given5. Jane was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing6. She said she was sorry _ the train, so she had to st

21、ay here for another day.A. missing B. having missed C. to miss D. to have missed7. I happened _ the story when she told me about it.A. having heard of B. to have heard of C. to be heard of D. to hear of8. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay

22、 here.A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added9.You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done10._ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not

23、 received11. “Its very kind of you, Tom said to me,_ my hand.A. shaking B. shaken C. to shake D. shook12. Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting13. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though ha

24、d been told C. He was told D. Having told14. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the pathA. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest15. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to

25、not make16. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C. , did not include women plays until 1912.A. first holding B. to be first held C. first held D. to be first holding17. Saying always has less difficulty than _.A. done B. doing C. to do D. having do18.The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot _ .A.

26、 turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off19.Did you watch TV last night? No, I didnt want to stop _ my composition.A. write B. to write C. for writing D. writing20. The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldnt make himself _ .A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. hear

27、d21. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying22. Janet was angry at _ .A. my not waiting for her B. I didnt wait for her C. me not wait for her D. me to not wait for her23. I prefer staying at home _

28、 the theater.A. to go to B. for going to C. to going to D. rather than go24._ afraid _ behind, Bill studied even harder than ever before.A. To be, of falling B. Being, fall C. Being, of falling D. To be, to fall25. Please get someone _ the washing machine. I want to get it _ as soon as possible.A. to repair, to be repaired B. repair, repaired C. to repair, repairing D. to repair, repaired26. When _, water can be changed into vapor.A. heated B. being heated C. having been heated D. to heat27. The building _ next month will be a modern hospital.A. built B