醫(yī)學(xué)英語呼吸系統(tǒng)

1、Medical Terminology（3）The Respiratory System呼吸系統(tǒng) 劉帥研究生英語教研室（綜合樓110） Introduction of the Respiratory system The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism. Because these gases must be carr

2、ied to and from the cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.The Lung:Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs, two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity. A double membrane, t

3、he pleura(胸膜), covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura(胸膜壁層); the inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs is the visceral pleura(胸膜臟層). The very thin, fluid-filled space between the tw

4、o layers of the pleura is the pleural space(胸膜腔).Upper Respiratory Passageway： Air enters through the nose, where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. Cilia(纖毛), microscopic hair-like projections from the cells that line the n

5、ose, sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination. Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat is called sputum(痰). Inhaled air passes into the throat, or pharynx(咽), where it mixes with air that enters through the mouth and also wit

6、h food destined for the digestive tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions: (1) an upper portion, the nasopharynx(鼻咽), behind the nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the oropharynx(口咽), behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the laryngeal pharynx(喉咽), behind the larynx. The palatine tonsi

7、ls(腭扁桃體) are on either side of the soft palate(軟腭) in the oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids(咽扁桃體), are in the nasopharynx.Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs The pharynx conducts air into the trachea, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage(軟骨) to prevent its collapse. C

8、ilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by swallowing or by expectoration(咳痰). The larynx is shaped by nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adams apple.” The opening between the

9、 vocal cords is the glottis(聲門). The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the epiglottis(會厭). When one swallows, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right

10、and a left main stem bronchus(支氣管干) that enter the lungs. The right bronchus is shorter and wider; it divides into three secondary bronchi that enter the three lobes(肺葉) of the right lung. The left bronchus divides into two branches that supply the two lobes of the left lung. The smallest of the con

11、ducting tubes, the bronchioles(細支氣管), carry air into the microscopic air sacs, the aveoli(肺泡), whrough which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.The Process of Breathing:Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called ventilation. This consists

12、of a steady cycle of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the phrenic nerve(膈神經(jīng)) stimulates the diaphragm(隔膜) to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.I Suffix for RespirationROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE

13、-pneabreathingorthopneaDifficulty in breathing except in an upright position(端坐呼吸)-oxiaLevel of oxygenhypoxiaDecreased amount of oxygen in the tissues(缺/低氧)-capniaLevel of carbon dioxidehypercapniaIncreased carbon dioxide in the tissues(高碳酸血癥)-phoniavoicedysphoniaDifficulty in speaking(發(fā)音困難)Exercise

14、 1: Use the suffix -pnea to build a word with each of the following meanings:1. painful or difficult breathing dyspnea2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing 3. lack of (a-) of breathing 4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathingDyspnea(呼吸困難呼吸困難) Eupnea(平靜呼吸平靜呼吸) Apnea(呼吸暫停呼吸暫停) Tachypnea(呼吸急促呼吸急促)II Roots for the

15、Respiration PassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLENas/o(拉丁詞源)noseNasalPertaining to the noseRhin/o(希臘詞源) noserhinorrheaDischarge from the nose(鼻漏)Pharyng/opharynxpharyngealPertaining to the pharynx(咽的)Laryng/olarynxlaryngoscopyEndoscopic exam of the larynx(喉鏡檢查)Trache/otracheatracheotome

16、Instrument used to incise the trachea(氣管刀)II Roots for the Respiration PassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEBronch/o, bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginating in a bronchus(支氣管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronchiolectasisDilatation of the bronchioles(細支氣管擴張)Exercise 2 :Write a word for each of

17、the following definitions:1. near the nose paranasal 2. inflammation of the pharynx 3. pertaining to the larynx 4. endoscopic examination of a bronchus 5. inflammation of the bronchioles6. narrowing(-stenosis) of a bronchus7. plastic repair of the larynx8. surgical incision of the tracheaParanasal (

18、鼻側(cè)的) pharyngitis(咽炎) laryngeal bronchoscopy (支氣管鏡檢) bronchiolitis(毛細支氣管炎) bronchostenosis (支氣管狹窄) laryngoplasty(喉成形術(shù)) tracheotomy (氣管切開術(shù)) Define the following words (note the adjectival endings):9. intranasal within the nose10. bronchiolar 11. bronchiectasis 12. peribronchial 13. endotracheal 14. na

19、sopharyngeal9. within the nose10.pertaining to a bronchiole11. dilatation of the bronchi12. around the bronchi13. within the trachea14. pertaining to the nose and pharynxIII Roots for the Lungs and BreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEPhren/oDiaphragmphrenicPertaining to the diaphragmPhre

20、nic/oPhrenic nervephrenicotripsyCrushing of the phrenic nerve(膈神經(jīng)壓扎術(shù))Pleur/oPleurapleurodesisFusion of the pleura(胸膜固定術(shù))Pulm/o, pulmon/o(拉丁語源)LungsintrapulmonaryWithin the lungsPneumon/o(希臘語源)lungpneumonectomySurgical removal of a lung or lung tissue(肺切除術(shù))III Roots for the Lungs and BreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLESpir/oBreathing spirometerInstrument for measuring breathing volumes(肺活量計)Pneum/o, pneumat/oAir, gas; also respiration, lungpneumatocardiaPresence of air in the heart (心腔積氣)Exercise 3：