化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一、元素和單質(zhì)的命名“元素”和“單質(zhì)”的英文意思都是“element”，有時(shí)為了區(qū)別，在強(qiáng)調(diào)“單質(zhì)”時(shí)可用“free element”。因此，單質(zhì)的英文名稱(chēng)與元素的英文名稱(chēng)是一樣的。下面給出的既是元素的名稱(chēng)，同時(shí)又是單質(zhì)的名稱(chēng)。1主族元素和單質(zhì)： IAIIAIIIAIV AV AVIAVIIA0HydrogenHeliumLithiumBerylliumboronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgonPotassium Ca

2、lciumGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKryptonRubidiumStrontiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFranciumRadium2過(guò)渡元素和單質(zhì)Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二化合物的命名：化合物的命名順序都是根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右讀，這與中文讀法順序是相反的。表示原子

3、個(gè)數(shù)時(shí)使用前綴：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，這些前綴都盡可能被省去。1 化合物正電荷部分的讀法：直呼其名，即讀其元素名稱(chēng)。如CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide 對(duì)于有變價(jià)的金屬元素，除了可用前綴來(lái)表示以外，更多采用羅馬數(shù)字來(lái)表示金屬的氧化態(tài)，或用后綴-ous表示低價(jià)，-ic表示高價(jià)。如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron

4、(III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxideCuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 化合物負(fù)電荷部分的讀法：二元化合物：常見(jiàn)的二元化合物有鹵化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金屬氫化物等，命名時(shí)需要使用后綴-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名稱(chēng)也是用后綴-ide：hydroxide，非金屬氫化物不用此后綴，而

5、是將其看成其它二元化合物（見(jiàn)。）；非最低價(jià)的二元化合物還要加前綴，如O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide舉例：NaF: sodium fluorideAlCl3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3: magnesium nitride Ag2S： silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物質(zhì)常用俗稱(chēng)，如NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide 非金屬氫化物除了水和氨氣使用俗稱(chēng)water，ammonia以外，其它的非金屬氫化物都用系統(tǒng)名稱(chēng)

6、，命名規(guī)則根據(jù)化學(xué)式的寫(xiě)法不同而有所不同。對(duì)于鹵族和氧族氫化物，在化學(xué)式中寫(xiě)在前面，因此將其看成另一元素的二元化合物。舉例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride對(duì)于其它族的非金屬氫化物，在化學(xué)式中寫(xiě)在后面，可加后綴ane，氮族還可加-ine舉例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane

7、 SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane 無(wú)氧酸命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-icacid舉例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid 含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)用前后綴的不同組合顯示不同價(jià)態(tài)的含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價(jià)態(tài)相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子具有相同的前綴，不同的后綴。高某酸per-ic 正酸ic 亞酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate 正酸根ate 亞酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-i

8、te其它的前綴還有ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代舉例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ionHClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidHNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O

9、32- thiosulfate ion 鹽正鹽：根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右分別讀出陽(yáng)離子和陰離子的名稱(chēng)。如FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式鹽：同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的讀做hydrogen，氫原子的個(gè)數(shù)用前綴表示。如NaHCO3: sodium hydrogen carbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate復(fù)鹽：同正鹽的讀法，并且陽(yáng)離子按英文名稱(chēng)的第一個(gè)字母順序讀。如 KNaCO3: potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4

10、HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate水合鹽：結(jié)晶水讀做water或hydrate如AlCl3.6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water三 物理性質(zhì)（physical properties）colour: colorless, red-brown, violet-black, purple-black, pale yellow, dark brownsmell:

11、odorless, pungent, penetrating, offensive, choking, bitter, sour, sweet state: solid, liquid, gas, gaseous, oily, crystalline, uncrystalline, molten, fusedsolubility: soluble, insoluble, slightly soluble, very soluble ,density: heavy, light , less dense, denser, greatly denser, slightly denser, abou

12、t the same densehardness: hard, soft , ductile, malleabletoxicity: toxic, poisonous melting point, boiling point: high, lowconductivity: electrical conductivity ; thermal conductivity ; conductor ; insulator; semiconductor四 化學(xué)性質(zhì) (chemical properties)stability: stable , unstable, reactive, unreactive

13、redox property: oxidizing ability, reducing ability, oxidizing agent(oxidant), reducing agent (reductant), oxidation, reduction, oxidation state, valence, strong, weakacid-base property: acidic, basic, strong, weak, monohydroxy base, monoprotic acid, 五 化學(xué)方程式（Chemical Equations）1 反應(yīng)名稱(chēng)： Combination；de

14、composition；single displacement；double displacement；redox reaction；nonredox reaction；disproportionation；neutralization；exothermic reaction; endothermic reaction; reversible reaction; forward reaction; reverse reaction; spontaneous reaction; nonspontaneous reaction 2 反應(yīng)條件：heat; burn; ignite/ignition

15、; electrolyze/electrolysis; under/at ambient/room temperature; under standard pressure; with/in the presence of a catalyst 3 讀法：3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol a

16、mmonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3

17、.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. 六 化學(xué)計(jì)算 (Chemical Calculation)1 化學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)：atomic mass/weight ; molecular

18、 weight; amount (of substance); mole; number of moles; molar mass; molar volume; concentration; molarity ; excess agent; limiting agent；reactant; product; yield;2 數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)： 運(yùn)算名稱(chēng)additionsubtraction mulplication division動(dòng)詞讀法add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by介詞讀法plusminustimesover運(yùn)算結(jié)果 sumdif

19、ferenceproductquotient0.001 o/zero point o o one2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squared ; x3 x cubed ; x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume)（）round brackets/parentheses square/angul

20、ar brackets braceslinear planar trigonal square tetrahedral 七 化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)（Chemical Experiments ）1 實(shí)驗(yàn)用品( equipments / apparatus ) 燒瓶 round-bottom/Florence flask 錐形瓶(conical) Erlenmeyer flask 三角漏斗funnel 長(zhǎng)頸漏斗thistle tube 試管架test-tube rack 集氣瓶bottle ; glass jar 滴定管burette 燒杯beaker 玻棒glass rod 洗瓶wash bottle 干燥管drying tube 試管刷 test tube brush 溫度計(jì)