lecture 8 翻譯技巧七 語態(tài)變換法

1、 The passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology. In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passiv

2、e voice. Since the passive structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. In fact, a translator tries to render the passive sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic

3、and smooth, not ambiguous or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.A . 把被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成漢語被動(dòng)句把被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成漢語被動(dòng)句1) The company was enjoined from using false advertising.這家商號(hào)被禁止使用虛假廣告。 2) Up to now, sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.到目前為止，二氧化硫一直被看作是這些污

4、染物中最嚴(yán)重的一種。3) All around, the hills were black with oil, and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray. 四周，由于蒙上了一層油，山巒是黑色的，有的山巒則被天然氣和在風(fēng)中飄灑的噴油遮擋住了。4) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飛機(jī)的推力由螺旋槳所產(chǎn)生。TIP: 在行為主體前使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“給”等字,在這類句子中，在“被”、“由”、“受”、“給”等字后面，在動(dòng)詞前面，有一個(gè)名詞作為

5、該動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。Tip：使用“是的”、“為所”句型，這些句子著重說明一件事情是怎樣做或什么時(shí)候、什么地點(diǎn)做的等等。例如：5) Poets are born, but orators are made.詩人是天生的，而演說家則是后天造就的。6). Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.在時(shí)間沙灘上的足跡是走出來的。（喻“不身體力行不足以成事”）7). In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsucce

6、ssful career.近四十歲時(shí)，由于事業(yè)上的挫折，他幾乎為失意所毀。8) The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.運(yùn)動(dòng)定律將在下文中予以討論。9) The details of the facade will be further fitted up to match the interior.鋪面將進(jìn)一步加以裝修，使之與室內(nèi)裝飾渾然一體。使用“加以”、“予以”字樣 表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。1). His pride must be pinched.他這股傲氣應(yīng)該打下去。2).The result of the inven

7、tion of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是，機(jī)械力代替了人力。B . 把被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成漢語主動(dòng)句把被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成漢語主動(dòng)句當(dāng)英語被動(dòng)句中的主語是無生無生命命的名詞，而且句中一般沒有由介詞by引導(dǎo)的行為主體時(shí)，這種句子常?？勺g成漢語的主動(dòng)句，而不需加什么詞。當(dāng)被動(dòng)句中有地點(diǎn)狀語，由介詞“by”引導(dǎo)的方式狀語及“from”等表示的其它狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)可把這種狀語譯成主語，將介詞省略，而把原主語譯成賓語，這樣，就更符合漢語的習(xí)慣。如例2C. 把被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成漢語無主句把被動(dòng)語態(tài)

8、譯成漢語無主句1). Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.有了錢，就會(huì)以錢謀權(quán)。2). If water is heated, the molecules move more quickly.如果把水加熱，水分子就運(yùn)動(dòng)得更快。D. 習(xí)慣譯法習(xí)慣譯法1). Its believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.有人說她那些當(dāng)明星的計(jì)劃全都是些非非遐想罷了。英語中以it 做形式主語，以被動(dòng)語態(tài)作謂語，其后跟一個(gè)由th

9、at引導(dǎo)的主語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)很多。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在譯成漢語時(shí)，除把it一律省略外，通常有兩種處理方法：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)前加“人們”、“有人”、“我們”、“大家”等詞1.用“據(jù)”等短語譯出2). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting.據(jù)估計(jì)，美國人一生中, 在乏味而令人厭煩, 卻又躲避不掉的等待上所耗費(fèi)的時(shí)間,竟達(dá)五年之多。 英語中這種it做形式主語的被動(dòng)句型在各類文章中比比皆是

10、，漢譯時(shí)一般均按主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)譯出。即將原文中的主語從句譯在賓語的位置上，而把it做形式主語的主句譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立語或分句。常見的固定結(jié)構(gòu)如：英語中以it 做形式主語，以被動(dòng)語態(tài)作謂語，其后跟一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的主語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)很多。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在譯成漢語時(shí)，除把it一律省略外，通常有兩種處理方法：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)前加“人們”、“有人”、“我們”、“大家”等詞1.用“據(jù)”等短語譯出It is generally accepted that 一般認(rèn)為；大家公認(rèn) It is alleged that 人們斷言 It is asserted that 有人主張（斷定） It is understood that 人們理解

11、；不用說 It must be realized that 必須了解（認(rèn)識(shí)、明白） It is said that 據(jù)說；一般認(rèn)為 It is suggested that 有人建議 It is believed that 據(jù)信；人們（大家）相信 It is claimed that 有人（人們）主張；人們要求 It is declared that 據(jù)宣稱；人們宣稱 It cannot be denied that 不可否認(rèn) It is estimated that 據(jù)估計(jì)（推算） It has been found that 已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)；實(shí)踐證明 It must be kept in min

12、d that 必須記住 It is known that 眾所周知；大家知道 It has been objected that 有人反駁 It is predicted that 據(jù)估計(jì)；據(jù)預(yù)計(jì) It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道；據(jù)報(bào)告說練習(xí)：1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.3. Our reasonabl

13、e price has already been accepted by Sears, which will lead to further business.4今天邀大家來開座談會(huì)，目的是要和大家交換意見， 5只有你方把現(xiàn)有訂貨量增至我們所確定的最低數(shù)字，我們才能供貨。1有人看見碼頭工人有人看見碼頭工人正從“阿波羅”號(hào)輪船卸化肥。2芬蘭貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)受到受到同行們的熱烈歡迎。3我方合理的價(jià)格已由由西爾斯公司接受，這樣可促成更多的貿(mào)易。4You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on5. We will not be able to dispatch your shipment until your order is large enough to qualify our minimum requirement in size.1有人看見碼頭工人有人看見碼頭工人正從“阿波羅”號(hào)輪船卸化肥。2芬蘭貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)受到受到同行們的熱烈歡迎。3我方合理