操作系統(tǒng) 第1章(New)

1、計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)主講教師：主講教師： 劉詠梅劉詠梅 白翔宇白翔宇 斯勤夫斯勤夫內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)參考書：1、計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)（湯子瀛著）西安電子科技大學(xué)2、現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)（陳向群譯）機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社3、操作系統(tǒng)精髓與設(shè)計(jì)原理（William Stallings著）清華大 學(xué)出版社4、實(shí)用操作系統(tǒng)概念（Abraham Silberschatz著） 高等教育 出版社5、 操作系統(tǒng)原理教程（孟靜著）清華大學(xué)出版社第一章第一章 操作系統(tǒng)引論操作系統(tǒng)引論1.1 1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)1.2 1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展1.3 1.3 操作系統(tǒng)的特征和功能

2、操作系統(tǒng)的特征和功能1.4 1.4 操作系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)操作系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)一、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)組成一、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)組成 中央處理機(jī)（中央處理機(jī)（CPU） 硬件硬件 內(nèi)存內(nèi)存 I/O設(shè)備設(shè)備（鍵盤、顯示器、打字機(jī)、鼠標(biāo)） 外部設(shè)備外部設(shè)備 存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備（硬盤、軟盤、光盤、磁帶） 其它設(shè)備其它設(shè)備（MODEM、通信口） 系統(tǒng)軟件系統(tǒng)軟件（操作系統(tǒng)、Turbo-C、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)） 軟件軟件 應(yīng)用軟件應(yīng)用軟件 （CAD、游戲、用戶自己開發(fā)的系統(tǒng)等） 一個(gè)現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)CPU磁盤磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)器打印機(jī)打印機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)器磁帶磁帶驅(qū)動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)器存儲(chǔ)器驅(qū)動(dòng)器存儲(chǔ)器驅(qū)動(dòng)器 磁盤磁盤 磁盤磁

3、盤打印機(jī)打印機(jī)磁帶磁帶存儲(chǔ)器存儲(chǔ)器系統(tǒng)總線系統(tǒng)總線1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)二、操作系統(tǒng)在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中的地位二、操作系統(tǒng)在計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中的地位應(yīng)用軟件應(yīng)用軟件其它系統(tǒng)軟件其它系統(tǒng)軟件操作系統(tǒng)操作系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)硬件（裸機(jī)）計(jì)算機(jī)硬件（裸機(jī)） 操作系統(tǒng)的地位：操作系統(tǒng)的地位： 配置在硬件之上的配置在硬件之上的第一層軟件；第一層軟件； 對(duì)硬件功能的第一對(duì)硬件功能的第一次擴(kuò)充。次擴(kuò)充。1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用軟件應(yīng)用軟件其它系統(tǒng)軟件其它系統(tǒng)軟件操作系統(tǒng)操作系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)硬件（裸機(jī)）計(jì)算機(jī)硬件（裸機(jī)）普通用戶普通用戶操作系統(tǒng)操作系統(tǒng)開發(fā)人員開發(fā)人員三、用戶使用操作系統(tǒng)的途徑三、用戶使用操

4、作系統(tǒng)的途徑1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng) 1. 方便性：使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更容易使用。 2. 有效性：提高計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的資源利用率； 提高系統(tǒng)的吞吐量。 3. 可擴(kuò)充性：允許改進(jìn)老的功能及增加新的功能。 四、設(shè)置操作系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)四、設(shè)置操作系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)五、操作系統(tǒng)的作用五、操作系統(tǒng)的作用 v 作用作用1(1(服務(wù)服務(wù)):):操作系統(tǒng)是用戶與計(jì)算機(jī)硬件系統(tǒng)之間的接口。操作系統(tǒng)是用戶與計(jì)算機(jī)硬件系統(tǒng)之間的接口。操作系統(tǒng)為用戶和程序員提供的服務(wù)：操作系統(tǒng)為用戶和程序員提供的服務(wù)： 1.負(fù)責(zé)程序的創(chuàng)建、啟動(dòng)、執(zhí)行和結(jié)束處理。 2.訪問I/O設(shè)備。 3.控制文件存取。 4

5、.通信。 5.差錯(cuò)檢測(cè)。接口類型：接口類型： 1.命令接口：例如DOS命令。 2.程序接口：即系統(tǒng)調(diào)用，例如編程中使用的read命令。 3.圖形接口：例如WINDOWS圖標(biāo)。1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)包括：包括： 1.CPU管理； 2.存儲(chǔ)器管理； 3.I/O設(shè)備管理； 4.文件管理。五、操作系統(tǒng)的作用五、操作系統(tǒng)的作用 v 作用作用2(2(管理管理) )：操作系統(tǒng)是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的資源管理者，它負(fù)責(zé) 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的全部資源的分配、控制、調(diào)度和回收。1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)五、操作系統(tǒng)的作用五、操作系統(tǒng)的作用 v作用作用3(3(虛擬機(jī)) )：操作系統(tǒng)隱蔽硬件特性，為用戶提供了一

6、臺(tái)等 價(jià)的擴(kuò)充機(jī)器（虛擬機(jī)）。虛擬機(jī)：虛擬機(jī)：覆蓋了軟件、功能變得更加強(qiáng)大的機(jī)器。例：只能做加法的機(jī)器（只能做加法的機(jī)器（+ +）2+325先轉(zhuǎn)成先轉(zhuǎn)成2+2+2+2+2實(shí)現(xiàn)乘法的軟件（實(shí)現(xiàn)乘法的軟件（+ +和和 ）直接做直接做直接做直接做直接做直接做1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)一是自頂向下、從用戶的角度看；（作用一是自頂向下、從用戶的角度看；（作用1、3） 一是自底向上、從硬件的角度看。（作用一是自底向上、從硬件的角度看。（作用2）面對(duì)用戶、面對(duì)機(jī)器面對(duì)用戶、面對(duì)機(jī)器1.1 什么是操作系統(tǒng)什么是操作系統(tǒng)操作系統(tǒng)定義：操作系統(tǒng)定義： 操作系統(tǒng)是一組控制和管理計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件操作系統(tǒng)是一

7、組控制和管理計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件資源、合理地對(duì)各類作業(yè)進(jìn)行調(diào)度，以及方便用資源、合理地對(duì)各類作業(yè)進(jìn)行調(diào)度，以及方便用戶的程序的集合。戶的程序的集合。1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展發(fā)展原因：發(fā)展原因：內(nèi)因：受計(jì)算機(jī)硬件發(fā)展的驅(qū)動(dòng)。外因：受計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的刺激。 與計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展同步與計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展同步1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展一、無操作系統(tǒng)時(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)一、無操作系統(tǒng)時(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)工作過程：工作過程： 用戶1：紙帶 紙帶輸入機(jī) 計(jì)算機(jī) 紙帶輸出機(jī) 紙帶 用戶2：工作方式：工作方式： 編程語言：機(jī)器語言。 輸入輸出：紙帶或卡片。 用戶：既是程序員，又是操作員；是計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)人員。1.2 操作

8、系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展一、無操作系統(tǒng)時(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)一、無操作系統(tǒng)時(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)特點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)： 1.用戶獨(dú)占全機(jī)：不出現(xiàn)資源被其他用戶占用的情況， 資源利用率低； 2.CPU等待用戶：計(jì)算前后，手工裝卸紙帶或卡片； CPU利用率低。造成：1、人機(jī)矛盾； 2、CPU與I/O設(shè)備 速度不匹配的矛盾。 -CPU浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重!專門的操作員；批處理。1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展二、單道二、單道批處理系統(tǒng)（批處理系統(tǒng)（Simple Batch System）工作過程：工作過程： 程序員將各自的作業(yè)提交給系統(tǒng)操作員，系統(tǒng)操作員采用脫機(jī)輸入方式將多個(gè)作業(yè)組織成一批，輸入磁帶。在系統(tǒng)中配置有監(jiān)督程序，它從磁帶

9、上讀入第一個(gè)作業(yè)并運(yùn)行，其輸出寫到另一個(gè)磁帶；每個(gè)作業(yè)結(jié)束后，監(jiān)督程序自動(dòng)從磁帶上讀入下一個(gè)作業(yè)并運(yùn)行。當(dāng)這批作業(yè)全部結(jié)束后，系統(tǒng)操作員再采用脫機(jī)輸出技術(shù)將保存在磁帶上的結(jié)果打印，交給相應(yīng)的程序員。提交的作業(yè)包括提交的作業(yè)包括：用戶程序、數(shù)據(jù)和作業(yè)說明書（作業(yè)控制語言） 關(guān)鍵 脫機(jī)輸入輸出技術(shù) 監(jiān)督程序：現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)的前身，常駐內(nèi)存 job1job2job3job4主機(jī)主機(jī)監(jiān)督程序監(jiān)督程序輸入設(shè)備輸入設(shè)備外圍機(jī)外圍機(jī)磁盤磁盤磁盤磁盤輸出設(shè)備輸出設(shè)備程序員程序員操作員操作員外圍機(jī)外圍機(jī)job1job2job3job4job1job2job3job41.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展二、單道二、

10、單道批處理系統(tǒng)（批處理系統(tǒng)（Simple Batch System）工作方式：工作方式： 編程語言：匯編語言、FORTRAN語言。 輸入輸出：磁帶。 用戶：第一次在程序員、操作員和維護(hù)員之間有了明確的分工。進(jìn)步之處：進(jìn)步之處： 減少了CPU的空閑時(shí)間、提高了I/O速度，從而提高了 CPU的利用率。不足之處：不足之處： I/O速度仍顯慢，使CPU許多時(shí)間空閑；無交互能力。1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展三、多道批處理系統(tǒng)三、多道批處理系統(tǒng)（Multiprogramming Batch SystemMultiprogramming Batch System）與單道批處理系統(tǒng)的區(qū)別：與單道批處理

11、系統(tǒng)的區(qū)別： 輸入輸出：磁盤，spooling技術(shù)（聯(lián)機(jī)）。 操作系統(tǒng)：使用多道程序技術(shù)處理作業(yè)。優(yōu)點(diǎn)：優(yōu)點(diǎn)： 1.資源利用率高； 2.系統(tǒng)吞吐量大。缺點(diǎn)：缺點(diǎn)： 1.平均周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)； 2.無交互能力1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展多道程序技術(shù)：多道程序技術(shù)：多道：計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存中同時(shí)存放幾個(gè)用戶作業(yè)；宏觀上并行運(yùn)行：內(nèi)存中的幾個(gè)作業(yè)都處于運(yùn)行狀態(tài)， 但都未運(yùn)行完；微觀上串行運(yùn)行：內(nèi)存中的各作業(yè)交替使用CPU；可共享計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中的各種軟、硬件資源。例：作業(yè)A和B在單道和多道系統(tǒng)下的運(yùn)行對(duì)比。job1job2job3job4主機(jī)主機(jī)監(jiān)督程序監(jiān)督程序單道系統(tǒng)單道系統(tǒng)job1job2job3job4

12、主機(jī)主機(jī)監(jiān)督程序監(jiān)督程序多道系統(tǒng)多道系統(tǒng)job1job1job2job2job3job3job4job4job1job3job3job2job4job1job4job2 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9時(shí)間時(shí)間輸入機(jī)輸入機(jī)CPU打印機(jī)打印機(jī) 磁帶機(jī)磁帶機(jī)時(shí)間時(shí)間輸入機(jī)輸入機(jī)CPU打印機(jī)打印機(jī) 磁帶機(jī)磁帶機(jī)BAAAAAABBAAAAABBB單單道道多多道道1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展四、分時(shí)系統(tǒng)（四、分時(shí)系統(tǒng)（Time-sharing System）工作方式：工作方式： 一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)連接多個(gè)用戶終端，允許多個(gè)用戶共享計(jì) 算機(jī)中的資源，每個(gè)用戶可通過各自的終端以交互方式

13、使用計(jì)算機(jī)。分類：分類： 1.單道分時(shí)系統(tǒng) 2.具有“前臺(tái)”和“后臺(tái)”的分時(shí)系統(tǒng) 3.多道分時(shí)系統(tǒng)1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展四、四、分時(shí)系統(tǒng)（分時(shí)系統(tǒng)（Time-sharing System）特點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)： 1.多路性 2.獨(dú)立性 3.及時(shí)性 4.交互性 1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展五、五、實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)（實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)（Real-time System）實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)：實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)：系統(tǒng)能及時(shí)響應(yīng)外部事件的請(qǐng)求，在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi) 完成對(duì)該事件的處理，并控制所有實(shí)時(shí)任務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)一致地運(yùn)行。分類：分類： 1.實(shí)時(shí)控制：例如飛機(jī)自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)、工業(yè)控制等 2.實(shí)時(shí)信息處理：例如圖書管理系統(tǒng)、民航售票系統(tǒng)等特點(diǎn)：

14、特點(diǎn)： 1.多路性 2.獨(dú)立性 3.及時(shí)性 4.交互性 5.可靠性 1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展六、六、微機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)微機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域：應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域：事務(wù)處理，個(gè)人娛樂；系統(tǒng)要求：系統(tǒng)要求：使用方便、支持多種硬件和外部設(shè)備（多媒體設(shè)備、 網(wǎng)絡(luò)、遠(yuǎn)程通信）、效率不必很高。常用的個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)：常用的個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)： 1.單用戶單任務(wù)：CP/M、MS-DOS 2.單用戶多任務(wù)：OS/2、MS Windows 3.多用戶多任務(wù)：UNIX1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展七、網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)（七、網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)（Network Operating System）計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：一些自

15、主的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，通過通信設(shè)施相互連接， 完成信息交換、資源共享、互操作和協(xié)同工作等功能。計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)類型：計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)類型： 1.按網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)洌盒切?、樹形、總線形、環(huán)形、網(wǎng)狀形； 2.按地理范圍：局域網(wǎng)、廣域網(wǎng)；1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展七、七、網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)（網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)（Network Operating System）網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)OS：根據(jù)已有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開發(fā)出的、具有支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源通信、共 享和管理等功能的軟件模塊和原有網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中 操作系統(tǒng)的合稱。網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)OS功能：功能： 1.通常操作系統(tǒng)的功能 2.網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信功能 3.網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源管理 4.網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù) 5.網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理 6.互操作能力1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的

16、發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展八、八、分布式操作系統(tǒng)（分布式操作系統(tǒng)（Distributed System）分布式系統(tǒng)：分布式系統(tǒng)：指由多個(gè)分散的處理單元，經(jīng)互連網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接而 形成的系統(tǒng)。它的基本特征是處理上的分布，即 資源、功能、任務(wù)和控制的分布。分布式操作系統(tǒng)：分布式操作系統(tǒng)：所有系統(tǒng)任務(wù)可在系統(tǒng)中任何處理機(jī)上運(yùn)行， 自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)全系統(tǒng)范圍內(nèi)的任務(wù)分配并自動(dòng)調(diào)度各 處理機(jī)的工作負(fù)載。1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展分布式分布式OS與網(wǎng)絡(luò)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)OS的比較的比較分布式分布式OS網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)OS分布性分布性處理分布、控制分布處理分布、控制分布處理分布、控制集中處理分布、控制集中并行性并行性有任務(wù)分配功能，任務(wù)有

17、任務(wù)分配功能，任務(wù)可并行執(zhí)行可并行執(zhí)行無任務(wù)分配功能無任務(wù)分配功能透明性透明性網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源調(diào)度對(duì)用戶透網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源調(diào)度對(duì)用戶透明明網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的使用由用戶直網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的使用由用戶直接指定接指定共享性共享性所有資源可供系統(tǒng)中所所有資源可供系統(tǒng)中所有用戶共享有用戶共享可共享資源大多設(shè)置在服可共享資源大多設(shè)置在服務(wù)器上務(wù)器上健壯性健壯性強(qiáng)強(qiáng)弱弱1.2 操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展（小結(jié)）操作系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展（小結(jié)）第一代第一代第二代第二代第三代第三代第四代第四代1945-19551955-19651965-19801980至今電子管晶體管集成電路超大規(guī)模集成電路無操作系統(tǒng)；無程序設(shè)計(jì)語言；采用手工操作方式單道批處理系統(tǒng)；FORTRA

18、N、匯編語言；多道批處理系統(tǒng)；分時(shí)系統(tǒng)；實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)；多道程序設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)；spooling技術(shù)；中斷、通道、DMA、虛存、設(shè)備獨(dú)立性；微機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)；網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)；分布式操作系統(tǒng)；Knot tying is one of the oldest skills known to man. Many thousands of different knots exist; these are some of the most common.Common Knots早期的計(jì)算工具早期的計(jì)算工具 - 計(jì)算尺計(jì)算尺 Blaise Pascal（布里斯（布里斯.帕斯卡）制造的世界上第一臺(tái)機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)帕斯卡）制造的世界上

19、第一臺(tái)機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)Pascals Calculator In 1642, Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical calculator to speed arithmetic calculations for his father, a tax official. Numbers are dialed in on the metal wheels on the front of the calculator. The solutions appear in the little windows along the top.Pascals Calculator 世

20、界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)明人查爾斯世界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)明人查爾斯.巴貝奇巴貝奇Inventor of the Difference Engine, British mathematician Charles Babbage is credited with conceiving the first true computer. With the help of his partner, Augusta Ada Byron, Babbage also created a design for the Analytical Engine, another machine remark

21、ably like the modern computer, even including a memory. Unfortunately, there was no way to build the machine with 19th-century technology.Charles BabbageCharles Babbage （查爾斯（查爾斯.巴貝奇）發(fā)明的世界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)巴貝奇）發(fā)明的世界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)Considered by many to be a direct forerunner of the modern computer, the Differenc

22、e Engine was able to compute mathematical tables. This woodcut shows a small portion of the ingenious machine, which was designed by Charles Babbage in the 1820s. Although the device did not have a memory, Babbages later idea for the Analytical Engine would have been a true, programmable computer if

23、 the technology of his time had been able to build it.Babbages Difference Engine早期電子真空管早期電子真空管 A model of the Fleming valve illustrates the technology that led to the development of the vacuum tube, one of the most important early electronic devices. A typical vacuum tube consists of electrodes (met

24、al plates) and wires in an evacuated glass bulb and is used to regulate electric currents or electronic signals. Before the advent of the transistor, vacuum tubes were used extensively in the operation of devices such as televisions, radios, and computers. Sir John Ambrose Fleming experimented with

25、Edisons diode vacuum tube (an invention Edison did not pursue) during the early 1900s, and his valves represent the first practical radio tubes.Early Vacuum Tubes半導(dǎo)體集成電路板集成電路板集成電路板集成電路板集成電路板計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路芯片計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路芯片- CPUThe Pentium microprocessor (shown at 2.5X magnification) is manuf

26、actured by the Intel Corporation. It contains more than three million transistors. The most common semiconductor materials used in making computer chips are the elements silicon and germanium, although nearly all computer chips are made from silicon.奔騰處理機(jī)Pentium(放大 2.51,000,000倍)Intel Pentium處理器全家福處

27、理器全家福In 1965 semiconductor pioneer Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors contained on a computer chip would double every year. This is now known as Moores Law, and it has proven to be somewhat accurate. The number of transistors and the computational speed of microprocessors currentl

28、y doubles approximately every 18 months. Components continue to shrink in size and are becoming faster, cheaper, and more versatile.Gordon Moores Law戈登戈登.摩爾定律摩爾定律Early United States censuses were tabulated by hand, a process that took years. The electric tabulating machine, invented by American engi

29、neer Herman Hollerith and first used in the 1890 U.S. census, dramatically reduced the time and effort required to process census data. To use the machine, census clerks converted responses on census questionnaires to holes punched in predetermined locations on paper cards. When pins in the card rea

30、der passed through the holes, an electrical circuit was completed that activated the appropriate mechanical counters.Electric Tabulating Machine穿孔卡片機(jī)械的早期創(chuàng)始人穿孔卡片機(jī)械的早期創(chuàng)始人赫爾曼赫爾曼.赫爾里希赫爾里希American inventor Herman Hollerith developed the punch card system of recording data, an important step in the develo

31、pment of computers. In 1896 he organized the Tabulating Machine Corporation, which became the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1924.Herman HollerithENIAC (Electronic Numerator, Integrator, And Computer) was the first fully electronic digital computer. Built at the University of P

32、ennsylvania in 1946, it remained in service until 1955. ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and required manual rewiring to be programmed.世界上第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)世界上第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī) - ENIAC 世界上第一臺(tái)商用電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)世界上第一臺(tái)商用電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)UNIVACUNIVAC Computer System The first commercially available electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also

33、 the first computer to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand, the implementation of the machine marked the beginning of the computer era. Here, a UNIVAC computer is shown in action.

34、 The central computer is in the background, and in the foreground is the supervisory control panel. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of Census in 1951.早期計(jì)算機(jī)的輸入設(shè)備早期計(jì)算機(jī)的輸入設(shè)備Card Key Punch（穿孔卡片機(jī)）（穿孔卡片機(jī)）數(shù)據(jù)處理領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)者Grace Hopper(格里斯.胡泊)(女)A pioneer in data processing, Re

35、ar Admiral Grace Hopper received credit for creating the first compiler in 1952. Hopper helped to develop two computer languages and to make computers attractive to businesses. One of the most prominent women in the computer industry, Hopper died in 1992.In 1964 International Business Machines Corpo

36、ration (IBM) introduced its revolutionary System/360, the first mainframe computer that used interchangeable software and equipment. During the 1960s and 1970s IBM dominated the world market for mainframe computers.60年代的IBM-360(大型計(jì)算機(jī))Steven Jobs（史迪瓦（史迪瓦.喬布斯）和喬布斯）和他的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)他的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)APPLE IIApple Computer

37、 cofounder Steven Jobs, left, CEO John Sculley, center, and cofounder Stephen Wozniak, right, are shown at the 1984 debut of the Apple IIc computer, which was introduced in the same year as the revolutionary Macintosh computer. All three played crucial roles in developing and marketing computers tha

38、t are easy to learn and use. Men Behind Apple Computer蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一Steven Jobs（史迪夫（史迪夫.喬布斯）喬布斯）Steven Jobs, with Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak, built the first Apple computer in his parents garage. Apple Computer went on to become the fastest-growing company in American history. In 1985, af

39、ter developing the original Apple Macintosh, Jobs resigned to form NeXT, Inc. His innovative designs have proven technologically superior but prohibitively expensive and are often considered to be too far ahead of their time.蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一John Sculley（約翰（約翰.斯庫李）斯庫李）John Sculley started as a

40、trainee at PepsiCo in 1967 and became the companys president ten years later. In 1983 he was recruited to Apple Computer by cofounder Steven Jobs. As chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple, Sculley oversaw further development of the Macintosh computer and the introduction of the System 7 operating s

41、ystem and the Newton, a personal digital assistant. He was replaced as the CEO in 1993 and resigned from the company later that year.The Apple Macintosh, released in 1984, was among the first personal computers to use a graphical user interface. A graphical user interface enables computer users to e

42、asily execute commands by clicking on pictures, words, or icons with a pointing device called a mouse.1984年的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)年的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)Apple MacintoshBill Gates is the chairman, chief software architect, and cofounder (with Paul Allen) of Microsoft Corporation, the worlds leading computer software company. The com

43、panys success made Gates one of the worlds richest people.Bill Gates微軟具有代表意義的圖形界面操作系統(tǒng)微軟具有代表意義的圖形界面操作系統(tǒng)Windows 95A typical personal computer has components to display and print information (monitor and laser printer); input commands and data (keyboard and mouse); retrieve and store information (CD-RO

44、M and disk drives); and communicate with other computers (modem).Personal Computer Components早期機(jī)械打字機(jī)早期機(jī)械打字機(jī)The AT keyboard is an 84-key model introduced by IBM. An attempt to make the personal computer (PC) keyboard more suited to touch-typing, its layout is similar to that of a standard typewriter.

45、AT KeyboardThe IBM enhanced keyboard features several options not used in earlier models. Additions include 12 function keys across the top (versus 10 down the side), additional Control and Alt keys, and a bank of cursor-movement and editing keys between the main section of the keyboard and the nume

46、ric keypad.Enhanced Keyboard機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)Hard disks are used to record computer data magnetically. A hard disk drive consists of a stack of inflexible magnetic disks mounted on a motor. As the disks spin at high speeds, read/write heads at the end of a metal fork swing in and out to access sect

47、ors of the disks.硬磁盤的結(jié)構(gòu)硬磁盤的結(jié)構(gòu)The concept of the paperless e-book became a reality in the late 1990s with the marketing of several devices. These machines allow users to download texts from the Internet and read them on a portable, handheld display. The RCA REB1100 model e-book shown here is about th

48、e size of a paperback. It lasts 20 to 40 hours between battery charges, holds a minimum of 8,000 pages of text, and includes an internal modem for downloading books.E-Book世界上功能最強(qiáng)大的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)CRAY（克雷機(jī)）The Cray-2 Supercomputer (designed by Seymour Cray of Cray Research, Eagan, MN) was first introduced in 19

49、85, nine years after the first model, the Cray-1, was introduced. This type of supercomputer is used for mathematical studies of very complex problems, such as speech analysis, weather forecasting, and fundamental questions in physics and chemistry.Cray Supercomputer著名的國際象棋大師Kasparov與IBM的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)Deep B

50、lue(深藍(lán))下棋Inernet(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng))計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)Connecting individual computers to each other creates networks. The Internet is a series of interconnected networks. Personal computers and workstations are connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) by either a dial-up connection through a modem and standard p

51、hone line or by being directly wired into the LAN. Other modes of data transmission that allow for connection to a network include T-1 connections and dedicated lines. Bridges and hubs link multiple networks to each other. Routers transmit data through networks and determine the best path of transmi

52、ssion.Computer Network Timothy Berners-Lee British computer scientist, developed the World Wide Web during the 1980s.萬維網(wǎng)的創(chuàng)始人萬維網(wǎng)的創(chuàng)始人 Timothy Berners-Lee 現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)始人John von Neumann（約翰.馮.諾伊曼）A brilliant mathematician, John von Neumann made several valuable contributions to 20th-century science. The

53、best known of these was the development of game theory, a mathematical way to analyze a conflict of interest and generate the best choices to advance toward a desired outcome. Although it is generally applied to games, many people apply Neumanns theory to sociological, economic, and political situat

54、ions.Alan Turing(愛倫.圖靈) 現(xiàn)代理論計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)始人Considered a forerunner in the field of electronic computers, Alan Turing envisioned a device that could, in theory, perform any calculation. Referred to as the Turing Machine, it was designed to “read” commands and data from a long piece of tape, using a table

55、 to determine the order in which the required operations would be carried out. In the related field of artificial intelligence, he originated the “Turing test” a process designed to determine if a computer can “think” like a human.Alan Turing1.3 操作系統(tǒng)特征和功能操作系統(tǒng)特征和功能一、操作系統(tǒng)的特征一、操作系統(tǒng)的特征1. 并發(fā)性（并發(fā)性（Concurr

56、ence） 并行性：并行性：兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事件在同一時(shí)刻發(fā)生。 并發(fā)性：并發(fā)性：兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事件在同一時(shí)間間隔內(nèi)發(fā)生。并行是一種微觀的同時(shí)性概念。并發(fā)是一種宏觀上的同時(shí)性概念：宏觀上并發(fā)，微觀 上交替占用CPU運(yùn)行。為更好描述并發(fā)性，引入進(jìn)程概念。 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9時(shí)間時(shí)間輸入機(jī)輸入機(jī)CPU打印機(jī)打印機(jī) 磁帶機(jī)磁帶機(jī)時(shí)間時(shí)間輸入機(jī)輸入機(jī)CPU打印機(jī)打印機(jī) 磁帶機(jī)磁帶機(jī)BAAAAAABBAAAAABBB單單道道多多道道1.3 操作系統(tǒng)特征和功能操作系統(tǒng)特征和功能一、操作系統(tǒng)的特征一、操作系統(tǒng)的特征2.2.共享共享（Sharing） 共享：共享：指計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中的各種軟、硬件資源可供內(nèi)存中 多個(gè)并發(fā)運(yùn)行的進(jìn)程共同使用。 方式方式： 互斥共享：例打印機(jī) 同時(shí)訪問：例磁盤文件 （注：“同時(shí)”也是宏觀上的同時(shí)）1.3 操作系統(tǒng)特征和功能操作系統(tǒng)特征和功能一、操作系統(tǒng)的特征一、操作系統(tǒng)的特征3.3.虛擬虛擬（Virtual） 虛擬：虛擬：通過某種技術(shù)將一個(gè)物理實(shí)體變?yōu)槿舾蓚€(gè)邏輯上 的對(duì)應(yīng)物。 例：CPU -分時(shí)系統(tǒng) 多個(gè)CPU 前者真實(shí)存在；后者只是用戶的感覺。4.4.異步性（異步性（Asynchronism） 異步性異步性：也稱不確定性，指進(jìn)程的執(zhí)行