測繪專業(yè)英語原文加翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是測繪學）Geomatics Defined（測繪學定義）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics測繪或地球空間信息學，這個名詞是怎么來的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地測量學地理信息學GEOMATICS測繪學 或者

2、 geo代表地球，matics代表數(shù)學，或者 geo代表地球科學，matics 代表信息學）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（據(jù)說測繪學這個詞對不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past fe

3、w years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science- and/or GIS-oriented courses.（這個術(shù)語【term術(shù)語】作為一個學科【academic discipline學科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在過去的幾年里被全世界的許多高等教育研究機構(gòu)所熟知，通常是以前的“大地測量學”或“測量學”在引入了許多計算機科學和GIS方向【或“基于GIS”】的課程后重新命名的。）Now

4、the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和不斷增長的對

5、空間關(guān)系的信息類型的需求，尤其是在測量和監(jiān)測我們的環(huán)境方面【環(huán)境監(jiān)測】，現(xiàn)在，傳統(tǒng)測量學定義連同【along with】日益【steadily穩(wěn)定的】增長的測量的重要性一起包含在這個術(shù)語里了。【逗號后面的句子修飾demand】）Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air fr

6、om human activities.（日益增長的危機來自人口擴張，地價上漲，資源緊縮【緊張】，還有由于人類活動引起的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的持續(xù)的壓力【由人類活動帶來的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的惡化】As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（這樣，測繪學在地球科學，各種工程

7、學【engineering sciences工程學】，計算機科學，空間規(guī)劃，土地開發(fā)和環(huán)境科學相互之間架起了廣泛的橋梁。）Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（現(xiàn)在geomatics這個詞已經(jīng)被包括ISO【國際標準化組織】在內(nèi)的數(shù)個國際機構(gòu)【international bodies】所采用，因此它就這樣被普遍接受【be here to

8、 stay 習慣用語“被普遍接受”】The term “surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. （surveyor這個詞按慣例用來總指（這換成“總稱”較好）【collectively全體的】那些從事上述活動的人。）More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are

9、commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise.（更具體的【explicit清楚的、直接的】工作如土地測量員、工程測量員和水道測量員，一般【commonly一般地】被業(yè)內(nèi)人士【practitioners從業(yè)者】用來更準確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)?！局弊g為：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地測量員、工程測量員和水道測量員，一般被從業(yè)者用來更準確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。】）The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey

10、the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（geomatics這個術(shù)語是個新詞，表達【convey傳達】了實體集合和它們相關(guān)聯(lián)【related】的活動的自然科學，并使這些領(lǐng)域的未來技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)合【incorporation結(jié)合】成為可能?！緁lexibility彈性、機動性】）Adop

11、tion of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. （這個術(shù)語的采用同時也在全世界范圍里為行業(yè)【industry】里和學校建立了【allow允許了】一個一致的【coherent】專業(yè)市場）As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the worlds leading unive

12、rsities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”. （結(jié)果，世界上許多一流大學的傳統(tǒng)的測量專業(yè)【部門】的無論是課程還是授予資【授予學位名稱】格都改為“測繪學位”【Degree in Geomatics】的了）This does not suggest the demise of the term “surveyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specializat

13、ion.（這并不意味著“surveyor”這個詞的消亡，測繪畢業(yè)生還將從事適合他們專業(yè)的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地測量員、攝影測量員及其他【ect.】的工作）In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.（在過去的十年中，在應用硬件和軟件的方法【solution解決方法】

14、來測量和處理地球空間數(shù)據(jù)工作時 有著戲劇性的發(fā)展和增長）in the use of在使用時This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. （創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應用【application】領(lǐng)域，并為合適的、合格【qualified有資格的】的畢業(yè)生提供相關(guān)的【associated】工作。）As a result, the role of the “surveyor”

15、 is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity.（結(jié)果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越傳統(tǒng)實踐領(lǐng)域如前面所述的領(lǐng)域，進入到新的【opportunity機會、時機】的領(lǐng)域。）In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity

16、 between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas.（另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實踐的活動的practice and activity】界限）Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic sta

17、ndard.（可以預見【forecast】，這種發(fā)展繼續(xù)并將為涉獵廣泛、學識一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新的事業(yè)。）To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required.（為了使畢業(yè)生能充分利用【take full advantage of】這些發(fā)展，教育和訓練的重大改革【significant changes】成為必需

18、的）Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. （學院的和專業(yè)的機構(gòu)也作出反應，部分地，采用術(shù)語“geomatics”作為一門課程和一項授予資格【授予學位名稱】。）A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（測繪學的一個現(xiàn)

19、在使用的反映了當前的思想和對未來的預期的定義是：） The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geo-spatial data ).（獲取、處理、存儲，分析和上呈【presenting呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學和技術(shù)。）This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping,

20、geodesy, satellite positioning, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.（這個廣泛的術(shù)語應用于科學和技術(shù)，以及制圖、大地測量學、衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測量學、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計算機系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計算機制圖等領(lǐng)域）Several terms such as “geomatics” , “ge

21、omatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（現(xiàn)在一些術(shù)語如“測繪學”，“測繪工程”和“地學信息學”共同應用于某些活動中專屬于【pertain to】通常【generally】涉及【concern with】地理信息的活動。）These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approac

22、h that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （這些術(shù)語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應用的總體的方法。）Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an important component of geomatics. （連同土地測量學，攝影測量學，遙感和制圖學一起，GIS也是測繪學中重要的一個組成部分。）Branches of Geomatics（測繪學分支）Data ac

23、quisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery.（數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術(shù)包括普通野外測量，GPS測量，衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取，通過航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像）It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from

24、older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫資料的獲取通過掃描就有地圖和設(shè)計圖，還有有關(guān)機構(gòu)收集的數(shù)據(jù)。）Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information

25、systems (GIS). （通過計算機程序，數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應用于工程設(shè)計，數(shù)字攝影測量【digital photogrammetry】，圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫的管理和GIS。）Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are outpu

26、t on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過制圖和其他直觀的計算機程序【illustrative直觀的、說明性的】進行的；其表達顯示在計算機屏幕上（交互式編輯處理），也可以通過數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上?！緃andle操作、處理】）Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety o

27、f users.（一旦地理實體的位置和屬性被數(shù)字化并被存儲進計算機存儲器，就可以有效的【available有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用）Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agricul

28、ture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.（通過現(xiàn)代【估計moderm應該是modern】信息技術(shù)，測繪學將以下學科的專業(yè)人員整合到一起：測量學、制圖學、遙感、國土注冊、土木【civil民用的】工程和海洋工程，林業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)，決策與發(fā)展，地質(zhì)學，地理科學，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施【infrastructure】管理，

29、導航，環(huán)境與自然資源監(jiān)測和計算機科學。）Other Definitions of Geomatics（測繪學的其他定義）As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part

30、of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations【業(yè)務】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.（加拿大測量學會【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學”中這樣定義：測繪學是利用系統(tǒng)的方法，為生產(chǎn)和處理【management】科學的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技術(shù)的業(yè)務【operations】所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【me

31、ans】整合在一起的活動領(lǐng)域。）【as part of作為的一部分，這里不翻譯出來】The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of

32、 site-specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use man

33、agement .（測繪學定義在發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)行的一個定義是“涉及工藝、科學和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。測繪學或地球空間信息學包括一個廣泛的生產(chǎn)活動從工程學和發(fā)展了的測量學領(lǐng)域中特殊點的空間數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和分析 到GIS和遙感技術(shù)在環(huán)境管理中的應用。它包括地籍測量、水道測量和海圖測量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。）Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the d

34、escriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software

35、 and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines whic

36、h use spatially related data .（測繪學是一個現(xiàn)代科學術(shù)語，用以表示測量、分析、管理，存儲和顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【often termed spatial data】數(shù)據(jù)的描述和位置的集成方法。這些數(shù)據(jù)來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。利用計算機軟件和硬件，借助現(xiàn)代【state-of-the-art】信息技術(shù)。它的應用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學科，包括環(huán)境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學，導航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學，海洋學，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營和旅游學。它因而成為所有使用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學學科的基礎(chǔ)。）from the School of Geo

37、matic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales（摘自新南威爾士大學測繪【或地球空間信息學】工程學院）Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by

38、 Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying.（測繪學是測量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學。其包括的主要學科有制圖學，土地管理，GIS，環(huán)境可視化，大地測量學，攝影測量學，遙感和測量學。）from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ.

39、of Melbourne（摘自墨爾本大學測繪學系【或者地球空間信息學系】Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managing geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resource

40、s, and real estate transactions.（測繪學包括自然科學，工程學和工藝或【技術(shù)】學；對地理信息的收集與管理。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測，陸地和海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【real estate房地產(chǎn)，transaction交易】中扮演重要角色。from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB（摘自加拿大紐布朗斯 維克大學 測量與大地測量學系）The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysi

41、s, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earths physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as :Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems

42、.（測繪學測量，表示，分析，管理，重獲和顯示空間信息，用來描述地球物理特征和環(huán)境。測繪學包括的學科有：測量學，大地測量學，遙感和攝影測量學，制圖學，GIS，GPS ）from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania（摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學，測量與空間信息科學系）Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地測量與平面測量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and

43、 science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earths surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored

44、 in the computer. （測量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征【features形態(tài)、特征】；并使之按比例【in analog form】測繪成地形圖【contoured map】、平面圖【paper plan】或圖表，或形成報告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式形成三維立體數(shù)學模型存儲進計算機。）As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同樣的，測量員/大地測量學家處理的就是測量出的物理的和數(shù)學的特征）The accurate

45、determination and monumentation【標石、標志】 of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精確確定并標定地表點位便成為測量的主要任務）Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same-they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and of

46、fice work. （雖然測量工作有不同目的，基本的操作卻都一樣他們包括測量和計算，或更基本地稱之為，外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surv

47、eying. （測量分為許多不同的類型，如土地測量，路線測量，城市測量，建筑測量，水道測量等等，但是總的來說，測量分為兩個主要的種類：大地測量和平面測量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考慮地球真實形狀的大地測量還是將地球當成一個平面的平面測量【緊跟著上句】）Additionally, surveys are conducted【表現(xiàn)】 for the

48、purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，測量還分為確定平面位置的水平測量和確定海拔的高程測量或兩者的綜合。）Geodetic Surveying（大地測量）The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is ca

49、lled geodetic surveying. （考慮地球真實形狀的測量工作稱為大地測量）This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. （這種測量適用于大范圍和長距離的測量工作，用來確立基本點的精確位置，用以建立其他測量工作所需的控制網(wǎng)。）In geodetic surveys, the stations

50、 are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.（在大地測量中，站點經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠，那么這種測量就比平面測量需要更精確的儀器和測量方法。）Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between rel

51、ative positions. （廣泛間隔開的永久標石就作為計算點位之間距離的基礎(chǔ)）【serve當作】These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects.（這種永久標石點被稱為大地控制點，為測量和繪圖工作提供可靠和一致的數(shù)據(jù)）In the past, ground-based t

52、heodolites, tapes【卷尺】, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. （過去，大地經(jīng)緯儀【DJ大地經(jīng)緯儀的中文縮寫】、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測量的野外工作初時【primary】的工具。）Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost. （現(xiàn)在，GPS技術(shù)

53、的發(fā)展【expansion擴充、膨脹】使大地測量工作花費非常小的代價【a fraction of一小部分】就能獲得極為精確的結(jié)果成為可能。）A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.（大地測量工作計劃的編制【planning】和實施【execution】，【proper恰當?shù)?，翻譯時略掉】，絕對需要【absolute prerequisite】對大地測量學知識有全面的

54、掌握。【A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一個徹底的知識大地測量學的原理的，是絕對需要的。】）In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. （在大地測量中，地球的形狀被看成一個橢球體，雖然在技術(shù)角度來看，它不是真正的橢球。）Therefore, distan

55、ces measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近測量距離并不是沿著直線或平面進行，而是在一個曲面上。)Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earths minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of r

56、eference is developed. （因此，在大地測量距離的計算中，參考橢球的長軸與短軸所帶來的誤差就顯示【develop顯示出來】出來。）The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. （每個大地站點的位置都與這個橢球有關(guān)）The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or a

57、s northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.（這個位置是用緯度（與赤道面所成的角）和經(jīng)度（與初子午線所成的角）或用在直角坐標系中的北距和東距來表示。）A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country. （大地測量為建立國家范圍內(nèi)的重力場和確定地表架構(gòu)提供【establishes建立】基礎(chǔ)）This is realized by coordinates and grav

58、ity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks.（這將由測定布設(shè)在大地網(wǎng)和重力網(wǎng)中數(shù)量十分巨大的控制點，所得到的坐標和重力值來實現(xiàn)）In this fundamental work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.（在這項基礎(chǔ)工作中，地球的曲率和重力場都應被考慮。）Plane Surveying（平面測量）The type of su

59、rveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying.（這種類型的測量把地球平均的表面視作平面，或認為地球曲率帶來的誤差可以忽略不計，這樣的測量工作稱為平面測量significant重大的，不翻譯也行）The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited exten