工程管理專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-中英文翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 工程造價(jià)管理前言：項(xiàng)目施工階段實(shí)施單位建筑成本管理來控制項(xiàng)目成本，在項(xiàng)目中是合理的，以此來滿足假定的的質(zhì)量目標(biāo)，在投資決定階段和項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)階段把項(xiàng)目的通過決議發(fā)生在可控范圍之內(nèi)，力求在各種建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中合理利用人力、材料、資金資源來實(shí)現(xiàn)良好的投資回報(bào)和社會(huì)效益。 項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過程。動(dòng)態(tài)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),使投資在確定與控制變得更為復(fù)雜,這將要求施工單位對(duì)工程造價(jià)管理的項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過程中,它必須有一個(gè)全面的焦點(diǎn)。執(zhí)行階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)部分：投標(biāo)管理、施工管理和結(jié)算管理。 1 招標(biāo)施工階段的施

2、工單位招標(biāo)制度控制工程造價(jià)的有效手段,申辦組織,可以提高成本效益的工程,并確保工程質(zhì)量, 縮短建設(shè)周期,投資回報(bào), 施工單位可充分利用招標(biāo)的手段,有效控制成本。 施工編號(hào)10月7部令發(fā)布了“合同與施工合同定價(jià)管理” 明確指出,在工程招標(biāo)使用庫存。這就要求建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行招標(biāo), 在招標(biāo)文件中,不僅包括通常的內(nèi)容如債券投標(biāo)前附表,招標(biāo)債券合同的條件、合同協(xié)議條款、合同格式、技術(shù)規(guī)格、圖紙、招標(biāo)文件及其他參考格式,還必須提供工程清單招標(biāo)作為參考文件的重要組成部分。 建設(shè)單位在招標(biāo)文件中的工程量清單, 按照國家或地方頒布的規(guī)則的計(jì)算方法,統(tǒng)一的項(xiàng)目劃分, 統(tǒng)一計(jì)量單位,統(tǒng)一的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則按設(shè)計(jì)圖紙加以計(jì)算

3、和統(tǒng)計(jì)安排,取得名單。 數(shù)量應(yīng)遵循的籌備工作客觀,公正,科學(xué),合理的原則。編寫者必須有一定的知識(shí)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和施工經(jīng)驗(yàn), 以及材料與機(jī)械施工技術(shù)全面的科學(xué)知識(shí),為了計(jì)算容積的工程無重大遺漏。此基礎(chǔ)上,必須符合國家規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則與分包工程處工程單位,并按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙,設(shè)計(jì)必不可少的愛情招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定計(jì)算量的項(xiàng)目應(yīng)該有一個(gè)綜合測(cè)試,作品必須簡單,雖然不露出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤定價(jià)項(xiàng)目,要保證正確的工程。應(yīng)該要求的不同等級(jí)分開工程部,情況則有所不同, 我們可能有不同的價(jià)格,為項(xiàng)目分開。這就要求編寫清單編制人員,認(rèn)真研究設(shè)計(jì)圖紙, 分析招標(biāo)文件中包括的工作內(nèi)容及不同的技術(shù)要求, 大家熟悉的過程,并到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)認(rèn)真調(diào)查,預(yù)計(jì)

4、,以使施工的情況下,會(huì)對(duì)價(jià)格項(xiàng)目得以打破。此外, 因?yàn)轫?xiàng)目清單計(jì)算數(shù)額的項(xiàng)目是不完整的工程,并考慮利益施工單位,顯然付出代價(jià)相同的總體價(jià)格 該工程量清單的數(shù)量,實(shí)際建設(shè)是一個(gè)具有實(shí)際意義。 在評(píng)價(jià)和審查的投標(biāo)應(yīng)做的單位,個(gè)人總報(bào)價(jià)和綜合評(píng)估價(jià)格不符合要求的個(gè)體顯示物價(jià)符合要求, 與最低總價(jià)不能解釋單一,價(jià)低。投標(biāo)人往往知道總成本,以維持相同的情況下, 該計(jì)劃很可能會(huì)改變較小的項(xiàng)目,以降低價(jià)格。變化可能較大項(xiàng)目的價(jià)格上升,以達(dá)到竣工結(jié)算工程,將增加為目的。我們也做價(jià)格和相應(yīng)數(shù)量的工程技術(shù)綜合評(píng)估的大批量項(xiàng)目注重價(jià)格分析。價(jià)格會(huì)做與工作內(nèi)容,施工計(jì)劃,是一個(gè)全面的技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)過程中, 因而傾向于選擇施

5、工單位。建設(shè)施工階段的合同成本控制基礎(chǔ)。簽訂嚴(yán)密的施工合同,同時(shí)加強(qiáng)施工合同管理,可以保證合同價(jià)是合理的, 合法性,減少履行合同的糾紛,維護(hù)雙方利益的合同,有效地控制了工程投資費(fèi)用。 在簽約前,做好管理合同文件, 合同及補(bǔ)充合同協(xié)議。工作往來等單一內(nèi)容提出了延長合同,并解釋完整必須得到維護(hù), 除了建立了技術(shù)檔案,執(zhí)行合同的動(dòng)態(tài)分析分析結(jié)果采取積極主動(dòng)的措施。 2施工階段施工階段的施工方案,是基于預(yù)算或建安工程合同價(jià)的目標(biāo),控制工程造價(jià)?，F(xiàn)階段養(yǎng)護(hù)余地小,但可能性是浪費(fèi)很大。從而控制成本的項(xiàng)目給予足夠的重視。 2.1 建筑計(jì)劃加強(qiáng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了重新的工作內(nèi)容,合理的施工

6、方案,縮短建設(shè)工期,確保三峽工程質(zhì)量, 提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率,施工方案正確,從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了比較, 通過定性和定量分析,質(zhì)量,時(shí)間,成本三項(xiàng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),是理智的, 并有效地使用人力,物力和財(cái)力,取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,良好的施工管理人員之間的關(guān)系, 全面成本管理是一個(gè)重要途徑。 2.2 嚴(yán)格涉及更改項(xiàng)目預(yù)算控制在概算內(nèi)施工造成的變化,原因有很多,包括工程設(shè)計(jì)不良,使工程合同與圖紙不符規(guī)定；當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)的材料不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的設(shè)計(jì)要求。這些問題已離開初級(jí)工程造價(jià)的因素。因此,在施工過程中,我們必須加緊海關(guān)變化通過任何更改設(shè)計(jì),擴(kuò)大建設(shè)規(guī)模,提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容, 最好實(shí)行“分級(jí)控制,限額簽證”

7、制度。有權(quán)變更設(shè)計(jì),尤其是涉及到成本的設(shè)計(jì)變更,必須經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位, 建設(shè)單位現(xiàn)場(chǎng)代表,監(jiān)理工程師共同簽字,并應(yīng)提前這種變化,減少損失, 因?yàn)橐淹瓿苫虿糠滞瓿傻捻?xiàng)目將進(jìn)行拆除工作的內(nèi)容, 這勢(shì)必造成重大變更損失。因此,建設(shè)單位應(yīng)指派工程造價(jià)管理專業(yè)人員常駐施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng),掌握在任何時(shí)候控制工程造價(jià)的變化。 2.3 工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證手續(xù)通過嚴(yán)格控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的監(jiān)督制度, 建立專門的部門, 專業(yè)人員使用的專業(yè)項(xiàng)目管理,以避免項(xiàng)目管理人員只是簽證不是經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象。投資失控造成嚴(yán)重后果，嚴(yán)重改變簽證程序,要采取建設(shè),監(jiān)理方、工地代表共同簽名的方式,以確保變更,簽證的真實(shí)性,合法性, 經(jīng)濟(jì)和避免欺詐的現(xiàn)象,由此產(chǎn)生的糾

8、紛。 在施工過程中,建設(shè)單位要加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工管理, 督促施工方按圖施工,嚴(yán)格控制變更的談判,代用材料, 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證,以及各種預(yù)算外額外勞動(dòng)力成本的必要修改,應(yīng)做一次后發(fā)生變化的及時(shí)變化,計(jì)算的工作量和費(fèi)用的情況發(fā)生了巨大變化,以把握在任何時(shí)候項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用水平,以避免積壓的工作,真正的工程造價(jià)。 施工單位代表到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督,做好記錄,特別是隱蔽記錄和簽證, 減少結(jié)算及格現(xiàn)象。不少工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證是沒有這么嚴(yán)重,給工程帶來了非常大的麻煩, 導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失, 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證的嚴(yán)格管理,施工階段的工程成本控制的關(guān)鍵。 2.4 工程量清單,嚴(yán)格審查對(duì)項(xiàng)目的審查清單監(jiān)理工程師名單的措施來控制工程。工程量清單提供的措施清

9、單,是為了完成建設(shè)項(xiàng)目, 發(fā)生在施工前和工程施工過程中技術(shù),生活,安全等方面的非工程實(shí)體。在這個(gè)階段,因?yàn)樵S多項(xiàng)目都是在施工圖及施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不完善的招標(biāo)等到施工招標(biāo)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)況,有更好的機(jī)會(huì)。監(jiān)理工程師地址收集第一手資料,逐項(xiàng)考核鑒定,不作修改。 2.5 控制材料消耗,合理確定材料價(jià)格工程造價(jià)控制材料價(jià)格的控制是主要的, 材料費(fèi)在工程中往往占有很大的比重,一般占預(yù)算費(fèi)用的70% 。占直接成本的80%。有必要在施工階段嚴(yán)格按照合同金額材料控制, 材料訂定合理價(jià)格,以有效地控制工程造價(jià)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)物資供應(yīng)各種渠道,品種及價(jià)格范圍的材料, 施工單位預(yù)算管理和外勤人員應(yīng)密切注意市場(chǎng)行情 隨著工程進(jìn)度

10、的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),市場(chǎng), 另一方面,在信息化建設(shè)和物資竣工決算提供了有力依據(jù)。 2.6 科技與經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,加強(qiáng)投資控制有效地控制了投資,從組織,技術(shù),經(jīng)濟(jì),合同,并采取其他措施。因此,施工單位必須加強(qiáng)管理工程和技術(shù)人員的“經(jīng)濟(jì)”的理念、教育質(zhì)量, 培養(yǎng)務(wù)實(shí)的工作作風(fēng),施工方以幫助改善建筑設(shè)計(jì),合理的安全,財(cái)政和物質(zhì)資源。加快工作進(jìn)度,提高工程質(zhì)量。施工遇到問題,及時(shí)與設(shè)計(jì)師聯(lián)系,選擇既經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)潛力的解決方案, 克服所造成的浪費(fèi)指揮,給予應(yīng)有的重視投資保護(hù), 負(fù)責(zé)工程技術(shù)相結(jié)合的經(jīng)濟(jì)官員,從招標(biāo),合同談判, 成本預(yù)算,簽訂支付工程進(jìn)度的竣工決算,成本分析, 整個(gè)過程管理,嚴(yán)格控制工程造價(jià)。 2.7 做好

11、結(jié)算價(jià)格的評(píng)估完成項(xiàng)目竣工結(jié)算施工企業(yè)按照與合同規(guī)定的內(nèi)容完成,由承辦單位, 經(jīng)驗(yàn)收質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并符合合同要求, 對(duì)建設(shè)單位,最后結(jié)算價(jià)的工程?？⒐ず蟮慕Y(jié)算審核批準(zhǔn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目工程造價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)。 結(jié)算完成第一階段的工程造價(jià)控制。一段很長的時(shí)間,完成了施工圖紙結(jié)算預(yù)算,是成本管理的問題得以解決。因此,審計(jì)工作的完成解決是一項(xiàng)非常重要的工作,應(yīng)著重做好以下幾個(gè)方面的工作：1）審計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確輸出。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的竣工審計(jì)決算審計(jì)中,最重要和最復(fù)雜的, 其中最細(xì)致的工作,要計(jì)劃完成的項(xiàng)目, 更改設(shè)計(jì)和施工工地為基礎(chǔ), 固定的,嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則逐項(xiàng)審核, 為防止建設(shè)工程竣工結(jié)算故意夸大產(chǎn)量,以增加項(xiàng)目的成本。

12、2）檢查正確性。審查中列出的價(jià)格與固定價(jià)格一致,其名稱、規(guī)格、計(jì)量單位,其內(nèi)容與單位估價(jià)表的價(jià)格換算。3）審查費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與固定成本施工期間及工程造價(jià)的政策。 3 結(jié)論：總之,工程造價(jià)控制是一個(gè)全過程控制, 應(yīng)該說,每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都不能自滿,而且每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)也很重要。隨著中國加入世貿(mào)組織,是中國的投資主體多元化,投資方對(duì)降低成本,控制成本, 提高投資效益日益重視。因此,改變?cè)泄こ淘靸r(jià)估算，概算，預(yù)算，合同價(jià)格，結(jié)算價(jià)，決算完成搬遷的。缺乏連續(xù)性的情況下, 以完善的控制水平，發(fā)展控制系統(tǒng)的投資項(xiàng)目, 投資建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,可以促進(jìn)我國社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,適應(yīng)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程。 Construction Cost

13、 ManagementPreface：Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise, in the investment decision-making stage, the design phase and construction phase of the project put

14、 the project approval occurred in the control limits, strive in various construction projects rational use of human, material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits. The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy, to m

15、ake the investment in the identification and control become more complex, this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process, it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The construction management is the implementation of the

16、 entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management, construction management and settlement management. 1 bid organization system of biding and construction phaseBidding for the construction phase o

17、f the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means, bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects, shortening the construction cycle and return on the investment, construction units can take

18、full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control. Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units con

19、ducting the tender exercise, in the tender document to include not only the usual content, like tender notes before schedule, tender notes, the conditions of the contract, the contract terms of the agreement, contract format, technical specifications, drawings, tender documents and other reference f

20、ormat, it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory, Bidding as a reference document of the important components. Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory, in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the div

21、ided projects, unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules, according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged, obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective, impartial, scientific, and rational principle. C

22、ompilers must have strong manly budget, and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience, and the material and mechanical construction technology for comprehensive scientific knowledge, in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The bas

23、is of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules, and the sub-projects division engineering units, and in accordance with design drawings, design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated. Quantities of the project should have a testing gen

24、eral, the entries must be simple, while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division, the situation was different; we may have different prices for the items separately. This requ

25、ires the preparation of the list compilers, seriously study design drawings, Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements, all familiar with the process, and to the scene of serious investigation, is forecast to make possible the construc

26、tion of the case, right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition, because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units, clearly paying the price for the same overall

27、price, the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms. In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requir

28、ements, and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price. Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of cleari

29、ng works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work, construction program, a comprehensive technical evaluatio

30、n process, thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract, while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable, legitimacy and redu

31、ce the performance of the contract A, B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract, effective control of the works investment costs. After the signing of the contract, to do the management contract documentation, contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular m

32、eeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved, in addition to establishing a technical files, Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis, results of the analysis to take proactive measures. 2 constru

33、ction phaseConstruction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target, Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small, but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of t

34、he project to give sufficient attention. 2.1 building planConstruction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work, a reasonable construction plan, shorten the construction period and ensure the qualit

35、y of the project, improving economic efficiency, Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the quality, time, Cost three technical and economic indicators, be rational, and effective use of manpower, mat

36、erial and financial resources, achieve better economic efficiency, good construction management relations, a comprehensive cost management is an important way. 2.2 Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget Construction of the changes caused by many reasons, includ

37、ing works poorly designed, so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; the current market supply of materials do not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore, in the construction

38、process, we must tighten customs change, through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents, the best implementation of the "grade control, visa quota" system. Right to change the design, particularly as it relates to the

39、cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units, construction units scene representatives, supervision engineers common signature, and should be ahead of this type of change, reduce losses, because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the

40、 contents, it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore, the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site, to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes. 2.3 Works on the scene visa formalities through strict

41、control of the construction project supervision system, the establishment of specialized departments, Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas, not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious con

42、sequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building, Supervisor, the construction site together representatives signed the way to ensure that change, visa authenticity, legitimacy, economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of con

43、struction, the construction units to enhance on-site construction management, supervision and construction side according to the drawings, and strictly control the change of the negotiations, materials substitution, the scene visas, and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessar

44、y changes should be done first afterwards, after money, Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level, things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project. Construction unit represen

45、tatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record, particularly concealed records and visas, reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious, works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble, lead to considerable economic losses, the scene strict visa man

46、agement of the construction phase of the project cost control key. 2.4 Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories, Engineers monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects, occurred in the pre

47、-construction engineering and construction process technology, life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project de

48、sign and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original, itemized checking identification, inconsistent make revisions. 2.5 Control material consumption, rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials pric

49、e control is the main, the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion, usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%, representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material

50、 set reasonable prices, so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels, variety and price range materials, construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates, with the progress of the scene, t

51、he market, hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis. 2.6 Technology and economic integration, strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment, from organizational, technical, economic, contracts, and oth

52、er measures. Therefore, the construction units must strengthen management, engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept, the quality of education, Training pragmatic working style, the construction side to help improve construction design, reasonable security, financial, an

53、d material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions, overcome the waste caused by command, to give due attention to the

54、importance of investment in conservation, is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender, contract negotiations, costing the budget, signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts, a cost analysis, the whole process management a

55、nd strictly control the cost of the project. 2.7 Do a good job clearing price completion of the assessment project is the completion of settlement construction Enterprises in accordance with the provisions of the contract internal completed by the contractor, experience resumption quality standards

56、and comply with contract requirements, to the building of units of the final settlement price of the project. After the completion of the audit settlement is approved construction project cost basis. Clearing the completion phase project cost control. For a long time, the completion of construction drawings-clearing budget is the cost mana