專四語法知識(shí)小結(jié)

1、專四語法知識(shí)小結(jié)第一頁，共30頁。e.g:I lend you such books as will interest you.Dont read such books as will defile your mind.She knew he felt just the same as she did.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.From this library we can borrow as many books as we want to read.Here is so big a stone as no man can

2、lift.第二頁，共30頁。64.as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句通常使用“as+系動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+sb”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“某人也一樣”。e.g:Frank is a fine athlete, as was his farther before him.I travel to London every day, as do most of the people who live in this village.Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family.第三頁，共30頁。舉一反三：舉一反三：Heat does not travel by c

3、onvection in solid, because the solid does not move,_ a liquid.A.and does not B.also doesC.as doesD.as well as第四頁，共30頁。專四輔導(dǎo)八專四輔導(dǎo)八知識(shí)點(diǎn)小結(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)小結(jié)第五頁，共30頁。關(guān)于完形填空主要測試詞匯辨析、習(xí)慣用法、語法結(jié)構(gòu)詞匯辨析、習(xí)慣用法、語法結(jié)構(gòu)及及邏輯推理邏輯推理和和語篇語篇理解理解等方面的知識(shí)和能力解題時(shí)分“總、分、總總、分、總”三步走。1.對(duì)含義明顯的詞匯，固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法，常用句式詞匯，固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法，常用句式等純語言知識(shí)問題，可以邊讀邊隨時(shí)猜測出答案，包

4、括介詞的用介詞的用法，倒裝句、虛擬語氣法，倒裝句、虛擬語氣等固定的句型或語法。2.針對(duì)在通讀過程中未能輕易猜測出答案的題目利用上下文中字里行間的線索才能猜測出答案。此時(shí)，應(yīng)該先看清題區(qū)的句法關(guān)系，辨別句子是簡單句、并列句還是主從復(fù)合句，并根據(jù)語法判斷詞性，然后根據(jù)學(xué)生自己的生活常識(shí)、背景知識(shí)與文章主題，猜測該詞或短語的語義范圍。第六頁，共30頁。針對(duì)最后難關(guān)，直接對(duì)照選項(xiàng)針對(duì)最后難關(guān)，直接對(duì)照選項(xiàng)利用前兩輪已填入的選項(xiàng)縮小填空范圍，采用排除法，排除不恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項(xiàng)，最后敲定答案。3.檢查。1).所選的單詞或短語是否符合本句內(nèi)容，使上下文連貫和諧，與全文意義相協(xié)調(diào)。2).所選的單詞或短語是否符合某種

5、固定搭配。3).所選的單詞或短語是否符合某種句型、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的特殊要求。4).所選詞本身或附近的詞有無特殊要求，必要時(shí)對(duì)個(gè)別答案仍需推敲，發(fā)現(xiàn)不妥，要重新考慮，但應(yīng)慎重，無絕對(duì)把握，仍應(yīng)相信第一感覺。在做題時(shí)，還需要注意一種現(xiàn)象，即從原文中尋找答案。第七頁，共30頁。語法：1.1.非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞（1）非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式否定形式：not放在整個(gè)非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)前面Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.（2）cannot help but, rather than,sooner than, had better短語后接不帶to的

6、不定式。He said hed sooner die than betray his friend.（3）He wanted nothing but to stay there.They did nothing but complain.（4）表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或體現(xiàn)主從句謂語動(dòng)作時(shí)間上的先后，使用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)。如：Having finished his homework, he went to watch TV.第八頁，共30頁。（5）當(dāng)分詞有獨(dú)立主語（不同于主句主語的名詞或者代詞）時(shí)，則是一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)形式。例如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talk

7、ing.（6）現(xiàn)在分詞being在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中往往被省略。如：He came into the room, his face (being) red with cold.（7）動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞名詞；習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作名詞；習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作 不定式不定式將來；一次性動(dòng)作將來；一次性動(dòng)作 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞: : 動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；表主動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；表主動(dòng) 過去分詞過去分詞: : 動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；表被動(dòng)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；表被動(dòng)第九頁，共30頁。解題時(shí)候需要注意：逗號(hào)，連詞如果在句子中有逗號(hào)但沒有連詞來連接句子的前后兩個(gè)部分，那么在解題時(shí)我們可以考慮的方向?yàn)椋悍侵^語動(dòng)詞，獨(dú)立主格或從句。其中：如果只有一個(gè)分句為完整的句子，而另外

8、一部分沒有謂語動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)，那么我們可考慮為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；如果另外一部分也有動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)，那么考慮從句。如果為非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，接著需考慮邏輯主語及時(shí)態(tài)，然后選擇正確答案。第十頁，共30頁。e.g:41.Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat_ by far the biggest cereal crop.(2003) A.is B.been C.be D.beingThey saw a new movie at the theatre, _ they had dinner at a Chinese reatau

9、rant.A.then which B.which after C.after which D.after that(Keys: D, C)第十一頁，共30頁。There be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式1.如果there be的非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語或狀語，使用there being的形式，作介詞賓語時(shí)也使用there being形式。2.如果在there be結(jié)構(gòu)前有介詞for出現(xiàn)，都用there to be的形式。3.如果在動(dòng)詞want, expect, mean, intend, prefer等動(dòng)詞后，則用there to be 的形式。（因?yàn)檫@些動(dòng)詞本身的用法都為+to do作賓語）第十

10、二頁，共30頁。e.g：There being a shop here is a great advantage.This depended on there being a sudden changeThere being no buses, we had to walk home.We expect there to be no argument.It is impossible for there to be any more.The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.第十三頁，共30頁。2.2.虛擬語氣虛擬語氣（1

11、）在由if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中，如果有were, should, 或had中的任何一個(gè)，那么可以省略if，然后進(jìn)行倒裝，將主語與這些詞互換位置。e.g： If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have been saved.=Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have been saved.（2）在“it+ is+形容詞+that句型中，當(dāng)形容詞為necessary, important, essencial等時(shí)，that從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣，從句中的should通?？梢允÷?。但

12、在表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈感情時(shí)，should一般不省略，常譯為”竟然“之意。第十四頁，共30頁。e.g: It is strange that he should think of dropping out of school to sell newspapars.(3)would rather +that-clause中，在對(duì)將來事情進(jìn)行虛擬時(shí)，that從句中直接用一般過去時(shí)。e.g：Id rather you didnt come tomorrow.(4) 在It is (high/ about) time +（that）句型中，that從句中要用虛擬語氣，形式有： sb did sth或者sb sho

13、uld do sth.如果在選項(xiàng)中兩種形式同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，我們偏向于選擇did 的形式。Its high time we_ cutting down the rainforests.(2006)A.stopped B.had to stop C.should stop D.stop第十五頁，共30頁。此外還需注意虛擬語氣的三種特殊形式：即時(shí)間錯(cuò)綜，虛實(shí)錯(cuò)綜及含蓄條件句。第十六頁，共30頁。3.3.倒裝句型倒裝句型（1）as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，句子完全倒裝。Peter likes sports, as do many of his friends.（2）由only構(gòu)成的短語作狀語位于句首時(shí)。Only

14、 in this way can you solve the problem.(3)so.that.句型中的so,以及such.that.句型中的such位于句首時(shí)。So excellent was the boy that he was admitted to the university.So confused did he become that he didnt know how to start his lecture.第十七頁，共30頁。(4)as/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，采用倒裝，而且需注意特殊形式的倒裝。Object as you may, I will go.第十八頁

15、，共30頁。4.4.反意疑問句反意疑問句構(gòu)成：陳述句+反意疑問部分（前肯后否，前否后肯）幾種特殊的反意疑問句：Have some tea, wont you?Dont do that, will you?Lets go shopping after dinner, shall we?Please let us have more time, will you?I am good at maths, arent I?You must go home, neednt you?She ought to leave, shouldnt she?第十九頁，共30頁。5.從句狀語從句狀語從句（1）注意搭配

16、： no sooner.than, hardly.when（2）表比較的結(jié)構(gòu)：a. more/less.than.結(jié)構(gòu)：與其。不如。The child was less hurt than frightened.b. no less A than B結(jié)構(gòu)： A和B一樣A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.c. no more.than B或not.any more than B結(jié)構(gòu)：同B一樣不。One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour.第二十頁，共30頁。d. more t

17、han結(jié)構(gòu)The consequence was much more than (what) he imagined. 超出。的Her performance was more than good; it was perfect. 非常，及其Television is more than just an electronics system.不只是，不僅是e. not so much as結(jié)構(gòu)not so much A as B 與其說。是A， 不如說。是BHenry is not so much a writer as a reporter. 亨利與其說是一個(gè)作家，還不如說是一個(gè)記者。第二十

18、一頁，共30頁。f. not so much as + v結(jié)構(gòu)： 甚至不；連。都不I have not so much as heard of him, much less know him.我都沒怎么聽說過他，更別提認(rèn)識(shí)他了。第二十二頁，共30頁。than作關(guān)系代詞,一般用在形式為比較級(jí)的復(fù)合句中,其結(jié)構(gòu)為”形容詞比較級(jí)+than+從句”.than在從句中作主語,相當(dāng)于than what.e.g: 1.The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great more luxurious than_.(1998.44)A.is necessary B.bein

19、g necessary C.to be necessary D.it is necessary第二十三頁，共30頁。2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public.(1998.46)A.exists B.exist C.existing D.to exist3.The experiment requires more money than_.(2002.49)A.have been put in B.being put in C.has been

20、 put in D.to be put in第二十四頁，共30頁。定語從句a. 只能用that而不能用which的情況有：先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)；先行詞前有Next，last, very, any, little, no等修飾時(shí)；現(xiàn)行詞是all,much, little, none等時(shí)；先行詞是不定代詞something, anything, nothing, everything時(shí)。b.先行詞是人+物時(shí)，關(guān)系詞要用that 而不用which/who.c. 先行詞本身是that 時(shí)，一般用which引導(dǎo)定語從句。The predicate is that which is said of subject.第二十五頁，共30頁。d.在who開頭的疑問句中，若要用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，則用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。Who is the girl that is singing in the hall?e.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語只能用that.53.He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago. (2003)A.which B.that C.who D.whome.