閱讀教程二Unit 6

1、FriendshipUnit 6Pre-reading Interpretation of quotations pre-reading discussions: Whats your definition of a true friend? Compare your definition with the concept of friend in some poems.Interpretation of Quotations True fiendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it is los

2、t. - Charles Caleb Colton True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate its existence until we lose it.Interpretation of Quotations Wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow-ripening fruit. - Aristotle A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily and

3、 quickly, but establishing a true friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as a fruit slowly ripens.Interpretation of Quotations If you would win a man to your cause, first convince him that you are his sincere friend. - Abraham Lincoln If you want to succeed in gaining the support

4、and loyalty of a man with his dedication to your goal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Compare your definition with the concept of friend in some poems.Other proverbs 1. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 2. Life without a friend is like death without a witness. 3. It i

5、s good to have friends, even in hell. 4. Better to tell the truth and comfort their cry, than to create pain when you tell them a lie. 5. Friends are angels who lift us to our feet when your wings have trouble remembering how to fly. 6. The best mirror is an old friend. 7. False friends are worse th

6、an open enemies. 8. Friendship multiplies joys and divides grief. 9. May there always be work for your hands to do, may your purse always hold a coin or two. May the sun always shine on your windowpane, may a rainbow be certain to follow each rain. May the hand of a friend always be near you, may Go

7、d fill your heart with gladness to cheer you.Reading 1 Understanding Why did the author say that “it is enough for any man that he has the divine power of making friends”? Whats the authors recognition of friendship? Language explanation Para.1 “Friendship is above reason, for, though you find virtu

8、es in a friend, he was your friend before you found them.” Be above reason: not be formed according to any reason / not rely on judgment Find virtues: feel the goodness Whole: Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness in a friend, but the goodness was acknowledged after you had

9、 made friends with him. Para.1 “It is a gift that we offer because we must; to give it as the reward of virtue would be to set a price upon it, and those who do that have no friendship to give.” It: friendship To give it as the reward of virtue: (subject) to give it under a certain condition / passi

10、vely To set a price upon it: (predicative) to fix the price for it (metaphor) That: to give friendship under a certain condition Para.1 “If you choose your friends on the ground that you are virtuous and want virtuous company, you are no nearer to true friendship than if you choose them for commerci

11、al reasons.” On the ground that: for the reason that No nearer than: as far away as For commercial reasons: out of the motivation of gaining profits. Whole: If you only want those who possess good qualities to be your friends because you have good qualities, you are far from getting true friendship

12、just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after (in pursuit of) friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits. Para.2 “So no man who knows what friendship is ever gave up a friend because he turns out to be disreputable.” So if one knows what friendship really means, he would

13、never put an end to it only because his friend happens to be lacking respectability in character. Mortal poverty of affection: serious lack of love between friends Para.2 “Say of any man that he is unworthy of your friendship” (when you have given up him as a friend): “say of any woman that when is

14、unworthy of your love” (when you have fallen out of love with her) Analogy is the comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair. Part to whole, opposites, results of are types of relation

15、ships you should find. Example:hot is to cold as fire is to ice Trying to find the lost contact lens was like trying to find a needle in a haystack干草堆. Para.2 “In friendship and in love we are always humble, because we see that a free gift has been given to us; and to lose that humility because we h

16、ave lost friendship or love is to take a pride in what should shame us.” what should shame us: friendship or love is gone take a pride in: (the author is negative about this attitude) Whole: We should remain humble before friendship and love because we are granted this free gift. We should feel asha

17、med rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone. Para.3 “They have to be; and we pay men, and clothe them in wigs and scarlet, to sit in judgment on other men.” They: our judgments and penalties Have to be (part of our life) wigs and scarlet: the c

18、ourt suit Whole: Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we pay men and dress them in the court suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading 2 1. Why did the mother decide to send the narrator to the boarding school? 2. Why did the counselor urge the auth

19、ors mother to slip away without telling her son? 3. Why did the Carneys took the narrator to their weekend house? 4. Which words demonstrate that the relationship of the boys changed during the hide-out trip? Structure Para. 1-6 After my fathers death, my mother enrolled me in a boarding school. Par

20、a. 7-27 In the boarding school, everyone hid his emotions about losing parents and I was often made fun of. Para. 28-54 During an unplanned trip to a cornfield, the boys melted the inhibitions and found common understandings.Language Explanation Para.1 “need more structure and male role models” Stru

21、cture: the state of being well organized or planned with all the parts linked together Whole: need to be well organized and need to learn from other males on how to behave like a man. Enroll in: to arrange for yourself or for sb. else to officially join a course, school, and pay fee for it Boarding

22、school A boarding school is a school where some or all pupils not only study, but also live during term time, with their fellow students and possibly teachers. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, that is, food and lodging. Most boarding schools also have day students who are loc

23、al residents or children of faculty. Home RoomAlexis Halloway, a junior, reads in her dorm room. Students at the SEED school live on campus five days a week. Senior, Mansur Muhammed, studies at his computer while listening to music on his headphones. Two students are normally assigned to each dorm r

24、oom. Egg rolls and ChopsticksStudents eat breakfast, lunch and dinner on campus with only a weekend reprieve for moms home cooking. Para.2 “So I never uttered a word of protest, though every fiber of my body resisted the trip.” So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to the boardi

25、ng school, though all my senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip. Para.3 Be given a tour of: be brought to visit Accommodate: to provide sb. with a room or place to sleep, live or sit 這家旅館可供 500 位旅客住宿。 The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. Para.6 “The schools counselor, I learned later

26、, had urged my mother to slip away without saying good-bue so as to avoid a scene.” To avoid a scene: to avoid the scene in which the boy may be reluctant to let his mother go. Whole: I got to know later that the schools counselor had asked my mother to leave unnoticed without waying good-bye to me

27、in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions. Para.8-11 the fellow students made fun of the narrator Para.12 chore: an unpleasant or boring task Para.15 Shrug: If you shrug, you raise your shoulders to show that you are not interested in something or that you do not know or care about something. S

28、hrug sth. off / aside e.g. 她受了傷卻滿不在乎，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行比賽。 Shrugging off her injury, she played on. 對于要求他辭職的建議，他根本不予理會。 He shrugged aside suggestions that he resign. Para.20 catch: a childs game in which two people throw a ball to each other Which words can demonstrate the narrators anger? (ram, slug) Para.21 “th

29、e unspoken code that we boys held was not just the denial of feeling, but the denial that our dead parents had existed at all.” Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our dead parents, but also the fact that they were with us before. And we kept it as a secret deep in our mind. Para.

30、24 “If anything, the Carneys are too nice. Some of you guys are taking advantage of that.” Take advantage of: make use of e.g. We took full advantage of the hotel facilities. 我們充分享用了旅館設(shè)施。 That: the Carneys kindness Whole: If I have to say theres anything that Im dissatisfied with, it must be the fac

31、t that the Carneys are too nice. Some of you are making use of their kindness. Para.25 “Cold shoulders promptly turned my way.” Others distained my sayings. “relieve me from the others” Help me by taking me away from the pressure from others. Para.26 “Everybody thinks you kissed up to the Carneys. Y

32、ou have a lot of guys mad at you.” Kiss up to: to fawn on; to please sb. by praising them or paying them too much attention Be mad at: be angry with Whole: everyone thinks you were trying to please the Carneys. Many boys are angry at your act of flattery. Para.38 Meadows dotted with wildflowers: mea

33、dow where there spread wildflowers Dot: to spread things or people over an area; to be spread over an area 星羅棋布于；遍布 e.g. 鄉(xiāng)間有星羅棋布的小村莊。 Small villages dot the countryside. The countryside was dotted with small villages. Para.44 No sweat: used to tell sb. that sth. is not difficult or a problem when th

34、ey thank you or ask you to do sth. “It was a place that melted inhibitions and tough-guy exteriors.” Melt inhibitions and tough-guy exteriors: make inhibitions and the tough-guys usual appearance vanish. Whole: It was a place where the restraints and the ourward aggressive appearance of being unwill

35、ing to compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior. Para.44 “We found ourselves on those roads into our interiors that we traveled only in private.” Metaphor We found ourselves gradually open our hearts and talk about what we didnt let others know before. Para.50 “But

36、like them, I was eager to unburden myself of someghing I simply couldnt keep bottled up any longer.” Bottle up: to not allow other people to see that you are unhappy, angry, etc., especially when this happens over a long period of time Whole: Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the

37、burden I could no longer carry in mind. Para.52 “But none of us had a photo, not even in our rooms, it being generally accepted that such a thing was too much of a reminder of a life more bright and normal than the one we now lived.” But we didnt carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and we eve

38、n didnt keep one in our rooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading 3 Poem Rhyme, alliteration, assonance and consonance are ways of creating rep

39、etitive patterns of sound. They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns, or as an ornamental element.Rhyme Rhyme consists of identical (hard-rhyme) or similar (soft-rhyme) sounds placed at the ends of lines or at predictable locations within lines (

40、internal rhyme). Languages vary in the richness of their rhyming structures; Italian, for example, has a rich rhyming structure permitting maintenance of a limited set of rhymes throughout a lengthy poem. The richness results from word endings that follow regular forms. English, with its irregular w

41、ord endings adopted from other languages, is less rich in rhyme. The degree of richness of a languages rhyming structures plays a substantial role in determining what poetic forms are commonly used in that language.Alliteration Alliteration is a literary or rhetorical stylistic device that consists

42、in repeating the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession. Alliteration is particularly useful in languages with less rich rhyming structures.Assonance Assonance, where the use of similar vowel sounds within a word rather than similar sounds at the beginning or end

43、of a word, was widely used in skaldic poetry. Because verbs carry much of the pitch in the English language, assonance can loosely evoke the tonal elements of Chinese poetry and so is useful in translating Chinese poetry. Consonance Consonance occurs where a consonant sound is repeated throughout a

44、sentence without putting the sound only at the front of a word. Consonance provokes a more subtle effect than alliteration and so is less useful as a structural element. C symbolises a consonant cluster, not a single consonant, V a vowel: 1) Alliteration: C v c great/grow send/sit2) Assonance: c V c

45、 great/fail send/bell3) Consonance: c v C great/meat send/hand4) Rhyme: c V C great/bait send/end Each stanza contains four lines except 18 & 19 (stanza 7 also contains 4 lines, not five) The foot rhyme of this poem is: aabb The foot rhyme of a sonnet is: abab cdcd efef gg This is not a poem in

46、a strict sense, for the real poem is required to have a certain syllable stress e.g. Shall I compare thee to a summers day?UnderstandingWho wrote the poem? What made Allie wrote this poem? How was Allie feeling when she heard the knock on the door? Which sentence drew the memory out? How did Allie b

47、ecome Janes best friend? Why was Jane unable to come to Allies party? What did Allie decide to do after reading Janes note? What did Jane and Allie vow to do for each other? In you own words, describe the relationship of Jane and Allie. Language Explanation Stanza 5: Bustling: full of people moving

48、about in a busy way 繁忙的；熙熙攘攘的 Weave through: to move along by running and changing direction continuously to avoid things that are in your way e.g. The road weaves through a range of hills. 這條路在群山中繞來繞去。 Stanza 6: Stoop Stanza 7 A million memories came flooding back: A large amount of memories came back to my mind suddenly and strongly. Stanza 8 Brownie tr