句子結(jié)構(gòu)與成分教（學(xué)）案

1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分 相關(guān)概念1.詞性的英文縮寫 在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們在記單詞的時只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們在記單詞時一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢?？s寫字母原詞代表詞性 縮寫字母原詞代表詞性n. noun 名詞 v.verb動詞vt. transitive verb及物動詞 vi. intransitive verb不及物動詞modal v.modal verb 情態(tài)動詞 aux. v.auxiliary verb助動詞adj. adjective形容詞 adv. adverb 副詞num.numeral數(shù)詞 interj. interjec

2、tion感嘆詞pron. pronoun 代詞 prep. preposition介詞art.article冠詞 conjconjunction連詞 2.及物動詞和不及物動詞實(shí)義動詞后面跟賓語時，這個動詞是及物動詞。實(shí)義動詞后面不跟賓語時，此時這個動詞是不及物動詞。The door opened. (open后面沒跟賓語，此時，open是不及物動詞。)He opened the door. (open后面有賓語the door, 此時，open是及物動詞。)注意：英語中一個動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時后面是否跟賓語。有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，詞義相同。如：T

3、he meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.>有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物動詞，意為“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物動詞，“遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash及物動詞，“洗”) The clothes washes well. (wash不及物動詞，“耐洗”)英語中一些單詞是及物還是不及物，可能與漢語不同。He

4、 listens to the music every day. (listen為不及物動詞，而漢語中“聽”是及物動詞。)指出下列句中斜體動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，及物動詞填vt.，不及物填vi.。Most birds can fly.（ ） The children are flying kites in the park. ( )It happened yesterday.（ ） My watch stopped.（ ）The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )She spoke at the meeting this mor

5、ning. （ ） Shall I begin at once?（ ）She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）When did they leave Beijing?（ ） They left last week. （ ）3.實(shí)義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞實(shí)義動詞和助動詞是根據(jù)動詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實(shí)義動詞也叫行為動詞。實(shí)義動詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語的動詞。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明確的意義，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動詞。)I like reading. （li

6、ke “喜歡”，意思明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動詞。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “買”，意義明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動詞。）助動詞 助動詞的“助”是“幫助”之意。因此，助動詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語。幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)的：The boy is crying.(is 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，和crying一起作謂語，是助動詞。)He has arrived. (has用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，和arrived一起作謂語，是助動詞。)I have been pai

7、nting all day. （have been用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，和painting一起作謂語，都是助動詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的：Does he like English? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)The house has been pulled down. (has been幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動

8、詞。)幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，是助動詞，屬于謂語的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實(shí)來過。did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒有具體

9、意義，是助動詞。)因此可以看出，常見的助動詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦釉~。一個詞既可以作實(shí)義動詞也可以作助動詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did單獨(dú)作謂語，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，do是實(shí)義動詞，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動詞。)He has had breakfast. (has是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，had是實(shí)義動詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語。)指出下列斜體單詞是

10、實(shí)義動詞還是助動詞。Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.Where does( ) he live ( )? He does ( ) some washing after work.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞同助動

11、詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和實(shí)義動詞一起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動詞也稱為情態(tài)助動詞。情態(tài)動詞同基本助動詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動詞本身無意義，而情態(tài)動詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river.(can的詞義為“能夠”) You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的詞義為“或許”）4.謂語和非謂語在英語中，一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個謂語，再出現(xiàn)動詞時，要變成非謂語形式，即：在前面加to構(gòu)成動詞不定式，或在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，或在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說，非謂

12、語是指：動詞不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。先找出句中的謂語，然后改正句中的錯誤，并說明原因。Get up early is good for our health. 早起有利于我們的身體健康。I want go home now. 我現(xiàn)在想回家。My favorite sport is play football. 我最喜愛的運(yùn)動是踢足球。There is a bird sings in the tree. 有一只鳥正在樹上唱歌。The boy sits over there likes singing. 坐在那邊的那個男孩喜歡唱歌。The house was built last ye

13、ar has been sold out. 去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學(xué)。My parents wanted him work hard. 我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)。I remember saw him that day. 我記得那天看見過他。10. I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑進(jìn)那座建筑物。5.主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系先看下面兩個題：_ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a g

14、ood sale.A. TastedB. Being tasted C. TastingD. Having tastedThe food _ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelled C. smellingD. is smelling一些同學(xué)分別選A和B。他們說，食物是被品嘗、被聞的，和食物構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，所以要用過去分詞。這種說法是錯誤的。非謂語中的主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系，不是從誰做了這個動作著眼，而是從恢復(fù)成一句話后是“主動語態(tài)”還是“被動語態(tài)”著眼。主動關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于主動語態(tài)。如：The boy crying over there is T

15、om.(在那邊哭的那個男孩) 從邏輯上講，the boycry, 男孩哭，相當(dāng)于主動語態(tài)，是主動關(guān)系。被動關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 從邏輯上講，the house was built,房子被建，相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)，是被動關(guān)系。在上兩題中，邏輯關(guān)系可以表達(dá)為：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 邏輯上food和taste、smell是一種主謂關(guān)系，是主動語態(tài)，因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。因此，上兩題的

16、答案為C和C。6.邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 在判斷是否是賓語補(bǔ)足語時，一般說，“賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”。一些同學(xué)對這句話不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他讓我借給他一些錢?！癿e”是賓語，“me to lend him some money”意為“我借給他一些錢”。從意思上看，這像一句話，“我”是主語，“借給他一些錢”是謂語部分，但在英語原句中，它們卻不是真正的主謂關(guān)系。因此可以說“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”，是指，從意思上看像主謂關(guān)系，而實(shí)際上不是?！皌o lend him some money”是賓語補(bǔ)足語。判斷下列句中畫線部分是否是賓語補(bǔ)

17、足語。(是的填T，不是的填F)I want him to come at once. ( ) He lent me some money. ( )He made the boy cry again. ( ) The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )Dont leave the door open at night. ( )7.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 在我們學(xué)習(xí)語法的過程中，我們可能會聽說“復(fù)合賓語”、“動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”。 實(shí)際上，這幾個“復(fù)合”，都有“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”之意。如：He invited us to come to

18、 the party. (us是賓語，to come to the party是賓語補(bǔ)足語；賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語合在一起稱為復(fù)合賓語。賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)Its important for us to learn English well. (it是形式主語，真正的主語是for us to learn English well?！皍s”是“to learn English well”的邏輯主語二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。與for somebody to d

19、o something，you和to help me構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom遲到使我們老師生氣。coming是動名詞，Toms coming late是動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Tom是coming late的邏輯主語，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)8.沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化先看下列三組句中have、do和be的變化形式I have a book He has a book. They have a book. I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV. We enjoy wat

20、ching TV. He is sleeping. I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人稱的變化”是指：謂語動詞用什么形式，受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。主語同為單數(shù)（表示一個人）， be在第一人稱I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人稱后用原形，在第三人稱后用為does, has?！皵?shù)”是指“單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)”?！皵?shù)的變化”是指謂語動詞用什么形式，還受前面主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的影響。如果主語是復(fù)數(shù)，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱

21、和數(shù)的變化。如： He / I / We can swim.句子成分英語的句子成分主要有六種：即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語”和“同位語”的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。劃分句子成分時的常用符號1.英語中劃分句子成分的符號主語 在下面畫直線 謂語 在下面畫曲線 賓語 在下面畫雙橫線 定語 在下面畫虛線 （一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，“釘”諧音為“定語”的“定”） 狀語 下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)

22、語 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）同位語 上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2.主語 主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)。可以作主語的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)： 1.名詞 2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞 4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式 6.動名詞 7.主語從句等表示。在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. On

23、e-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health.The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句

24、中的錯誤，并說明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport. Give up English is not an option.3.謂語 謂語由動詞充

25、當(dāng)，說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all

26、day.由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：We are students. Your idea sounds great.4.表語 表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當(dāng)。Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned co

27、ld. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one. His job is to teach English.His hobby（愛好）is playing football. The machine must be under repairs. The truth is that he has never been abroad.5.賓語 賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)，表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，分別構(gòu)成動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫出下列句中的賓語, 并說明由什么充當(dāng)。They plan

28、ted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.6.賓語補(bǔ)足 英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思

29、上，賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時體會賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everyth

30、ing in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now. I want your homework done on time.7.主補(bǔ) 對主語的補(bǔ)充。含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成被動語態(tài)，賓語作主語時，原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8.定語 定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語

31、或句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語習(xí)慣不同，也是許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長句的主要原因。副詞用作定語一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們) He didnt like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個人）形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁

32、邊的那個人）介詞短語作定語時要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個男孩）現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式作定語常后置。I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說的話)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫線標(biāo)出定語部分，留意定語的位置

33、，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast.He has money enough to buy a car. The man down

34、stairs was trying to sleep.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. There are many clothes to be washed.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.Most of

35、the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.9.狀語 修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子, 說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。He writes carefully. He walks slowly. (認(rèn)真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動詞用副詞，作狀語)This material is environmentally friendly. （修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）He runs very sl

36、owly. （修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，作狀語）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個句子用副詞，作狀語）幾個并列狀語的先后順序：方式地點(diǎn)時間一個句中有幾個并列狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式地點(diǎn)時間。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情態(tài)動詞、系動詞、助動詞之后, 實(shí)義動詞之前。You can never tell what he will do. He is often late.He is always helping others. He oft