注意幾個(gè)常用介詞的用法

1、注意幾個(gè)常用介詞的用法1 表示時(shí)間 at, in, on, by, for, through, over, until2 表示在附近near, by, beside, next to, at3 表示地點(diǎn)at, in, on4 表示除外 besides, except, except for,but, but for, next to5 表示方位、方向 in, to, on, at, for6 表示“經(jīng)由，通過(guò)，穿過(guò)” across, by, through7 表示“在上下” above, below, over, under, on, beneath8 表示方式by, through, in,

2、 with, on9 表示原因through, with, from, for, at, owing to,due to, because of, on account of, thanks to10 表示價(jià)格，比率，對(duì)比 at, by, for, against,11 表示屬性，部分與整體of, with12 表示比較 as,like13 表示“在之間之中” among, between14 表示讓步 in spite of, despite, for all, with all 15 表示條件 as for, as to, for, in terms of, without16 表示目的f

3、or, for fear of, for the sake of1 表示時(shí)間1) at時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻等They come home at sunrise (at noon,at midnight, at ten oclock,at daybreak, at dawn).較短暫的一段時(shí)間?？芍改硞€(gè)節(jié)日或被認(rèn)為是一年中標(biāo)志大事的日子。例如：He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival,at night, at midsummer).At the beginning ( middle, end) of that mon

4、th he was sick.His grandfather died at seventy-two.2) in在某個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間（如世紀(jì)、朝代、年、月、季節(jié)、以及泛指的上午、下午和傍晚等）內(nèi)。例如：He was born in 1942.He did it in the holidays.在一段時(shí)間之后 一般情況下，用于將來(lái)時(shí)間時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為“一時(shí)性的動(dòng)作”，in作“在以后”解。例如：He will arrive in two hours.意指“從現(xiàn)在算起的兩小時(shí)后”。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為“延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作”時(shí)，in作“在以?xún)?nèi)”解。例如：These products will be produced in

5、 a month.意指“一個(gè)月內(nèi)”。 after用于將來(lái)時(shí)間時(shí)也指“一段時(shí)間之后”，但其后的時(shí)間是“一點(diǎn)”(如：after two oclock)，而不是“一段”。3) on具體的時(shí)日或特定的時(shí)間，如某日、某節(jié)日、星期幾等On. May 4th ( On Sunday, On New Years day, On Christmas Day)，there will be a celebration.He will come to meet us on our arrival.在某個(gè)特定的早晨、下午或晚上He died on the eve of victory(勝利前夕)He arrived a

6、t 10 0clock on the night of the 5th.準(zhǔn)（時(shí)），按（時(shí)）If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.4) By不遲于，在（某時(shí)）前He must have returned by now.Jack had made some friends by the time you came.He will come by six oclock.By then he was more than fifty years of age.在間，在的時(shí)候He worked by day and

7、slept by night.I dont like travelling by night.5) for（年、月、日、時(shí)等）之久He was absent from school for a week.I have been here for three days.在指定的時(shí)間，“為（某場(chǎng)合）”或“（某事）安排在（某時(shí)刻）”He asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday.Id like to book a room for Friday night.The ceremony was arranged for two ocl

8、ock/March lst.6) through指時(shí)間含義同throughout，表示“從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束”He guarded us all through the night.We work hard all through the year.It rained throughout the night.7) over指時(shí)間同during，指貫穿這一時(shí)間段，意為“在期間”We often talked over a cup of coffee.Will you stay here over Christmas?8) until指時(shí)間意為“一直到為止”He worked until 10:00 P

9、. M. And then quit.He did not stop working until late at night.直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)1) 直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句：改為以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)+ said，“陳述句”主語(yǔ)+ said+( that)+陳述句直接引語(yǔ)：He said,”Im very glad.”間接引語(yǔ)：He said ( that) he was very glad.2) 直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句：改為whether/if.引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)+ asked，“一般疑問(wèn)句”主語(yǔ)+asked+（賓語(yǔ)）+ whether/if +陳述句直接引語(yǔ)：He asked, “A

10、re you very busy these days?”間接引語(yǔ)： He asked me whether I was very busy those days.3) 直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句：改為由where，when，what，why，how，how many 等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)+ asked，“特殊疑問(wèn)句” 主語(yǔ)+ asked+（賓語(yǔ)）+特殊疑問(wèn)詞+陳述句直接引語(yǔ)：He said, ” when do you want to leave ? ”間接引語(yǔ)： He asked me when I wanted co leave.直接引語(yǔ)：He said，“What do you wa

11、nt to read?”間接引語(yǔ)：He asked me what I wanted to read.4) 直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句：改為如下結(jié)構(gòu)。主語(yǔ)+ask/tell/order/advise/warn+賓語(yǔ)+(not) to do sth.直接引語(yǔ)：He said,” Open the door please, John!”間接引語(yǔ)：He asked John to open the door.直接引語(yǔ)：He said,” Dont talk in class!”間接引語(yǔ)：He ordered us not to talk in class.5) 主句的轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)變

12、化。直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)She said,“I do all the work.” She said that she did all the work.She said, “I did all the work.” She said that she had done all the work.She said, ”I"ll do all the work.” She said that she would do all the work.She said,”Im doing all the work. She said that she was doing all the work

13、.She said,”Ive done all the work.” She said that she had done all the work.She said,” Ive been doing it.” She said that she had been doing it.She said,”I can do all the work.” She said that she could do all the work.注意：直接引語(yǔ)中陳述的是真理之類(lèi)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)內(nèi)容時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。He said,”The earth moves round the sun.”He tol

14、d me that the earth moves round the sun.6) 轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、指示代詞和某些動(dòng)詞的變化。直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)now現(xiàn)在 then那時(shí)today今天 that day那天tonight今晚 that night那天晚上yesterday昨天 the day before 前一天tomorrow明天 the next day/the following day第二天 last weekmonth上周上個(gè)月 the week/month before 前一周前個(gè)月next week/year下周明年 the week/year after下下周后年

15、in two days再過(guò)兩天 two days later/after two days兩天之后three days ago三天前（現(xiàn)在算起） three days before三天前（過(guò)去算起） here這兒 there那兒this這 that那these這些 those那些come來(lái) go去 bring帶來(lái) take帶走例1： He said,”I went to Beijing last week.” He said that he had gone to Beijing the week before.例2： He asked,” Will you come tomorrow？” H

16、e asked me whether I would go the next day.例3： He asked,”Have you finished reading this book.” He asked me if I had finished reading that book.It is與There be的區(qū)別:1) it用作實(shí)詞常指代前面提到的物體或事情。There be結(jié)構(gòu)表示某物存在于某處。例如：They live on a busy main road. It must be very noisy. That building is now a supermarket. It

17、used to be a cinema. Last winter it was very cold and there was a lot of snow. They live on a busy road. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic.2) it作形式主語(yǔ)，可代替主語(yǔ)從句，或代替用作主語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞（例句見(jiàn)本章“it作形式主語(yǔ)”） 。There be結(jié)構(gòu)表示某人、某事或某物存在于某地或是否存在。常見(jiàn)的句式如下： It is no wonder+( that)從句 There is no doubt+ about/ that

18、從句 It is no surprise +that從句 There is no hope/chance of. It is no secret +that從句 There is no need to do.It is no coincidence + that從句 There is no point in doing.It is( no longer)+形容詞+to do There is no reason to do.It is no use/good+ -ing There is no denying+ that從句Have的用法常用結(jié)構(gòu)： have+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式 hav

19、e十賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞 have+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞這三種結(jié)構(gòu)有下面幾種用法。1使某人或某物做某事，使某物某事被（他人）做He had everybody fill out a form.他讓所有的人都填了表。She had us laughing all through the meal在吃飯過(guò)程中，她使我們始終笑個(gè)不停。I had my films developed.我把膠卷讓人給沖洗出來(lái)了。If you dont get out of my house Ill have you arrested.如果不離開(kāi)我的房子，我就讓人把你抓起來(lái)?！咎崾尽吭趆ave十sth.+ done結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子主語(yǔ)與

20、實(shí)際動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的關(guān)系有三種情況：同一個(gè)人，不是同一個(gè)人，可能是同一個(gè)人或不是同一個(gè)人。例如：He is too old to have the book completed.他垂垂老矣，這本書(shū)寫(xiě)不完了。（同一個(gè)人）He is going to have the bad tooth pulled out.他要去拔牙。 （不是同一個(gè)人）She has her car cleaned twice a week.她每周洗刷兩次汽車(chē)。（同一個(gè)人或不是同一個(gè)人）have+ sb.十doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表示正在進(jìn)行的、尚未完成的動(dòng)作；have十sb十do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。比較：I had

21、 her typing out the paper我讓她正在打出那篇論文。I had her type out the paper.我讓她打出了那篇論文。2 經(jīng)歷某個(gè)事件或行動(dòng)，遭遇（句子的主語(yǔ)不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者）He had his left hand cut off when operating the machine.他在操作這部機(jī)器時(shí)左手被切掉了。Its lovely to have people smile at you in the street.在街上，人們朝你微笑是件非常愉快的事。She had two pens missing.她丟了兩支鋼筆。3 拒絕接受，不允許（wont h

22、ave)，相當(dāng)于dont allow/ permit sb. to do sth.或forbid sb. to do sth.I wont have you do/doing that again.我決不會(huì)讓你再做那件事。They wont have their land turned into a battlefield.他們決不允許把他們的家園變成戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。4 靜態(tài)的have不同于動(dòng)態(tài)的have作靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，have意為“有”，疑問(wèn)句可用Have you？Have you got？Do youhave？三種形式；否定句可用havent，havent got，dont have三種形式；但靜態(tài)

23、動(dòng)詞have不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：你有妹妹嗎？Have you a sister?Have you got a sister?Do you have a sister?我沒(méi)有妹妹。I havent a sister.I havent got a sister.I dont have a sister.簡(jiǎn)在樓上有一個(gè)房間。Jane has a room upstairs. ()Jane is having a room upstairs. XA room is had by Jane upstairs. X作動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，have的意義相當(dāng)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞eat，take，catch，we

24、ar，get，receive，obtain，experience，meet with，earn 等，通?？捎糜谶M(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。動(dòng)態(tài)have的疑問(wèn)句要用Do you have？形式，否定句要用dont have 形式。例如：She is having a baby. 她懷孕了。 （=is expecting）There was nothing to be had. 什么也得不到。 (obtained)A good time was had by us. 我們度過(guò)了一段美好時(shí)光。Do you have lunch at twelve? 你12點(diǎn)吃午飯嗎？（不可說(shuō)Have you lunch？

25、或Have you got lunch？)He didnt have a good sleep.他沒(méi)睡好。（不可說(shuō)He hadnt a）He had supper at seven.他7點(diǎn)吃的晚飯。（不可說(shuō)He had got）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(The Simple Present/The Present Indefinite Tense)1 構(gòu)成 do ; does用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)有變化?；咀兓?guī)則是：一般情況加“-s”，以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾的詞把“y”改為“i”, 再加“-es”（但元音加“y”結(jié)尾的則直接加“-s”），以“o，s，x，ch，sh”結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加“-es”。動(dòng)詞be的變

26、化形式是is，am，are；動(dòng)詞have的變化形式是have，has。2 功能 表示習(xí)慣的、永久性的或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 (常同every day，often，sometimes，usually，always，twice a month, every week, on Sundays, occasionally, normally, generally, weekly, now and then, every so often, as a rule, rarely 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用 )He seldom eats meat.他很少吃肉。I never sit up late into the nig

27、ht.我從不晚睡。She always takes a walk in the evening.她常在晚間散步。The world always makes way for the dreamer.這世界永遠(yuǎn)會(huì)為追求理想的人讓出一條光明大道。 表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況或狀態(tài)She loves music.她喜歡音樂(lè)。Contradictions exist everywhere.矛盾處處存在。They dont speak French here.這兒不講法語(yǔ)。She lives in a villa at the foot of the hill.她住在山腳下的一棟別墅里。People e

28、njoy reading about the rich and famous.人們喜歡閱讀有關(guān)富人和名人的書(shū)?！咎崾尽肯旅媸且粋€(gè)歧義句：She cant bear children. A 她不能生育。B 她受不了孩子們的嬉鬧。 表示普遍真理、事實(shí)，也用在格言中The earth moves round the sun.地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。Water boils at 100水的沸點(diǎn)是100。Spring follows winter.冬天過(guò)后就是春天。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　 stitch in time saves nine.小洞不補(bǔ)，大洞吃苦。No man

29、but errs.人非圣賢，孰能無(wú)過(guò)。 在由 when, it, after, before, although, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, whether, even if ,in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引導(dǎo)的表示時(shí)間、條件、比較等狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí).Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. 她明天來(lái)的時(shí)候我會(huì)告訴她的。You will surely succeed if you try your best. 功夫不負(fù)有心人。Ill go where you go. 你去哪兒我也去哪兒。I shall tell her the minute she gets here.她一到那里我就告訴她。I shall have a good time whether l win or lose.我不論輸贏都會(huì)很快活。In the future I shall do as she says.將來(lái)我要按她說(shuō)的去做。The earlier you leave，