初中·定語從句詳細(xì)講解

1、.定語從句定語從句是一個重點語法項目，而且也是各種考試中考查的重點，要牢固掌握好關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法及特殊用法，并且學(xué)會利用相關(guān)知識來作出判斷，準(zhǔn)確解答相關(guān)試題。知識詳單何為定語從句：在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來修飾主句中的某一名詞、代詞或整個主句。先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞，定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。關(guān)系詞：在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。知識點1關(guān)系詞分類先行詞句子成分例句關(guān)系代詞who人主語，賓語A teacher is a person who passes knowledge

2、to students.A teacher is a person, a teacher passes knowledge to students.whom人賓語The woman whom you met in the street is Kate.whose人/物定語Please pass me the book whose cover is green.which物主語，賓語，定語This is the room which he lived in last year.。that人/物主語，賓語，表語The girl that I spoke to is my cousin.They a

3、re the people that were seen yesterday.He came back for the book that was on the deskHe came back for the book that he had forgotten.as人/物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of usSuch books as I borrowed yesterday are all here關(guān)系副詞when時間時間狀語I know the date when Lincoln was born.where地點地點狀

4、語I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.why原因原因狀語That is the reason why he was late.知識點2關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞用法例句who/whom兩者都用于指人，who在定語從句中作主語、賓語;whom在定語從句中作賓語I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.我不認(rèn)識寫這篇文章的那個人。What is the girl whom(who) you talked to just now?剛才和你說話的那個女

5、孩子是干什么的?whose指人或物，在從句中作定語,往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個名詞短語在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分He is the man whose car was stolen last night.他就是昨天晚上車被偷的那個男子。which一般指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，還可在從句中作介詞的賓語That was a fault which could not be forgiven.那是不能饒恕的錯誤。The house in which I used to live has become a shoe.我過去住的房子現(xiàn)在變成了一家鞋店。that指人或物，在從句中作主語或賓語，還可作表語

6、，作賓語或表語時可省略;作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that前He is the man that was punished at the meeting.他就是那個在會上受批評的人。Shanghai is the place that I visited last year.上海是我去年參觀過的地方。as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，常用于such. as和the same. as等句式中Such points as youve mentioned are really important in solving the problem.你提到的這些方面在解決這個問題上的確很重要?！局R拓展】1

7、.關(guān)系詞指物時，只用that不用which的情況:先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, no one, little, few, much, some . none等不定代詞時。例如:All that can be done has been done.所有能做的已經(jīng)做了。先行詞被the only, the very ,the just, the right, the last, all, any, some, no, few, little, much等修飾時。例如This is the very book that I am looking for

8、.這正是我要找的那本書。先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級所修飾時。例如:This is the best film that I have seen.這是我所看過的最好的電影。主句是who或者which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時。例如:Who is the man that is making a speech?正在演講的那個人是誰?2.只用which而不用that的情況:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞，先行詞指物時。例如:This is the house of which the windows face south.這就是窗戶朝南的那座房子。在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物時，只能

9、用which。例如:The plane landed safely, which made us very happy.飛機(jī)安全降落，這使我們很高興。知識點3關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞用法例句when代替表示時間的名詞.而這個名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語，常可用on which, in which, during which等代替We dont know the exact time when the English evening will be held.我們不知道英語晚會舉行的確切時間。Do you know the date when Lincoln was mur

10、dered ?你知道林肯遇刺的日期嗎？when代替表示地點的名詞，而這個名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語，常用in which，on which，to which等代替The place where were to have the Speech Contest has not been decided州.我們舉行演講比賽的地點還未定下來。He did all his research in the room where he lived.他在自己住的房間里做了所有的研究。why代替表示原因的名詞，而這個名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，?？捎胒or whi

11、ch代替He didnt tell her the reason why he was happy.他沒有告訴她他那么高興的原因。Is this the reason why she refused our offer?這是她拒絕我們幫助她的理由嗎?【知識拓展】關(guān)系副詞的省略:（1）The time, every time, each time, the moment等后的關(guān)系副詞可省略。例如:By the time （when ）he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced math all by himself.到十四歲時，

12、愛因斯坦已經(jīng)自學(xué)了高等數(shù)學(xué)。在某些表示地點的名詞后，關(guān)系副詞有時也可省略.如the place等。例如:This is the place （where）we met years ago. 這就是我們多年前見面的地方。（3）先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞可省略。例如:The reason （why）he did that is quite clear.他那樣做的理由是非常清楚的。知識點4定語從句的注意事項關(guān)系代詞的省略在限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞which, who, whom或that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，且前無介詞時，關(guān)系代詞可以省略。例如:The people (whom/who)

13、 I work with are all friendly.The children like the bread (which/that) my wife makes.判斷關(guān)系詞的方法在判斷應(yīng)使用哪一個關(guān)系詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句時，首先應(yīng)該找準(zhǔn)定語從句的先行詞，確定先行詞指的是什么，指的是人.指的是物.還是指的一句話的內(nèi)容，等等。其次要確定關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。需要注意的是，先行詞往往決定不了關(guān)系詞的使用，關(guān)鍵是粉關(guān)系詞在從句中所起的具體作用。例如:Ill never forget the day when we moved to Beijing.(先行詞指的是時間，關(guān)系詞在從句作時間狀語，

14、故使用關(guān)系副詞wh.作為引導(dǎo)詞)我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們搬到北京的那一天。Ill never forget the days (which/that) we spent together一。t summer.(先行詞盡管指的是時間。但在從句中作的是賓語，因此不能使用when作為引導(dǎo)詞)我將水遠(yuǎn)不會忘記去年夏天我們共同度過的那段時光。定語從句的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞來確定.即先行詞為單數(shù)，從句謂語動詞為單數(shù);先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)，則從句謂語動詞為復(fù)數(shù)。例如:He is one of the students who were late for school.(

15、句中的students是先行詞，故從句的謂語動詞使用復(fù)數(shù)形式)他是遲到的學(xué)生中的一個。He is the only one of the students who was late for school. ( one之前有“the only“或“the very修飾時，one就是先行詞.故從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)該使用單數(shù)形式)他是學(xué)生中唯一遲到的一個?！厩蓪W(xué)記憶】關(guān)系代詞的用法.:關(guān)系詞來引定從，它們的用法各不同. That可做主賓用，指人指物它都行.which只能指物用，主賓定語它也能。who和whom指人用，分作主賓要弄清。whose一詞真叫行，指人指物都能用。時間狀語when才行，地點狀語wh

16、ere能。原因狀語why對應(yīng), as用作主和賓。修飾全句或部分，which和as要分清。固定搭配應(yīng)分明，從句當(dāng)中定功能。考點突破考點1 考察關(guān)系代詞的用法1.(哈爾濱中考)Everyone has his aim in life. However, you cant get fat on one mouthful. Start with the easiest thing_ you can control A. who B. that C. which 【解析】選B。先行詞thing是物，且由最高級修飾，關(guān)系代詞用that,2.(綏化中考) The story book_ you lent m

17、e is very interesting. A. which B. it C. what 【解析】選A。先行詞為The story book，指物，關(guān)系詞which在從句中作lent的賓語。故選A,3.(龍東中考)Shirley is the girl_ taught me how to use We-chat(微信). A. whom B. which C. who 【解析】選C, the girl作先行詞，表示人，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，故關(guān)系代詞用who,4.(咸寧中考)-Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China(舌尖上的中國)? -Yeah! Its the most funny one_ I have ever seen. A. that B. what C. which D. where 解析選A。先行詞one前有最高級修飾，故關(guān)系詞用that,考點2考察關(guān)系副詞的用法5.(棗莊中考)He is unlikely to find the school_ he taught 5