食品納米技術(shù)與納米食品安全(共6頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上食品納米技術(shù)與納米食品安全摘要 隨著納米材料越來越廣泛地應(yīng)用在生產(chǎn)和生活中，其安全性問題也日益凸顯，目前納米技術(shù)在此領(lǐng)域的研究仍在起步階段，對納米食品的安全性，即其對人體和環(huán)境的影響等方面的問題的認識還不夠全面和深入。本文綜述了納米食品的國內(nèi)外研究動態(tài)、發(fā)展概況及安全性評價等問題，簡要地提出了其今后的發(fā)展趨勢，并認為有必要對納米食品的生產(chǎn)和使用制定相應(yīng)的規(guī)范和標準。引言 納米科學(xué)、工程與技術(shù)經(jīng)常簡稱為納米科技，它是一門新興的學(xué)科，是想象、構(gòu)建、控制和利用直徑大約在1-100納米的物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)奇特的界面現(xiàn)象能產(chǎn)生新的特性與功能。納米科技正成為繼信息科技、生物科技之后，

2、廣受各國看好之重點科技之一。納米科技應(yīng)用于食品領(lǐng)域的機會在于改善食品、添加物與補充物的質(zhì)地、風(fēng)味與生物利用率，發(fā)展檢測微生物與化學(xué)污染的傳感器與肥料及營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的控制釋放。然而納米食品的發(fā)展也存在一些問題，由于食品是種特殊的商品，與人體的健康息息相關(guān)，因此納米技術(shù)和納米材料在食品中應(yīng)用是否會對人體造成不良影響得到了多方面的關(guān)注。1 納米、納米技術(shù)和納米食品定義 納米科技是指在納米尺度(100nm)理解、控制與操縱物質(zhì)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，包含基礎(chǔ)與應(yīng)用研究，在食品工業(yè)可以應(yīng)用于原料制備、產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用、理化分析、安全檢測等四大領(lǐng)域，是目前除了保健食品外，最熱門與重要的高新技術(shù)。經(jīng)過微細化的處理，納米材料可具有特

3、殊的表面、體積與量子效應(yīng)，進而會表現(xiàn)新的特性與功效，因此，納米技術(shù)的目標是利用納米結(jié)構(gòu)所具有的特性開發(fā)具有特定功能的產(chǎn)品。 納米技術(shù)在食品當中的應(yīng)用已逐漸顯現(xiàn)出相當?shù)膬?yōu)勢，食品工業(yè)正在努力將納米技術(shù)用于從農(nóng)莊到餐桌的全過程，有部分納米食品已開始投入市場。納米技術(shù)在食品產(chǎn)業(yè)有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ{米食品加工、納米包裝材料、納米檢測技術(shù)等方面的研究尤為活躍，成為納米技術(shù)在食品工業(yè)應(yīng)用的研究熱點。2 納米技術(shù)在食品工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用 目前，納米技術(shù)已與眾多學(xué)科進行了交叉，同樣滲透到了食品營養(yǎng)領(lǐng)域，引起了食品加工的巨大變革，給食品工業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來了新的曙光。納米技術(shù)在食品上的研究和應(yīng)用主要包括納米食品加工、納米包

4、裝材料和納米檢測技術(shù)等方面。2.1 食品加工 納米技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)食品的改造，如在罐頭、乳品、飲料等生產(chǎn)中運用納米技術(shù)，使其性能根據(jù)需要進行不同程度的改善，并得到合理的性價比，是納米食品應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的一個重要方面。將納米技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)和食品工程結(jié)合起來，可研發(fā)具有提高營養(yǎng)、增強體質(zhì)、防止疾病、恢復(fù)健康、調(diào)節(jié)身體節(jié)律和延緩衰老等功能的保健食品和保健用品。目前的納米食品主要有鈣、硒等礦物質(zhì)制劑、維生素制劑、添加營養(yǎng)素的鈣奶與豆奶、納米茶和各種納米功能食品，所涉及的納米技術(shù)包括食品微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、香味與質(zhì)量、病菌控制系統(tǒng)、風(fēng)險分析法、高壓技術(shù)、機器人和信息技術(shù)等。2.2 食品包裝材料 運用納米技術(shù)研發(fā)的包裝系統(tǒng)可以

5、修復(fù)小的裂口和破損，可以適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化，并且能在食品變質(zhì)的時候提醒消費者。此外納米技術(shù)可以改進包裝的滲透性、提高阻隔性、改進抗損和耐熱，形成抗菌表面，防止食物發(fā)生變質(zhì)。3.1 食品機械 納米技術(shù)在食品機械中的應(yīng)用主要是作為食品機械的潤滑劑、納米磁致冷工質(zhì)和食品機械原材料中橡膠和塑料的改性。食品機械工作環(huán)境惡劣，對潤滑劑要求較高，而通常潤滑劑易損耗、易污染環(huán)境。磁性液體中的磁性顆粒尺寸僅為10nm，因此不會損壞軸承，而基液亦可用潤滑油，只要采用合適的磁場就可以將磁性潤滑油約束在所需的部位，保證了機器的正常運轉(zhuǎn)。納米磁致冷工質(zhì)食品冷凍和冷藏設(shè)備又開辟了新食品加工貯藏技術(shù)，它與通常的壓縮氣冷式致冷方

6、式相比具有節(jié)能、環(huán)保、高效等特點，而納米改性橡膠與傳統(tǒng)橡膠相比各項指標均有大幅度提高，尤其抗老化性能可提高3倍，使用壽命長達30年以上，且色彩艷麗，保色效果優(yōu)異。3.2 食品檢測 納米技術(shù)與生物學(xué)、電子材料相結(jié)合，制備出的新型傳感器件可用于食品快速檢測。目前食品檢測分析一般采用化學(xué)分析法(CA)、薄層層析法(TLC)、氣相色譜法(GC)、高效液相色譜法(HPLC)，但需要繁瑣、耗時的前處理，樣品損失也較大。相對于靈敏度較低的CA和TLC方法，GC、HPLC的靈敏度較高，但操作技術(shù)要求高、儀器昂貴，并不適合現(xiàn)場快速測定和普及，而納米材料本身就是非常敏感的化學(xué)和生物傳感器，與生物芯片等技術(shù)結(jié)合，可

7、以使分子檢測更加高效、簡便。納米生物傳感器已應(yīng)用在微生物檢測、食品檢測和體液代謝物監(jiān)測等方面。4 有關(guān)納米技術(shù)在食品及食品包裝應(yīng)用前景 在食品消費趨向功能化、健康化、方便化、營養(yǎng)化的今天，食品已不僅是營養(yǎng)和能量的來源，還要起到維持人體健康和減少疾病的作用，而納米技術(shù)和納米材料的應(yīng)用與開發(fā)為食品工業(yè)提供了一項引領(lǐng)時代潮流的前沿技術(shù)。隨著基因、食物與健康關(guān)系進一步確定，納米技術(shù)將更全面地促進食品領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。將納米技術(shù)引入食品的研發(fā)，不僅能突破傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)模式，實現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)工藝、傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的升級換代，提高產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量，而且還可以在納米原料、納米添加劑的制備技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面建立一系列具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的專利技

8、術(shù)，檢測手段和創(chuàng)新方法，為食品產(chǎn)業(yè)的長遠發(fā)展注入動力。 在食品包裝領(lǐng)域，國內(nèi)外研究最多的納米材料是聚合物基納米復(fù)合材料(PNMC)即將納米材料以分子水平（10nm數(shù)量級）或超微粒子的形式分散在柔性高分子聚合物中而形成的復(fù)合材料（常用的聚合物有PA、PE、PP、PVC、PET、LCP等常用的納米材料有金屬金屬氧化物無機聚合物等三大類）。目前根據(jù)不同食品的包裝需求已有多種用于食品包裝的PNMC 面市，如納米Ag/PE類、納米TiO2 /PP類、納米蒙脫石粉/PA類等，其某些物理化學(xué)生物學(xué)性能有大幅度提高，如可塑性穩(wěn)定性、阻隔性、抗菌性、保鮮性等，在啤酒飲料果蔬肉類奶制品等食品包裝工業(yè)中也已開始大規(guī)

9、模應(yīng)用并取得了較好的包裝效果。在包裝材料（如塑料及復(fù)合材料）中加入納米微粒，使其產(chǎn)生了除異味、殺菌消毒的作用，可大大延長了食物的保存期，提高包裝食品的貨架壽命。如用硅和鈦制成的納米包裝可以殺死細菌并提高許多人造食品的保質(zhì)期，即使這些食品已經(jīng)開封?，F(xiàn)在還出現(xiàn)了可食性納米復(fù)合包裝材料,它是在食品的各部分之間提供間隔的薄膜。5 結(jié)論納米技術(shù)具備促進包括食品行業(yè)在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)快速發(fā)展的巨大潛力，它可以幫助人類在納米尺度范圍內(nèi)認識和改造自然，即在生產(chǎn)過程中直接操縱原子、分子的排布，從而制造出具有特定功能的新產(chǎn)品。由于納米材料具有較大的比表面積和小尺寸效應(yīng)，因而具有很強的吸附性和很高的活性。納米科技的發(fā)展

10、將給人類帶來很多恩惠，納米食品和納米包裝材料的開發(fā)也將大大推動食品工業(yè)的發(fā)展。納米材料的特殊效應(yīng)使其在食品加工及包裝領(lǐng)域有著極其廣闊的應(yīng)用前景，但也正是其特殊效應(yīng)使我們不得不面對和重視其生物安全性問題。目前學(xué)術(shù)界只重視納米材料神奇功能的發(fā)現(xiàn)和新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，對納米材料的毒性方面尚缺乏系統(tǒng)研究,過去對宏觀物質(zhì)的安全性評價結(jié)果有可能不適用于納米材料,迄今為止，尚未形成國際性的技術(shù)標準來規(guī)范納米技術(shù)及產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用，只有一些國家制定了一些規(guī)范來調(diào)整它的發(fā)展。隨著納米材料在食品及食品包裝中的廣泛應(yīng)用，人們通過食品接觸的納米材料越來越多，我們有必要對納米材料通過食品對人類的潛在性影響問題給予足夠的關(guān)注和探

11、討，為人類在食品工業(yè)中合理應(yīng)用納米材料提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。Food nanotechnology and nano-food safetySummaryAs nanomaterials are increasingly widely used in the production and life, the security issues become increasingly prominent, the current nanotechnology research in this field still in its infancy, the safety of nano food, that

12、is, its human and environmental impact and other issues of a comprehensive and in-depth knowledge is not enough. In this paper, the dynamic nano-food and international research, development and safety evaluation of profile issues, briefly presented its future development trends, and the need for foo

13、d production and use of nanotechnology to develop appropriate norms and standards.Introduction Nanoscale science, engineering and technology is often referred to as nanotechnology, it is an emerging discipline, is to imagine, build, control and use of approximately 1-100 nm in diameter, these substa

14、nces can produce strange phenomenon of the interface and new features function. Nanotechnology is becoming the information technology, biotechnology,the widely optimistic about the country one of the key science and technology. Nanotechnology is used in food industry the opportunity to improve food,

15、 additives and supplements texture, flavor and bioavailability, the development of microbial and chemical contamination detection sensor and the control of fertilizers and nutrient release. However, the development of nano food, there are some problems, because food is a special kind of commodity, a

16、nd human health are closely related, nanotechnology and nanomaterials in food applications will it adversely affect the human body have been various concerns.1 nm, the definition of nanotechnology and nano food refers to nanometer scale (<100nm) to understand, control and manipulation of material

17、s science and technology, including basic and applied research in the preparation of the food industry can be applied to raw materials, products, applications, physical and chemical analysis, four major areas of safety testing is with the exception of health food, the most popular and important high

18、-tech. After a fine of processing, nano-materials can have a special surface, volume and quantum effects, and thus will show the effectiveness of the new features and, therefore, the goal of nanotechnology is the use of nano-structures with the characteristics of the development of products with spe

19、cific functions. Nanotechnology applications in food products has been gradually showing a considerable advantage, the food industry are working to nanotechnology from the farm to the table for the whole process, some have begun nano-food market. Nanotechnology in the food industry has great potenti

20、al for development, nano-food processing, nano-packaging materials, nano-technology, research testing is particularly active, as the application of nanotechnology in the food industry's research focus.2 of nanotechnology applications in food industry Currently, nanotechnology is a cross with a n

21、umber of disciplines, also penetrated into the food nutrition, food processing caused great changes to the food industry has brought a new dawn. Nanotechnology research on food and food processing applications including nanotechnology, nano-technology, packaging materials and nano-testing and so on.

22、2.1 Food Processing Nanotechnology for the transformation of traditional foods, such as canned food, dairy, beverage production, the use of nano-technology, its performance according to the need for different degrees of improvement, and reasonable cost, nano-food applications is an important aspect.

23、 Nanotechnology, biotechnology and food engineering can be combined with research and development to improve nutrition, increase physical fitness, prevent disease, restore health, regulating body functions such as rhythm and anti-aging health food and health supplies. Nano foods are now calcium, sel

24、enium and other mineral preparations, vitamin preparations, calcium milk with added nutrients, soy milk, tea and a variety of nano-nano functional foods, involving nanotechnology include food micro-structure, flavor and quality, pathogen control systems, risk analysis, high technology, robotics and

25、information technology.2.2 Food Packaging Materials The use of nanotechnology research and development of packaging systems can repair small cracks and damage, can adapt to changes in the environment, and in time to remind consumers of food deterioration. In addition, nano-technology can improve the

26、 permeability of packaging to improve barrier properties, improved resistance to heat loss and the formation of anti-bacterial surface, preventing the occurrence of food deterioration.3.1 Food Machinery Nanotechnology applications in food machinery is mainly used as food machinery lubricants, nano-m

27、agnetic refrigeration working fluid and food machinery and plastic raw materials in rubber modified. Food Machinery poor working conditions, higher on the lubricant, and lubricant is usually easy to wear and tear, and environmental pollution. Magnetic fluid in the magnetic particle size of only 10nm

28、, it will not damage the bearings, and lubricant base fluid can also be used, as long as the use of a suitable magnetic field can be oil in the desired location constraints to ensure the normal operation of the machine. Nano-magnetic refrigeration working fluid food freezing and refrigeration equipm

29、ent has opened up a new storage technology, food processing, it is usually compressed air-cooled refrigeration as compared with the energy saving, environmental protection, high efficiency, etc., while the nano-modified rubber and conventional rubber have greatly improved compared to the indicators,

30、 particularly in anti-aging properties can be increased by 3 times the service life of up to 30 years, and the colorful, excellent color retention effect.3.2 Food Inspection Nanotechnology and biology, a combination of electronic materials, preparation of a new type of sensor components can be used

31、for rapid detection of food. Analysis of the current food testing methods commonly used for chemical analysis (CA), thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but requires tedious, time-consuming pre-treatment, sample loss as well. Relati

32、ve to the lower sensitivity of the CA and TLC methods, GC, HPLC high sensitivity, but the operation is technically demanding, expensive equipment is not suitable for rapid determination of site and spread, while the nano-material itself is a very sensitive chemical and biological sensors, combined w

33、ith the bio-chip technology, can make more efficient molecular detection and easy. Nano-biosensor has been applied in microbial testing, food testing and monitoring of metabolites in body fluids.4 on nanotechnology in food and food packaging application prospects Trends in functional food consumptio

34、n, health-oriented, convenience-based, nutrition-oriented today, food is not only a source of nutrition and energy, but also serve to maintain human health and the role of reducing disease, and nanotechnology and nanomaterials applications and development for the food industry with a cutting-edge te

35、chnology to lead the trend of the times. With the gene, to further determine the relationship between food and health, nanotechnology will be more fully promote the development of food industry. The introduction of nanotechnology in food research and development, not only to break the traditional mo

36、de of production of traditional craft, the upgrading of traditional products, improve the technological content of products, but also in nano materials, nano-additive preparation technology and industrialization to build a series of proprietary patented technology, testing methods and innovative app

37、roaches to long-term development for the food industry into power. In food packaging, nano-materials at home and abroad is the most studied polymer-based nanocomposites (PNMC) about nano materials at the molecular level (10nm orders of magnitude) or in the form of ultrafine particles dispersed in th

38、e polymer in the form of flexible composite materials (commonly used polymers PA, PE, PP, PVC, PET, LCP and other commonly used metal oxide nanomaterials have three categories of inorganic polymers, etc.). Depending on the current demand for food packaging has been used in food packaging PNMC variet

39、y available, such as nano Ag / PE class, nano-TiO2 / PP class, nano-montmorillonite powder / PA etc., some of its physical and chemical properties of a biological greatly improved, such as plasticity stability, barrier properties, antimicrobial, preservative, etc., meat, dairy products, fruits and v

40、egetables in beer, beverages and other food packaging industry has also started a large-scale applications and achieved good packaging effect.In packaging materials (such as plastic and composite materials) by adding nano-particles to produce an odor, the role of disinfection can greatly extend the

41、shelf life of food, improve the shelf life of packaged food. Such as silicon and titanium nano-packaging can kill bacteria and increase shelf life of many man-made foods, even when these foods has been opened. Now there edible nanocomposite packaging materials, it is in the food provided by the inte

42、rval between the various parts of the film.5 Conclusion Nanotechnology has the food industry to promote traditional industries, including the rapid development of great potential, it can help within the scope of human knowledge at the nanometer scale and transform nature, that is, direct manipulation in the production process of atoms and molecules arranged in order to create a specific