英語主謂一致的三個原則

1、英語主謂一致的三個原則 1. 形式一致的原則一般說來，當(dāng)作主語的名詞或代詞是第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)作主語的名詞或代詞是復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞就復(fù)數(shù)形式：如：(1) He likes skating in winter. 他喜歡冬天滑冰。(2) Alice reads much. 艾利斯看了很多書。(3) They dont live here. 他們不住這里。 2. 意義一致的原則英語中，有些名詞或代詞形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上可能是復(fù)數(shù)，這時，謂語動詞的形式就須依據(jù)名詞或代詞的意義決定。如：(1) People there were very glad to se

2、e our team win the match. 在那里的人們看到我們隊贏了比賽時都非常高興。(2) His family were watching TV when I got to his home. 我到他家時，他家的人在看電視。(3) Our class are working hard to make ours a good class. 我們班的同學(xué)都在努力工作以便是我們班成為優(yōu)秀班。 3. 鄰近一致的原則英語中，有時幾個名詞或代詞有某些此連接起來一起作句子的主語，此時，謂語動詞的形式就須有與之最接近的名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)決定。如：(1) There is a desk

3、 and five chairs in his room. 他房間里有一張辦公桌和五把椅子。(2) There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房間里有五把椅子和一張辦公桌。(3) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there. 要么是你要么是李蕾將被派到那里去。(4) Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there. 是你將被派到那里去還是李蕾將被派到那里去？幾個容易弄錯的主謂一致問題 1.“many a +名詞”和“more than

4、one +名詞”作主語謂語動詞的數(shù)通常用單數(shù)(即遵循語法一致的原則)：Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那兒玩。More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一個學(xué)生考試未及格。 2. each 用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞后作同位語此時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)：They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 他們每人都有一本英漢詞典。The young people each carry a big bag. 這些年輕人個個背著一個大袋子。 3. 主語后接in addit

5、ion to, with, along with, together with, except, but等介詞其后的動詞形式取決介詞前主語：Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了樹木之外什么也看不見。No one except my parents knows anything about this. 除我父母外沒人知道此事。Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同學(xué)都看過這部電影。 4. means作主語名詞means(方法)單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同形，用作主語時，其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)要

6、視具體含義而定(尤其注意其前的修飾語)：These means are very good. 這些方法很好。Such a means is really unpleasant. 這樣的方法確實是令人不愉快。若沒有特定的修飾語或語境，則用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可：There is are no good means. 沒有好的方法。Are Is there any other means of doing it? 做這事還有其他的什么辦法嗎? 不定代詞作主語時的主謂一致問題 1. someone, anyone等作主語時someone, anyone, no one, everyo

7、ne, something, nothing等復(fù)合不定代詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)：Someone is asking to see you. 有人找你。Nobody is to blame for it. 這誰也不怨。No one wants to read such books. 沒有人想看那樣的書。 2. all 作主語時若指人，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)；若指事物或現(xiàn)象，謂語通常用單數(shù)：All have gone home. 大家都走了。All that glitters is not gold. 發(fā)亮的不一定都是金子。比較：All is silent. 萬籟俱寂。(指現(xiàn)象)All are

8、 silent. 人人都沉默不語。(指具體的人)【注意】若是“all of+名詞”作主語，則謂語動詞與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致。 3. either和neither作主語時若是單獨作主語，謂語通常用單數(shù)：Neither was satisfactory. 兩個都不令人滿意。The two guests have arrived, and either is welcome. 兩位客人都到了，哪一位都受歡迎?！咀⒁狻咳羰恰癳ither neither of+名詞”作主語，則其后的謂語動詞可用單數(shù)(正式文體)或復(fù)數(shù)(非正式文體)：Neither of the two computers is

9、 are cheap. 這兩臺電腦都不便宜。Is Are either of the boys ready? 兩個男孩都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？I dont think either of them is are at home. 我想他們倆個都會不在家。4. each作主語或修飾主語時單獨用作主語(或修飾主語)，謂語用單數(shù):Each student has his own desk. 每個學(xué)生都有自己的課桌。Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 兩個男孩進(jìn)來，每人提著一只箱子。【注意】(1) 兩個或多個“each單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)并列作主語時, 謂語

10、用單數(shù)。(2) “each of復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”用作主語, 謂語一般要用單數(shù)Each of them was deeply frightened. 他們個個都驚恐萬分。(from )但是在非正式文體中(尤其是當(dāng) each of之后的名詞較長時)偶爾也可用復(fù)數(shù)謂語，但很少見，學(xué)生宜慎用。 5. none (of) 作主語時若指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)；若指復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，謂語可用單數(shù)(正式文體)或復(fù)數(shù)(非正式文體)：None of the money is mine. 這筆錢沒有一點是我的。None of the boys like likes it. 這些男孩子誰也不喜歡它。 

11、6. 關(guān)于“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞是one還是其后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。一般說來，在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，復(fù)數(shù)名詞通常被認(rèn)為是先行詞(即定語從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù))，除非one of前有the (only) 修飾(此時定語從句的謂語用單數(shù))：He is one of the people who were killed in the accident. 他是事故中喪命的人之一。He is the only one of the people who was killed in the accident. 他是事故中惟一喪命的人。數(shù)量概念作主語時謂語動詞的數(shù)

12、0;1. 表時間長度、錢數(shù)、速度等的詞組作主語此時通常將其視為整體，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很長的時間。Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。 2. 分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))作主語“分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day. 那天大約有30%的學(xué)生未到。Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is cover

13、ed by sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海?！咀⒁狻吭诂F(xiàn)代英語中，有時即使該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，其謂語也可用單數(shù)(即將其視為整體)：Over sixty per cent of families own owns a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已擁有電視機(jī)。 3.“one in out of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語此時謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。如：Only one in ten students has passed the examination. 只有十分之一的學(xué)生通過了考試。One out of twelve bottles was broken. 每12個瓶子中有一個

14、破了。【注意】在非正式文體中有時也用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。如：Nationwide, one in five adults are illiterate. 就全國范圍而言，五個成年人中有一個是文盲。 4.“all of (some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, plenty of)+名詞”作主語此時謂語動詞的數(shù)與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：Most of the people are against the plan. 大多數(shù)人反對這個計劃。Most of the Earths surface is covered by water. 地球的大部分

15、地區(qū)被水覆蓋。Half of the apple is bad. 這個蘋果有一半是壞的。Half of the apples are bad. 這些蘋果當(dāng)中有一半是壞的。 5.“one and a half復(fù)數(shù)名詞”與“a單數(shù)名詞and a half”作主語此時國內(nèi)不少書認(rèn)為，這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語均用單數(shù)。如：One and a half months has passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個半月。但是，國外一些詞書則認(rèn)為，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞的數(shù)：One and a half months have p

16、assed. / A month and a half has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個半月。 6.“the a number of+名詞”作主語該結(jié)構(gòu)若用定冠詞，其后謂語用單數(shù)；若用不定冠詞，其后謂語用復(fù)數(shù)：The number of students is 4000. 學(xué)生人數(shù)為4000。A number of people were absent from the meeting. 許多人開會缺席。注意類似結(jié)構(gòu)：The variety of goods in this shop is rich. 這家商店的品種豐富。A variety of books have been

17、 published. 已出版了各種各樣的書。.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語動詞的數(shù) 1. 由and和both.and連接的并列主語此時謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Jim and Mary are both interested in it. 吉姆和瑪麗都對此感興趣。Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹倆都是大學(xué)生。【注意】(1) 當(dāng)由and連接的兩個并列主語受each, every, no的修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)：Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每個男孩女孩都喜歡這本書。No desk

18、 and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房間里不見桌椅。(2) 當(dāng)and連接兩個數(shù)相加時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)：Six and eight makes make fourteen. 六加八等于十四。(3) 當(dāng)and連接的兩個的詞語指同一個人或事物時，謂語通常要用單數(shù)：A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 遠(yuǎn)處看見一輛馬車。 2. 由or, nor, either.or, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut等連接的并列主語此時謂語動詞通常與最靠近的主語保持一致(即遵循就近原

19、則)。如：He or I am wrong. 不是他錯了，就是我錯了。Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不僅孩子們想去，母親也想去。注意這類句型的疑問句形式：Were you or he there? 當(dāng)時是你還是他在那兒?Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你還是怪他?【注意】在非正式文體中，個別結(jié)構(gòu)(如neithernor)連接主語時，謂語可用復(fù)數(shù)：Neither his father nor his

20、mother have has come. 他的爸爸和媽媽都沒來。 3. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等連接的并連主語此時謂語動詞通常與前面一個主語保持一致。如：The teacher as well as the students has read it 不僅學(xué)生讀過它，老師也讀過。The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 應(yīng)受責(zé)備的是老師而不是學(xué)生。 集合名詞做主語的主謂一致問題 1. 通常用作復(fù)數(shù)的集合名

21、詞police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名詞，總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，用作主語時，其謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)：The police were after him. 警察正在追捕他。People are beginning to talk about her. 人們開始議論她。Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草?！咀ⅰ縢oods(貨物), clothes(衣服)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，且只表示復(fù)數(shù)意義：Such clothes are very cheap. 那樣的衣服很便宜。All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的貨物都給他們送去

22、了。 2. 只用作單數(shù)的不可數(shù)集合名詞clothing(衣服)，poetry(詩歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(機(jī)械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠寶)，equipment(設(shè)備)等集合名詞通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示單數(shù)意義，用作主語時，其后謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式：Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。All their baggage was stolen. 他們所有的行李都被偷了。The furniture is conv

23、enient to move. 這家具搬起來很方便。All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 這個工廠所有的機(jī)器都是中國產(chǎn)的。 3. 既可表示單數(shù)意義也可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞family(家庭)，team(隊，隊員)，class(班，班上的全體學(xué)生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘務(wù)員)，committee(委員會)，audience(聽眾)，public(公眾)等集合名詞，當(dāng)它們表示整體意義時，表單數(shù)意義，當(dāng)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)個體意義時，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義： Her family is a large o

24、ne. 她的家庭是一個大家庭。Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。The team is the best in the league. 這個隊在聯(lián)賽中打得最好。The football team are having baths. 足球隊隊員們在洗澡。It was late, but the audience was increasing. 時間很遲了，但聽眾人數(shù)卻在增加。The audience were all moved to tears. 聽眾都感動得流了淚?！咀ⅰ坑袝r沒有特定的語境，用單復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可以：The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 觀眾對演出甚感激動。The public has (have) a right to know whats in the report. 公眾有權(quán)知道這篇報告的內(nèi)容。 主謂一致的三個原則 1. 語法一致原則該原則要求謂