語言學(xué)單元自測(cè)8

1、I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.Language use varies from one speech communi

2、ty to another， from oneregional group to another， from one social group to another， and evenfrom one individual to another.The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.5.The lingu

3、istic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.6.From the sociolinguistic perspective not be used to refer to standard language pidgin.， the term “speech variety ” can， vernacular language ， dialect or7Functional speech varieties are known as

4、 regional dialects.8.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.9.Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.10.A person s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic fea

5、tures.11.Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.12.Every speaker of a language is ， in a stricter sense ， a speaker of a distinct idiolect.13.The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.14.A lingua franca can only be used

6、within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.15.Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.精選范本 ,供參考！16.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher ， or dominant ， language in its lexicon and that of the lower lan

7、guage in their phonology and occasionally syntax.17.The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesn t.18.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.19.The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone ma

8、y indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatoryovertones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with t

9、he letter given.21.The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c_.22.Speech v_ refers to any distinguishable form of speech usedby a speaker or group of speakers.23.From the sociolinguistic perspective ， a speech variety is no more than a d_ variety of a language.24.Language s

10、tandardization is also called language p_.25.Social variation gives rise to s_ which are sub-divisible intosmaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic ， educational ， occupational background ， etc.26.S_ variation in a persons speech or writing usually ranges ona continuum from casual

11、or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.27.A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o_ language of a country.28.The standard language is a s_， socially prestigious dialectof language.29.Language varieties other than the

12、standard are called nonstandard， orv_ languages.精選范本 ,供參考！30.A pidgin typically lacks in i_ morphemes.31.Linguistic taboo reflects s_ taboo.32.The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes，emotions and value judgments and has no l_ basis.III. There are four choices following each st

13、atement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.33. _ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics34. The most distinguishable ling

14、uistic feature of a regional dialect is its_.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes35. _ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation36. _ are the major source of r

15、egional variation of language. A. Geographical barriers精選范本 ,供參考！B. Loyalty to and confidence in one s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers37. _ means that certain authorities， such as the gov - ernmentchoose ， a particular speech variety ， sta

16、ndardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer38. _ in a persons speech or writing usually ranges on acontinuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative si

17、tuation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation39. A _ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of com-munication among groups of people for diverse linguistic back- grounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language40. Alth

18、ough _ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features ， they are rule-governed ， like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidgins精選范本 ,供參考！D. sociolects41. In normal situations ， _ speakers tend to use more prestigiousforms than their _ counterparts with the same socia

19、l back- ground.A. female ； maleB. male ； femaleC. old ； youngD. young ； old42. A linguistic _ refers to a word or expression that is prohibit- ed bythe "polite" society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooIV. Define the following terms.43.sociolinguistics44.speech communi

20、ty45.speech variety46.language planning47.idiolect48.standard language49.nonstandard language50.lingua franca51.pidgin52.Creole53.diglossia精選范本 ,供參考！54.Bilingualism55.ethnic dialect56.Sociolect57.register58.slang59.taboo60.euphemismV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Gi

21、ve examples for illustration if necessary.61. Discuss with examples that the speech of women may differ from the speech of men.62. Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.63. What is a linguistic taboo ？ What effect does it have on our use

22、of language ？Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1.F2.F3.T4.T5.T6.F精選范本 ,供參考！7.F8.F9.F10.F11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.FII. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter munity22.variety23.dialectal2

23、4.planning25.sociolects26.Stylistic27.official28.superposed29.vernacular精選范本 ,供參考！30.inflectional31.social32.linguisticIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.33.-37. BCAAC38.-42. DACADIV. Define the following terms.43. Sociolinguist

24、ics ： Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts.44. Speech community ： The social group isolated for any given study iscalled the speech community or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The i

25、mportant characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must ， in some reasonable way ， interact lin - guistically with other members of the community. They may share closely re - lated language varieties ， as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.45. Speech variety ： Spee

26、ch variety ， also known as language variety ， refers to any distin - guishable form of speech used by a speaker or group ofspeakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical，phonological ， morphological ， syntactic ， or a combination of linguistic features.46.Language plann

27、ing ： Language standardization is known as lan-guage planning. This means that certain authorities ， such as the government or government agency of a country ， choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it ， including its pronunciation and spelling systems ， across regional boundaries.

28、精選范本 ,供參考！47. Idiolect ： An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speakerthat com - bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional ， social ， and stylistic variation ，in one form or another. In a narrower sense ， what makes up one s idiolect includes also such factors as voice qualit

29、y ， pitch and speech rhythm ， which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual's speech.48.Standard language ： The standard language is a superposed，socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system ，used by the mass

30、 media ，and taught in educational institutions ， in- cluding school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.49. Nonstandard language ： Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages.50. Lingua franca ： A lingua franca is a variety of languag

31、e that serves asa medium of com - munication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.51. Pidgin ： A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speak - ers of other languages as a medium of communication.52. Creole ： A Creole language is originally a pidgin tha

32、t has become established as a native language in some speech community.53. Diglossia ： Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two verydifferent vari - eties of language co-exist in a speech community ， each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situati

33、ons.54. Bilingualism ： Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which twostandard lan - guages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers ， such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.55. Ethnic dialect ： Within a society ， speech variation may come aboutbecaus

34、e of different ethnic backgrounds. An ethnic language variety is a so-cial dialect of a language， often cutting across regional differences. An eth- nic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experi-enced some form of social isolation ， such as racial discrimina - tion or

35、segregation.56. Sociolect ： Social dialects ， or sociolects ， are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.精選范本 ,供參考！57. Register ：Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations ， in contrast to language varieties tha

36、t areassociated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users.Format reason ， registers are also known as situational dialects.58. Slang ： Slang is a casual use of language that consists ofexpressive but non-standard vocabulary， typically of arbitrary ， flashy andoften ephemeral coin

37、ages and figures of speech characterized byspontaneity and sometimes by raciness.59. Taboo ： Taboo ， or rather linguistic taboo ， denotes any pro - hibition by the polite society on the use of particular lexical items to refer to objectsor acts.60.Euphemism ： A euphemism ， then ， is a mild ， indirec

38、t or less of- fensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh ， unpleasantly direct ， or offensive.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.61. Discuss with examples that t

39、he speech of women may differ from the speech of men.In normal situations ， female speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their male counterparts with the same general social background. For example ， standard English forms such as "I did it" and "he isn't" can be f

40、ound more often in the speech of females ， while the more colloquial "I done it" and "he ain't" occur more frequently in the speech of males.Another feature often associated with so-called women's language ispoliteness. Usually ， tough and rough speeches have connotations

41、 of mas-culinity and are not considered to be desirable feminine qualities. In gener-al， men's language is more straightforward， less polite ， and more direct ，and women's language is more indirect ， less blunt ， and more circumlocuto - ry.This phenomenon of sex-preferential differentiation

42、is also reflected in the relative frequency with which males and females use the same lexical items. For example ， certain words that are closely associated with women maysound typically feminine as a result of that association. For example ， some English adjectives like "lovely" ， "n

43、ice" ， "darling" and "cute" occur moreoften in female speeches and therefore cause feminine association. Fe-males have also been shown to possess a greater variety of specific color terms than males ， in spite of the fact that men do not necessarily possess精選范本 ,供參考！less acu

44、te color perception than women. On the other hand ， males have the reputation of possessing a larger vocabulary in traditionally male-dominated domains such as sports ， hunting and the military.A request in English such as "Close the door when you leave" can be phrased in a number of ways

45、ranging from a harsh command to a very polite request ：a. Close the door when you leave.b. Please close the door when you leave.c. Would you please close the door when you leave？d. Could you close the door when you leave？Although the above options are all available to both men and women， it isusuall

46、y the more polite forms that are selected by female speakers. Ingeneral ， females are found to use more questions than declarativestatements in comparison with males.62. Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.One of the most prominent phon

47、ological characteristics of Black English isthe frequent simplification of consonant clusters at the end of words whenone of the two consonants is an alveolar /t/， /d/， /s/ ， or /z/. The applicationof this simplification rule may delete the past-tense morpheme ， so "past "and "passed

48、"are both pronounced like "pass."Another salient characteristic of Black English phonological system con-cerns the deletion of some word-final stop consonants in words like "side"and "borrowed." Speakers of Black English frequently delete these word-fi-nal stops ，

49、pronouncing“side ” like “ sigh ” and“ borrowed ” like“ borrow. ”O(jiān)ne prominent syntactic feature is the frequent absence of various formsof the copula "be" in Black English， which are required of Standard Eng- lish.Compare the following expressions in Black English and Standard Eng- lish ：（

50、1） Black EnglishStandard EnglishThey mine.They' re mine.You crazy.You re crazy.Another distinctive syntactic feature of Black English is the systematic use of die expression "it is" where Standard English uses "there is" in the sense of “ there exists ”：精選范本 ,供參考！Is it a Mr.

51、Johnson in this office？Another aspect of Black English is the use of double negation constructions. Whenever the verb is negated ， the indefinite pronouns "something" ， "some - body" ， and "some" become the negative indefinites "nothing" ， "nobody" ，

52、 and "none" ， for example ：He don't know nothing.（He doesn't know anything.）63. What is a linguistic taboo ？ What effect does it have on our use of language ？A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use. Obs

53、cene ， profane ， and swear words are all taboo words that are to be avoided entirely ， or at least avoided in mixed company.In sociolinguistics ， a linguistic taboo ， denotes any pro - hibition on the use of particular lexical items to refer to objects or acts. As language use is contextualized in particular social settings ， linguistic taboo originates from social taboo. When an act is taboo ， reference to this act may also become taboo. Tabo