英語(yǔ)一歷年真題版20132學(xué)姐18全年

1、2013 年研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題Section IUse of EnglishDirections:the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might

2、 seem like a strength that 1the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by 2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that aninability to consider the big 3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samplesof information they were working with. 4, he theorised that a judge 5of appeari

3、ng toosoft 6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7he had alysentenced five or six other defendants only to forced commuservice on that day.To 8this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9ofan applicant should not depend on the few others 10randomly for

4、interview during the sameday, but Dr Simonsohned the twas 11.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12by 31 admissions officers. Theinterviewers had 13applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14numerousfactors into consideration. The scores were 15used in conjunction with an applican

5、ts scoreon the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsonh found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of intervieweeswas 0.75 points or more higher than that of the

6、one 17that, then the score for the nextapplicant would 18by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwisehave been 201. A grants2. A minor3. A issue.B submitsB objectiveB visionC transmitsC

7、crucialC pictureC In principleC capableC toD deliversD externalD momentD Above allD thoughtlessD for4. A For example5. A fond6. A inB OB fearfulB onage7. A if8. A promote9. A decision10. A chosen11. A exceptional12. A inspired13. A assigned14. A put15. A instead16. A selected17. A before18. A jump19

8、. A achieve20. A promisingB untilB emphasizeB qualityB studiedB defensibleB expressedB ratedB gotB thenB passedB afterB floatB undoB possibleC thoughC shareC statusC foundC replaceableC conductedC matchedC gaveC everC markedC aboveC dropC maintainC necessaryD unlessD testD successD identifiedD other

9、wiseD securedD arrangedD tookD ratherD introducedD belowD fluctuateD disregardD helpfulSection IIing CompensionPart ADirections:the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of

10、The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain

11、 bin in which the poor girl doubtless found hergarment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fastfashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have

12、 allowed mass-market labels suchas Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly andipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposablemeant to last

13、only a wash or two, although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashioncycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course,

14、 are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage,overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consu

15、mer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger andneed, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billiongarments a yearabout 64 items perexcess leads to waste.and no matter how

16、much they give away, thisTowards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman namedSarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 hasall of her own clothesand beautifully. But asCline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant beknocked off.Tho

17、ugh several fast-fashion companies haveefforts to curb their impact on labor andthe environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection LineCline believeslasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to manyadvocates of sustainability, be it in food

18、or in energy. Vais a constant; people will only startshopmore sustainably when they cant afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.D lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge c

19、onsumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) isA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.st in meaning to24. Which of the following

20、can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vahas more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extrava

21、gant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wastedthe trouble is, no oneknows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can b

22、e much reduced. Bywatching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads atthose most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people aappy to be

23、 tracked and sentbehavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do nottrack” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not wantto be followed. Microsofts Internet Explore

24、r and Apples Safari both offer DNT; GooglesChrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version d

25、ue toappear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with defaultsettings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chiefexecutive of the Association of National Advertisers, says c

26、onsumers will be worse off if theindustry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says.“Theyll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not obligeanyone to stop tracking, although

27、 some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whethersomeone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default,some may ignoNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which itsays

28、will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upsetGoogle, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is noguarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously hugeselling point for windows

29、8though the firm has compared some of its other products favourablywith Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged:“We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads hel

30、p advertisers toA ease competition among themselves.B lower their operational costs.C avoid complaints from consumers.D provide better onlirvices.27. “The industry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers toA online advertisers.B e-commerce conductors.C digital information analysis.D internet browser developers.28.

31、 Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default.A may cut the number of junk ads.B fails to affect the ad industry.C will not benefit consumers.D goeshuman nature.29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?A DNT may not serve its intended purpose.B Advertisers are willing to implem

32、ent DNT.C DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.D Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one ofA indulgence.B understanding.C appreciation.D skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future

33、 were largely though by no meansuniformly glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of huma,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportufor all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range ofthreats facing us, from asteroid strike t

34、o epidemic flu to climate change. You might even betempted to assume that humahas little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the univer

35、se, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if nothundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species ofthe International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN), and you will: “Listed asLeast Concern as the species i

36、s very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep futu old? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundatio

37、n has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequenc

38、es, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount t

39、hat we can say with considerableassurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of thelong-term patterns shathe history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-basedforecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This

40、long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our

41、vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillment.B our faith in science and technology.C our awareness of potential risks.D our belief in equal opportu.32. The IUCNs “Red List” suggests that human beings areA a sustained species.B a threat to the environment.C the wor

42、lds dominant power.D a misplaced race.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.B Technology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To en

43、sure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resources.B adopt an optimistic view of the world.C draw on our experience from the past.D curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB E

44、volution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumaText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Mondaya modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitut

45、ion, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions ofArizonas controversial plan to have state and localenforce fede

46、ral immigration law. TheConstitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice

47、Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruledthat the state flew tooto the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held thatCongress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federalsprivileged powers.However, th

48、e Justices said that Arizonawould be allowed to verify the legal status ofpeople who come in contact with law enforcement. Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal

49、 colleagues.Two of the three objecting JusticeSamuel Alito and Clarence Thomasagreed with thisConstitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rulesed with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges

50、 going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in hisobjection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued thatArizonas lawsed with iforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with f

51、ederalstatutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent

52、 states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes, no state shouldbe allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable c

53、laim.36. Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because theyA deprived the federalof Constitutional powers.B disturbed the power balance between different states.C overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.D contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the f

54、ollowing did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?A Federal officers duty to withhold immigrantsinformation.B States independence from federal immigration law.C States legitimate role in immigration enforcement.D Congresss intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from P

55、aragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition ActsA violated the Constitution.B undermined the states interests.C supported the federal statute.D stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcementA outweighs that held by the states.B is dependent on the states support.C i

56、s established by federal statutes.D rarely goesstate laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?A Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.B Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.C Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.D The Administration is dominan